Hydroxylase Research Articles

The foetal pig pineal gland is richly innervated by nerve fibres containing catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and C-terminal flanking peptide of NPY, but it does not secrete melatonin.

Innervation of the mammalian pineal gland during prenatal development is poorly recognized. Therefore, immunofluorescence studies of the pineals of 70- and 90-day-old foetuses of the domestic pig were performed using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and C-terminal flanking peptide of NPY (CPON). The investigated glands were supplied by numerous nerve fibres containing TH and DβH. The density of these fibres was higher in the distal and middle parts of the gland than in the proximal one. NPY and CPON were identified in the majority of DβH-positive fibres as well as in a small population of DβH-negative fibres localized mainly in the proximal part of the pineal. The immunoreactive fibres were more numerous in 90-day-old foetuses than in 70-day-old ones. The effect of norepinephrine on melatonin secretion by the foetal pineals in the short-term organ culture was studied to determine the role of DβH-positive fibres during prenatal life. For the same purpose melatonin was measured in the blood in the umbilical cords and in the jugular vein of the mother. The pineals of both groups of foetuses did not secrete melatonin in the organ culture, independently of the presence or absence of norepinephrine in the medium. Melatonin concentrations in the blood in the umbilical cords of foetuses from the same litter and in the jugular vein of their mother were similar. The presence of adrenergic nerve fibres in the pig pineal during gestation does not seem to be associated with the control of melatonin secretion.

Atrazine metabolism in field-grown maize and the effect of atrazine phototoxicity on yield

Maize was grown under field conditions, applying conventional farming practices. Atrazine was sprayed pre- emergence at concentrations of 1,25 I ha−1ai. and 5 I ha−1ai. Severe phytotoxicity symptoms were visible from the first- to about the sixth-leaf stage i.e. 25–30 days after planting in the maize plants treated with 5 I ha−1 atrazine. The growth rate of atrazine-treated maize plants was inhibited during this period, whereafter it recovered. No effect on subsequent fresh mass accumulation could be detected when comparing treated plants with the control after about 40–45 days after planting. The inhibition of growth during the early developmental stages had no negative effect on the final yield. Hydroxylation of atrazine as detoxifying mechanism seems to play the major role in the case of root-absorbed atrazine up to approximately 25–30 days after planting.

Analysis of tissue structure and remodeling ion alveolar ridges augmented with human palate or tuberosity mucosa

Previous clinical reports found different clinical outcomes of localized alveolar ridge augmentation with soft tissue harvested either from the palate or from the tuberosity over time, showing that the palatal grafts had a better tissue stability than those from the tuberosity, which tended to a hyperplastic reaction. The mechanisms responsible for a different maturation of the grafted tissue using the two donor sites are still unclear, very likely depending on differences of the structure and extracellular matrix of connective tissue (CT). The current study aimed at comparing the morphology and collagen turnover-related molecular pathways of sites grafted with CT from either the palate (group A = 7 patients) or the tuberosity (group B = 7 patients) one year after surgical procedures for ridge augmentation. Cultured fibroblasts were obtained to analyze by real-time PCR the mRNA levels for collagen type I and III (COL-I, COL-III), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and 2), long lysyl hydroxylase 2b (LH2b). Collagen protein levels were assessed by slot blot, collagen degradation by SDS-zymography. No significant differences in collagen content were found. COLI and III, MMP-1 and 2 expression was similar in cell culture supernatants from palate and tuberosity fibroblasts, although COL-I and COL-III protein levels resulted up-regulated, respectively, in 57% and 66% of the samples. LH2b/COL-I mRNA ratio 69% was higher in the tuberosity fibroblasts, suggesting that the tuberosity collagen could be cross-linked at a higher extent, and therefore less susceptible to degradation by MMPs, leading to its excessive accumulation. Our data show that in group B the higher LH2b/COL-I mRNA ratio may be responsible for differences in collagen maturation as the major determinants in the hyperplastic response, and that grafting using the maxillary tuberosity could avoid unwanted tissue contraction over time.

Determination of Trace Atrazine and Two Kinds of Its Metabolites in Milk by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

建立了高效液相色谱质谱联用检测牛奶中阿特拉津及其两类代谢物残留的同步分析方法。样品中加入1％HCl和0265mol／LNa2S2O3后，由冰乙腈提取，混合型阳离子交换柱固相萃取净化，采用液相色谱一串联质谱进行测定，外标法定量。阿特拉津及其代谢物在0．4～100μg几范围内线性良好，标准曲线相关系数R2〉0．99。在1～25μg／L浓度范围内，除脱异丙基羟基阿特拉津的平均加标回收率较低约为64．2％外，其它目标物的回收率在75．0％～119．0％之间，相对标准偏差为1．5％～14．5％；脱乙基阿特拉津、羟基阿特拉津、脱乙基羟基阿特拉津的检出限为0．1ug／L；其余目标物的检出限为0．5μg/L。本方法的灵敏度较高，且简便、快速，可以较好地解决目标物极性差别大及样品基质对检测结果的干扰等问题，可以满足牛奶中阿特拉津及其两类代谢物残留检测的需要。

Photo-oxidation of a DNase from human small intestine

The purified small intestine DNase (SIDNase) from human intestine was inactivated by the irradiation of the enzyme in the presence of photosensitizer dyes (methylene blue and rose Bengal) which lead to a specific destruction of 10 amino acid residues: three histidine, two serine, one tryptophan and four tyrosine residues. The other photo-sensitive amino acid residues are not appreciably affected. It is reasonable to assume that one or two of histidine, two or three of tyrosine, one tryptophan and two to three serine residues were responsible for the inactivation of the enzyme and may be of essential importance in the catalytic function of the enzyme. In order to implicate these results, histidine-specific reagent (DEP), tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tryptophan hydroxylase, chymotrypsin were added separately, to the enzyme mixture with a significant decrease in the enzyme catalytic activity indicating that histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine may have a role in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. These residues seem to be critically connected with the DNase activity, whether the residues could be essential for the maintenance of a catalytically efficient conformation of the protein, or be directly involved in the formation and transformation of enzyme-substrate intermediates, or in binding the coenzyme or substrate (or substrates),or both, in a mode suitable for catalysis. Key words: DNase, histidine-specific reagent (DEP), tyrosine kinase inhibitor

The protective effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the nigrostriatal system in Parkinson's disease

Objective To investigate the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and nigrostriate fibers in the striatum in cases of Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods Forty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a control group,a PD model group,a sham-rTMS (srTMS) group and an rTMS group with 10 mice in each group.A PD model was established by subcutaneous injection of a solution of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP),and the mice were treated with rTMS or sham rTMS for 14 days.Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the substantia and striatum were detected using an immunohistochemical technique,and the corrected optical densities (CODs) of TH in the striatum were analysed using an image analysis system.The Nissl bodies were detected by Nissl staining.The morphological disposition of nerve fibers in the striatum was detected using Warthin-Starry staining.Results The fraction of neurons expressing TH decreased significantly more in the substantia nigras of mice in the rTMS group than in the control group,the PD group and the srTMS group.In the control group the neural plasm of dopaminergic neurons was full of dark blue and granular Nissl bodies.Many Nissl bodies were lost in the PD and srTMS groups,and the remaining Nissl bodies were colored lightly.Few Nissl bodies were lost in the rTMS group.Positive TH reactions in the striatum were significantly decreased in the rTMS group compared to the control group.The average COD was also significantly lower.But positive TH reactions in the striata of the rTMS group mice were significantly greater than in the PD and srTMS groups,and the average COD was significantly higher.In the control group,the disposition of nerve fibers in the striatum was typically fasciculated,concentrated and ordered; in PD and srTMS groups,many fibers were lost,and the remaining nerve fibers were rare,ruptured and scattered ; in the rTMS group fewer nerve fibers were lost and the disposition of the remaining fibers was more fasciculated,concentrated and ordered than in the PD and srTMS groups.Conclusion rTMS may play a role in treating Parkinson's disease by protecting dopaminergic neurons as well as nigrostriate fibers and by improving the synthesis and transport of dopamine. Key words: Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Substantia nigra; Corpus striatum; Parkinson's disease

Comparative evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxicity, antiviral and antioxidant activities of different soyasapogenols from soybean saponin

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate comparative and structure–activity relationships of in-vitro cytotoxicity, antiviral and antioxidant activities of soyasapogenols A, B, D and F (SSA, SSB, SSD and SSF) together against the total soyasaponin extract (TSSE) itself. Methods The cytotoxicity of soyasapogenols and TSSE against human colon carcinoma cell line (HCT-116), liver carcinoma cell line (Hep-G2), human breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and normal human melanocytes (HFB-4) cell lines was assessed using sulforhodamine B assay. Their antiviral activities were investigated against Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), hepatitis C virus model (vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV). The antioxidant activity of soyasapogenols and TSSE was assessed using a stable DPPH free radical. Results and conclusion The results obtained showed that both TSSE and soyasapogenols have a potent cytotoxic effect on Hep-G2, HCT-116, MCF-7 and HBF-4 cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. SSA and SSF showed the highest cytotoxic activities against tested cell lines. Analysis of the three-dimensional structure of the measured soyasapogenols indicated that if the β-hydroxyl group at C-21 or C-22 was aligned with the plane of the molecule, a marked increase in the cytotoxic activity of the soyasapogenol was produced. Their antiviral activities against RVFV, VSV and HAV showed significant inhibition activities compared with both TSSE and interferon. SSB showed the best activity against RVFV and HAV, whereas SSA was the best inhibitor against VSV. It was concluded that the hydroxylation at C-21 as well as the presence of a double bond in ring D might enhance anti-VSV activity, whereas they may not be essential for anti-RVFV and anti-HAV activities. On the other hand, the tested soyasapogenols and TSSE did not show good antioxidant activities.

Tandem Heck/Decarboxylation/Heck Strategy: Protecting‐Group‐Free Synthesis of Symmetric and Unsymmetric Hydroxylated Stilbenoids

(Mikro)Wellenreiter: Die Titelstrategie führt zur Synthese von symmetrischen oder unsymmetrischen hydroxylierten Stilbenoiden aus 4-Halogenphenolen und einer Acrylsäure als Kupplungspartner (siehe Schema; DMA=N,N-Dimethylacetamid, MW=Mikrowellen). Schutzgruppen sind nicht nötig, und ein einzelner Palladiumkatalysator wird verwendet. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

The neuroprotective effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the mitochondria of dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Objective To investigate any neuroprotective effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) on the mitochondria of dopaminergic neurons using a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease.Methods Forty-eight male SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to either a normal control group (treated with a 30 ml/kg intraperitoneal injection of physiological saline once a day),a model group ( treated with a 30 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of MPTP once a day) or an HBO therapy group ( treated with a 30 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of MPTP and HBO once a day).The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein,PINK1 protein and caspase-3 in brain tissue was measured using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting assays.Results Compared with the control group,the expression levels of TH protein and PINK1 protein were significantly lower in the neurons of the substantia nigra in the model mice.HBO therapy upregulated the expression of TH and PINK1 protein.Compared with the control group,the average level of caspase-3 protein in the neurons of the substantia nigra in the model mice was significantly higher.HBO therapy downregulates the expression of caspase-3 protein.Conclusions HBO can protect mitochondria and inhibit apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of brains with (MPTP-induced) Parkinson's disease by upregulating the expression of PINK1 protein and TH protein,and downregulating the expression of caspase-3 protein. Key words: Hyperbaric oxygenation ; 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ; Caspase ; Tyrosine hydroxylase

Advances in research of molecular mechanism of phenylketonuria and its treatments

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a severe autosomal recessive disease which can cause irreversible damage to patients' neural system and results in severe mental retardation.Although the institution of a lowphenylalanine (Phe) diet has been a remarkable success in preventing the devastating damage associated with untreated PKU,there are always small but consistent gap in intelligence quotient (IQ) scores and executive functioning when compared to siblings or healthy age-related control groups.During the past few years,several types of new treatment strategies,such as genetic engineering,enzyme replacement,tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4),large neutral amino acids (LNAA),low-Phe diet and liver or liver cell transplantation therapies,have been studied and improved.This paper aims to introduce the research advances in pathogenesis of PKU,the treatment methods and the related molecular mechanism. Key words: Phenylketonuria; Genetic engineering; Phenylalanine hydroxylase; Phenylalanine ammonia lyase

The association between single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of tryptophan hydroxylase isoform gene rs11178997 and depression and suicidal behavior

Objective To explore the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of a novel tryptophan hydroxylase isoform (TPH2) gene rs11178997 and depression, and suicidal behavior. Methods The specimens of peripheral blood were collected from Chinese Northern 300 depression and 300 controls. The amplification of TPH2 gene rs11178997 was executed by realtime-polymerase chain reaction (realtime-PCR), and analyzed by directed sequencing. And the association between the polymorphisms of TPH2 gene and depression and suicidal behavior was analyzed with SPSS 17.0. Results The genotypic frequencies of the SNPs did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium both in patient and control groups (P>0.05). Compared with control group, significant difference of genotypes and alleles of TPH2 gene rs11178997 single nucleotide polymorphism had been found in patient group (75.7% vs 39.7%, 6.0% vs 1.3%, 18.3%vs 1.3%; P 0.05). Conclusion TPH2 gene rs4570625 single nucleotide polymorphisms have association with the susceptibility of depression. Key words: Depression; Suicidal behavior; TPH2 gene; Single nucleotide polymorphism

Effects of treadmill training on noradrenaline fibers and the recovery of hindlimb motor function in rats after spinal cord contusion

Objective To observe the effects of treadmill training on hindlimb motor recovery and noradrenaline (NA) fibers in rats with spinal cord contusion.Methods Spinal cord contusions at the T10 level were induced in 3-month old female SD rats by dropping a 10 g rod from a height of 25 mm.The injured rats were then randomly divided into a control group and a treadmill training group ( n =15 in each group).Treadmill training began 1 week post-injury.No treatment was administered to the control group rats.Hindlimb motor function was evaluated weekly from the 1 st to the 9th week post-injury using Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scores and average combined scores (ACOs).The expression of dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) in the spinal cord caudal to the injured area was detected by immunohistochemical staining.Results The treadmill training group exhibited significantly greater improvement in BBB scores from the 3rd week to the 7th week and in ACOs from the 2nd to the 9th week post-injury compared with the control group.The number of DBH positive fibers in the injured spinal cords and the number of DBH positive neurons in the injured frontal horns were also significantly higher in the training group.Conclusions Treadmill training can promote the recovery of hindlimb motor function in rats after spinal cord contusion,perhaps by increasing the number of DBH positive fibers and DBH positive neurons. Key words: Spinal cord contusion; Treadmill training; Noradrenaline

ChemInform Abstract: An Unexpected Elimination Reaction of 3,14,19‐Triacetylandrographolide.

AbstractAttempted Prevost hydroxylation of triacetylandrographolide (I) affords an unusual and unexpected ene‐product (III).

Expression of prolyl hydroxylase-2 in retina of diabetic rats

Objective To investigate the expression and prolyl hydroxylase (PHD)-2 in retina of diabetic rats.Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group (n=48) and the diabetes group (n=60).The rats in diabetes group were induced with streptozotocin (STZ) injection creating a diabetic retinopathy model.The same volume of citric acid buffer was injected into the rats in the control group.Fluorescence microscope was used to observe the retinal vaseulature at one,three and six months after injection.Evans blue perfusion was used to detect the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) permeability.Immunohistochemical staining was used to observe the distribution of PHD-2 positive staining.Western blot was used to measure the protein expression of PHD-2,hypoxia inducible factor(HIF)-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) every month from one to six months after injection.Results The vascularization was normal and form was clear in retina of rats in control group.The retinal blood vessels of rats in diabetes group showed significantly increased fluorescence.Compared with the control group,the BRB permeability was significantly increased in diabetes group (P＜0.05).Abundant expression of PHD-2protein was detected in the inner layers of retina in control and diabetes group.Compared with the control group,the PHD-2 expression was decreased in diabetes group at one and two months after iujection (t=16.230,16.390;P＜0.05).The HIF-1α expression was significantly increased in diabetes group at one,two and three months after injection (t=27.073,36.709,10.176; P＜0.05).The VEGF expression was significantly increased in diabetes group every month from one to six months after injection (t =13.547,31.984,21.897,8.912,9.019,14.046; P＜0.05).Conclusions There is abundant expression of PHD-2 in the inner layer of retina in diabetic rats.PHD-2 may play an important role in diabetic retinopathy,which is correlated with VEGF. Key words: Diabetic retinopathy/pathophysiology; Dioxygenases/physiology; Animal experimentation

Anti-parkinsonian effects of octacosanol in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine-treated mice.

Our previous research showed that octacosanol exerted its protective effects in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinsonian rats. The goal of this study was to investigate whether octacosanol would attenuate neurotoxicity in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated C57BL/6N mice and its potential mechanism. Behavioral tests, tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to investigate the effects of octacosanol in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Oral administration of octacosanol (100 mg/kg) significantly improved behavioral impairments in mice treated by MPTP and markedly ameliorated morphological appearances of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neuronal cells in the substantia nigra. Furthermore, octacosanol blocked MPTP-induced phosphorylation of p38MAPK and JNK, but not ERK1/2. These findings implicated that the protective effects afforded by octacosanol might be mediated by blocking the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and JNK on the signal transduction in vivo. Considering its excellent tolerability, octacosanol might be considered as a candidate agent for clinical application in treating Parkinson's disease.

X-box-binding protein 1-modified neural stem cells for treatment of Parkinson's disease.

X-box-binding protein 1-transfected neural stem cells were transplanted into the right lateral ventricles of rats with rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease. The survival capacities and differentiation rates of cells expressing the dopaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase were higher in X-box-binding protein 1-transfected neural stem cells compared to non-transfected cells. Moreover, dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the substantia nigra were significantly increased, α-synuclein expression was decreased, and neurological behaviors were significantly ameliorated in rats following transplantation of X-box-binding protein 1-transfected neural stem cells. These results indicate that transplantation of X-box-binding protein 1-transfected neural stem cells can promote stem cell survival and differentiation into dopaminergic neurons, increase dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels, reduce α-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra, and improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in rats.

Management of 21 hydroxylase deficiency salt-wasting form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sjdem.v1i1.4186 Sri Lanka Journal of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011; 1 : 28-29

Hydroxylation Derivatives of Some 8-Aminoquinoline Compounds: Theoretical Insights into Their Toxicity, Feasibility, and Regioselectivity.

Hydroxylation Derivatives of Some 8-Aminoquinoline Compounds: Theoretical Insights into Their Toxicity, Feasibility, and Regioselectivity.

Protective effects of kidney-tonifying Chinese herbal preparation on substantia nigra neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

The Chinese herbs Herba Epimedii, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi and Rhizoma Polygonati were injected into Parkinson's disease mice established via intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride. The selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor selegiline was used as a positive control drug. After successive administration for 4 weeks, Herba Epimedii could downregulate the expression of caspase-3 and increase the brain-derived neurotrophic factor level, as well as increase tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease mouse models. Rhizoma Polygonati could downregulate the expression of caspase-3 and FasL, and increase neural growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Fructus Ligustri Lucidi could downregulate caspase-3 expression. Rhizoma Polygonati and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi did not produce obvious effects on tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Herba Epimedii and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi yielded similar effects on apoptosis-promoting factors to those elicited by selegiline. Herba Epimedii and Rhizoma Polygonati significantly increased the levels of neurotrophic factors compared with selegiline. Herba Epimedii significantly increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity compared with selegiline. It is indicated that the kidney-tonifying Chinese herbal preparation can downregulate the expression of apoptosis-promoting factors, increase neurotrophic factors levels in the substantia nigra and striatum, as well as increase tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease mouse models, thereby exerting a stronger or similar neuroprotective effects compared with selegiline.

Effect of glucocorticoid replacement therapy on glucose-lipid metabolism in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Objective 21 -hydroxylase deficiency ( 21-OHD) patients are at high risk of developing metabolic syndrome.Low dose of glucocorticoid is crucial in the treatment.This study is to investigate the effect of glucocorticoid therapy on potential metabolic disorders.Methods Thirty-two treated and 31 untreated 21-OHD patients were recruited.The components of metabolic syndrome were investigated in both groups.Results Serum testosterone [ (0.61 ±0.12 vs 4.10±0.66) ng/ml,P＜0.01 ],17-(OH) progesterone[ 17-OHP,( 14.83±3.48 vs 48.52±4.72 )ng/ml,P＜0.01 ],dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate[ DHEAS,(55.7±23.6 vs 405.2±65.7 ) μg/dl,P＜0.01 ],and ACTH[ ( 105.8±44.7 vs 617.4± 163.3 ) pg/ml,P＜0.01 ] levels were significantly reduced,whereas body mass index [ ( 23.2±0.9 vs 21.1 ±0.5 ) kg/mz,P＜0.05 ],systolic blood pressure [ ( 120.5 ± 1.3 vs 115.5 ± 1.8 ) mm Hg,P＜0.05,1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa ],serum triglyceride [ ( 1.8±0.2 vs 1.1 ±0.1 ) mmol/L,P＜0.05 ],and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance [ HOMA-IR,( 2.07 ± 0.27 vs 1.16 ± 0.12 ),P ＜ 0.01 ] were markedly increased in glucocorticoid treated group.Multivariates regression analysis showed that body mass index was the most important risk factor for HOMA-IR.The correlation of glucocorticoid replacement and HOMA-IR was not observed after adjustment of age and body mass index.Conclusion Glucocorticoid treatment increases body weights,which leads to insulin resistance and metabolic disorders for 21-OHD patients.More attention should be paid to control BMI and metabolic disturbances in 21-OHD patients. Key words: 21-hydroxylase deficiency; Glucocorticoid; Insulin resistance; Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance