Hydroxyapatite Crystals Research Articles

Ultrashort peptides induce biomineralization

Extracellular matrix proteins of hard tissues are thought to play a key role in biomineralization, but whether other types of protein-derived biomolecules can promote the formation of mineralized crystals remains to be explored. Recent studies have shown that functional ultrashort peptides, which are less than seven amino acids in length, can partially replace the function of proteins and show unique physiological advantages. In this study, for the first time, we designed ultrashort peptides composed of several acid amino acids (serine and glutamic acid) based on the intrinsically disordered extracellular matrix proteins predicted by AlphaFold2 to explore new ideas for promoting the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals. We synthesized several ultrashort peptides with different amino acid combinations and lengths, such as SE and SESSE to evaluate the correlation between the sequence characteristics and biomineralization ability. The morphological characteristics of the crystals, cell adhesion with ultrashort peptides, and their role in tooth remineralization and bone formation were examined. In conclusion, ultrashort peptides can play an active role in the biomineralization in vivo and in vitro, which provides new insights into novel molecules that induce biomineralization and explores new therapeutic strategies for mineral loss.

Bioactive Performances of Surface Modification of Ti–6Al–4V Jointly Using Ultrasonic‐Assisted Microarc Oxidation and Hydrothermal Treatment

With the aim of further enhancing the bioactive performance of Ti–6Al–4V, ultrasonic‐assisted microarc oxidation (MAO) and hydrothermal (HT) treatments are combined to produce denser, more uniform hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals on the MAO coating herein. More Ca elements can be deposited on the coating and more TiO2 can be generated to form a thicker coating via ultrasonic assistance. Meanwhile, the MAO coating with ultrasonic assistance avoids the appearance of heterogeneous areas and homogenizes the distribution of elements. Those positive effects of ultrasonic‐assisted MAO coating provide favorable conditions for the subsequent HT treatment to form dense and uniform HA crystals. In vitro experiment shows that the ultrasonic‐assisted MAO coating has a higher number of MG63 cells compared with other samples. Moreover, the formation of HA crystals improves the biological activity of all samples. In the ultrasonic‐assisted sample after HT treatment, denser and more uniform HA crystals on the coating surface result in the higher alkaline phosphatase activity of the sample.

Hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanorods and their use in PCL bone scaffold

It is urgently needed to synthesize hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanorods with controllable size to mimic the morphology and size of natural human bone mineral for bone regeneration. In this study, HAP nanorods with size closed to natural human bone mineral were synthesized via hydrothermal method by changing hydrothermal temperature. Then they were introduced into biopolymer polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold fabricated by selective laser sintering (SLS) to enhance its properties. The results revealed that the lower hydrothermal temperature was more favorable for HAP crystals to grow along c-axis at the length direction, while the increase in temperature was more favorable for the crystal to grow along a-axis at the width direction. The well-crystallized HAP nanorods obtained by hydrothermal method at 160 °C for 8 h had a diameter of 30 nm and a length of 200 nm. The introduction of 10 wt% HAP nanorods into PCL scaffold enhanced the tensile strength and compressive strength by 98.38% and 127.60% than the PCL scaffold. Meanwhile, the PCL/10%HAP scaffold could induce the deposition of apatites with a Ca/P ratio of 1.67 on its surface, which implied that the scaffold possessed excellent bioactivity. Besides, the scaffold exhibited good biocompatibility for cell attachment, spreading and proliferation.

Influence of ZnO doped into hydroxyapatite: Structural, electrical, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial assessment

The biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and dielectric properties of hydroxyapatite (HA) doped with different percentages of ZnO were studied. Hydroxyapatite was developed in samples heat-treated at 900°C/4 h; not affected by the addition of ZnO. The microstructure showed euhedral and subhedral hydroxyapatite crystals dispersed singly or accumulated in clusters. The biocompatibility test was implemented in simulated body fluid (SBF) for two weeks; a new HA layer on the soaked samples was developed. Antimicrobial and antifungal testing was conducted using agar diffusion; incorporating ZnO increased these effects. Dielectric measurements were performed at various frequencies; increasing ZnO content decreased the conductivity as the interfacial polarization increased and, hence, the concentration of Zn+2 cations triggered the decline in conductivity. With increasing zinc concentrations, antibacterial action expanded in the inhibition zones. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy showed that the dielectric spectra were characterized at low and intermediate frequencies by a superposition of interfacial polarization and conductivity contribution. At high frequencies, all dynamics lagged behind the alteration of the external electric field, which made the permittivity values independent of neither the frequency of the applied field nor the composition of the investigated samples. The conductivity spectrum showed a considerable effect of the ZnO content in the HA matrix.

Live Visualization of the Nucleation and Growth of Needle-Like Hydroxyapatite Crystals in Solution by In Situ TEM

Live Visualization of the Nucleation and Growth of Needle-Like Hydroxyapatite Crystals in Solution by In Situ TEM

Microbial Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite-Nanocellulose Nanocomposites from Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast Pellicle of Fermented Kombucha Tea

The strong need for the utilization of industrial by-products and biowaste increases as we transition towards a circular economy. On these grounds, the present research aims to explore the applicability of the Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY), a by-product of a functional beverage industry, for applications in biomedicine. Herein, hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated SCOBY nanocellulose (SN) nanocomposite (SNHA) was synthesized via a novel biomimetic approach using Serratia marcescens strain by adopting two different in situ approaches. Characterization studies established the presence of functional groups corresponding to pure nanocellulose and HA. Microscopic analysis revealed SN fibers of the dimensions 30–50 nm surrounded by 10–15 nm rod-shaped HA crystals. The SNHA membranes were carbonated and harbored traces of metal ions. A deposition of nano-HA crystals as high as 30–50% was achieved. Overall, the synthesized SNHA membranes reflected increased stability, low crystalline nature and an ion-substituted structure resembling the natural bone; they are thereby suited for bone tissue engineering.

Effect of Sensitive pH on Hydroxyapatite Properties Synthesized from Chicken Eggshell

The hydrothermal method has effectively synthesized hydroxyapatite (HA). This study aimed to analyze the effect of pH on the properties (purity, crystallinity, and size) of HA crystals. HA synthesis of chicken eggshells was carried out using the hydrothermal method at temperatures of 230 °C with pH 9 and 9.34. The characteristics of HA are determined by XRF, XRD, FTIR, and TEM. The composition of the most significant compound obtained from the results of XRF analysis is CaO (97.5%). The XRD analysis showed that the purity of HA with pH 9.00 and 9.34 obtained was 97.8 and 96.6%, with the crystallinity of 56.46 and 56.96%. It was also obtained that the size of crystal HA was 21.8 and 15.7 nm for samples synthesized at pH 9.00 and 9.34. The results showed that the purity and size of HA were affected by differences in the pH synthesis and were relatively the same for its crystallinity which directly affects the value lattice parameter. The properties of HA produced by the hydrothermal method have met the criteria for biomedical applications.

Ultrastructural Analysis of Er:YAG Lased Bovine Dentin Contaminated by Cariogenic Bacteria.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the crystal structure of bacteria-contaminated bovine dentin after Er:YAG laser irradiation at various energy densities from macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale. Background: Er:YAG laser can change the morphology and chemical components of dentin. Few preliminary researchers investigate the laser effect on crystal in dentin tissue. Methods: Twenty dentin specimens from bovine incisors were cocultured with S. mutans (UA 159) and divided into four groups with diverse Er:YAG laser irradiation energy (0, 6.37, 12.73, 19.11 J/cm2). The ultrastructure of dentin before and after laser irradiation was investigated with nanoanalytical electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction provided the information of lattice parameters in dentin. The morphology of dentin was observed by scanning electron microscopy. High-resolution transmission electron microscope images and selected-area electron diffraction patterns were obtained for characterizing crystal domain size, structure, and microenvironment of dentin. Results: The combination of these methods disclosed that there exist mineralized, demineralized, and remineralized dentin in the bacteria-invaded dentin and can be feasibly recognized using morphological features. Laser treatments influence hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals in dentin tissue in different ways: needle HAp in mineralized dentin tissue keeps intact with laser irradiation of no higher than 19.11 J/cm2; laser irradiation improves the crystallinity of lamella HAp by domain growth and rearranges its growth orientations. Conclusions: We report an unprecedented presence of remineralization zone consisting of lamella HAp crystals with distinct high-index planes. These findings have broad implications on the role of laser operation in driving biomineralization and shed new insights into a possible relationship between laser irradiation and remineralization.

Acute calcific tendinitis of the FCR tendon in a 24-year-old male: A case report

Acute calcific tendinitis is an acute or chronic condition that typically affects the shoulder joint in patients 40 and older. Specifically caused by the deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals in or around the tendon sheath, the cause is typically unknown but seems to be unrelated to underlying metabolic disturbances and pathologies. In this work, the case of left wrist pain in a 24-year-old male that was initially misdiagnosed but later identified as acute calcific tendinitis is highlighted.

Effect of monetite reinforced into the chitosan-based lyophilized 3D scaffolds on physicochemical, mechanical, and osteogenic properties

Chitosan and monetite nanoparticles-based composite scaffold with tailored structures and properties possesses tremendous potential for bone restoration. Here, we aimed to enhance the physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of a three-dimensional composite scaffold by the addition of monetite nanoparticles into a chitosan matrix with varying content of monetite in the developed scaffolds. The scaffolds were fabricated from the viscous slurry containing chitosan and nano monetite particles using a free-drying process. Macro-porous scaffolds were fabricated by incorporation of nano-sized monetite particles up to 20 wt% of total chitosan concentration into pure chitosan solution. These are then characterized using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), FTIR, and field emission electron microscope (FESEM). Results revealed that the chitosan/monetite composite scaffolds showed highly porous architecture with an average pore size varying between 90 and 390 µm, and high interconnected porosity varying from 77 to 88%, respectively. Scaffold containing 20 wt% monetite (CS-M20) revealed the highest compressive strength of 1.93 MPa, which is closely matching with that of the lower range of compressive strength in cancellous bone. The incorporation of monetite content into the chitosan matrix significantly diminished (p < 0.05) pore size, and porosity and retarded the rate of biodegradation of the monetite-containing scaffolds as evident from 20 wt% and 38 wt% of weight loss in CSM20 and CSM10 scaffolds after 28 days of incubation in a sterile PBS. Monetite-containing scaffolds showed a higher ability of mineralization as compared to the pristine chitosan (CS-M0) scaffold, depositing bone-like carbonated hydroxyapatite crystals onto their surface after 14 days of immersion in SBF at 37 °C. A higher extent of lamellipodia and filopodia protrusions and superior spreading behavior of osteoblasts were noticed in FESEM images of MG-63 cultured monetite containing scaffolds. MTT assay exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) MG-63 cell proliferation in monetite-containing CS-M20 scaffold than that in pristine chitosan scaffold suggesting the fact that monetite nanoparticles incorporation into the chitosan matrix stimulated superior osteoblast attachment and proliferation. Further, immunocytochemistry analysis of MG-63 cultured onto developed scaffolds revealed higher osteogenic activity and differentiation ability in CS-M20 scaffold as compared to pristine chitosan scaffold. The obtained results demonstrated that the monetite-containing scaffolds have a great potential for the regeneration of bone tissue defects.

Fabrication and characterization of electroconductive/osteoconductive hydrogel nanocomposite based on poly(dopamine-co-aniline) containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles

This study aimed to integrate the unique benefits of electroconductive hydrogel scaffold and hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals in the repair of bone defects. For this objective, HAp crystals were synthesized and dopamine-aniline copolymer (PDA-co-PANI) were synthesized through a chemical oxidation polymerization approach followed by its functionalization using maleic anhydride (MA), and finally, hydrogels were fabricated from different concentrations of copolymer/HAp by a free radical polymerization method. Size, zeta, NMR, FTIR, SEM, EDX, water absorption tests, blood compatibility, and cell studies were performed and the results were presented. The size and Zeta potential showed that the synthesized HAp has a hydrodynamic size of 1.96 µm and a zeta potential of −13.5 mV and the surface modification with MPS silane coupling agent reduced the size and zeta potential of crystals to 1.38 µm and −6.2 mV, respectively. The results showed that the prepared hydrogel possesses the electrical conductivity of 1.74 × 10–4 S/cm and incorporation of HAp crystals did not compromise the electrical conductivity. The fabricated scaffolds were compatible with bone cells (MG-63) and in vitro studies revealed that the scaffolds were good substrates for bone cell growth and are effective for repairing bone lesions.

The Role of SIBLING Proteins in Dental, Periodontal, and Craniofacial Development

The majority of dental, periodontal, and craniofacial tissues are derived from the neural crest cells and ectoderm. Neural crest stem cells are pluripotent, capable of differentiating into a variety of cells. These cells can include osteoblasts, odontoblasts, cementoblasts, chondroblasts, and fibroblasts, which are responsible for forming some of the tissues of the oral and craniofacial complex. The hard tissue forming cells deposit a matrix composed of collagen and non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) that later undergoes mineralization. The NCPs play a role in the mineralization of collagen. One such category of NCPs is the small integrin-binding ligand, the N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family of proteins. This family is composed of dentin sialophosphosprotein (DSPP), osteopontin (OPN), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). The SIBLING family is known to have regulatory effects in the mineralization process of collagen fibers and the maturation of hydroxyapatite crystals. It is well established that SIBLING proteins have critical roles in tooth development. Recent literature has described the expression and role of SIBLING proteins in other areas of the oral and craniofacial complex as well. The objective of the present literature review is to summarize and discuss the different roles the SIBLING proteins play in the development of dental, periodontal, and craniofacial tissues.

Biomineral-Inspired Colloidal Liquid Crystals: From Assembly of Hybrids Comprising Inorganic Nanocrystals and Organic Polymer Components to Their Functionalization.

ConspectusBioinspired organic/inorganic synthetic composites have been studied as high-performance and functional materials. In nature, biominerals such as pearls, teeth, and bones are self-organized organic/inorganic composites. The inorganic components are composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and hydroxyapatite (HAp), while the organic components consist of peptides and polysaccharides. These composites are used as structural materials in hard biological tissues. Biominerals do not show significantly higher performances than synthetic composites such as glass-fiber- or carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics. However, biominerals consist of environmentally friendly and biocompatible components that are prepared under mild conditions. Moreover, they form elaborate nanostructures and self-organized hierarchical structures. Much can be learned about material design from these biomineral-based hierarchical and nanostructured composites to assist in the preparation of functional materials.Inspired by these biological hard tissues, we developed nanostructured thin films and bulk hybrid crystals through the self-organization of organic polymers and inorganic crystals of CaCO3 or HAp. In biomineralization, the combination of insoluble components and soluble acidic macromolecules controls the crystallization process. We have shown that poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or acidic peptides called polymer additives induce the formation of thin film crystals of CaCO3 or HAp by cooperation with insoluble organic templates such as chitin and synthetic polymers bearing the OH group. Moreover, we recently developed CaCO3- and HAp-based nanostructured particles with rod and disk shapes. These were obtained in aqueous media using a macromolecular acidic additive, PAA, without using insoluble polymer templates. At appropriate concentrations, the anisotropic particles self-assembled and formed colloidal liquid-crystalline (LC) phases.LC materials are generally composed of organic molecules. They show ordered and mobile states. The addition of stimuli-responsive properties to organic rod-like LC molecules led to the successful development of informational displays, which are now widely used. On the other hand, colloidal liquid crystals are colloidal self-assembled dispersions of anisotropic organic and inorganic nano- and micro-objects. For example, polysaccharide whiskers, clay nanosheets, gibbsite plate-shaped particles, and silica rod-shaped particles exhibit colloidal LC states.In this Account, we focused on the material design and hierarchical aspects of biomineral-based colloidal LC polymer/inorganic composites. We describe the design and preparation, nanostructures, and self-assembled behavior of these new bioinspired and biocompatible self-organized materials. The characterization results for these self-assembled nanostructured colloidal liquid crystals found using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and neutron scattering and rheological measurements are also reported. The functions of these biomineral-inspired liquid crystals are presented. Because these biomineral-based LC colloidal liquid crystals can be prepared under mild and aqueous conditions and they consist of environmentally friendly and biocompatible components, new functions are expected for these materials.

Ultrastructural characterisation of young and aged dental enamel by atomic force microscopy.

Recent advances in atomic force microscopy (AFM) have allowed the characterisation of dental-associated biomaterials and biological surfaces with high resolution. In this context, the topography of dental enamel - the hardest mineralised tissue in the body - has been explored with AFM-based approaches at the microscale. With age, teeth are known to suffer changes that can impact their structural stability and function; however, changes in enamel structure because of ageing have not yet been explored with nanoscale resolution. Therefore, the aim of this exploratory work was to optimise an approach to characterise the ultrastructure of dental enamel and determine potential differences in topography, hydroxyapatite (HA) crystal size, and surface roughness at the nanoscale associated to ageing. For this, a total of six teeth were collected from human donors from which enamel specimens were prepared. By employing intermittent contact (AC mode) imaging, HA crystals were characterised in both transversal and longitudinal orientation (respect to surface plane) with high resolution in environmental conditions. The external enamel surface displayed the presence of a pellicle-like coating on its surface that was not observable on cleaned specimens. Acid-etching exposed crystals that were imaged and morphologically characterised in high resolution at the nanoscale in both the external and internal regions of enamel in older and younger specimens. Our results demonstrated important individual variations in HA crystal width and roughness parameters across the analysed specimens; however, an increase in surface roughness and decrease in HA width was observed for the pooled older external enamel group compared to younger specimens. Overall, high-resolution AFM was an effective approach for the qualitative and quantitative characterisation of human dental enamel ultrastructure. Future work should focus on exploring the ageing of dental enamel with increased sample sizes to compensate for individual differences as well as other potential confounding factors such as behavioural habits and mechanical forces.

Preparation, characterization and biocompatibility of nominal wollastonite/calcium hexaboride composites

Calcium silicate/calcium hexaboride (CaB6) composites were prepared via the wet precipitation chemical method. High quartz, calcium silicate (CaSi2O5), calcium hexaboride with weak cristobalite are the phases detected by XRD after heat-treatment at 550 °C/2 h. The thermal behavior shows clear exotherms at 821-889 °C and 950 °C which reflect the decomposition of CaB6 and the formation of the calciborite (CaB2O4). The microstructures of the samples were in the submicron or nano-scale range. Irregular particles in the form of clusters of the pre-mentioned phases were identified. On the other hand, soaking of the pre-heated samples for two weeks in SBF, shows spherical particles on the sample surfaces in nano-scale and submicron size of calcium phosphate, as surely detected by the energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDX). The microanalysis of the SBF solution after soaking of samples for two weeks using induced coupled plasma (ICP) indicates the presence of residue of calcium and phosphate in the SBF. Also, the X-ray diffraction analysis and the FT-IR spectrum show the crystallization of hydroxyapatite and coesite and the presence of the phosphate bands. The obtained results designated that the prepared composites induced biocompatibility.

Protocolo diagnóstico etiológico de las enfermedades metabólicas óseas

The skeleton has the double function of maintaining body structure and providing storage for minerals and proteins. The bone that forms the skeleton is a dynamic organ with continuous activity which, in addition, is responsible for maintaining calcium phosphorus homeostasis. It comprises a cellular component (osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts) and an extracellular component divided into the extracellular matrix (organic) composed mainly of collagen and an inorganic component formed of hydroxyapatite crystals. The continuous process of bone replacement or turnover (resorption-rest-formation cycle) can be affected at various points; there are various diseases that directly involve the bone. Metabolic bone diseases (MBD) are a heterogeneous group of bone strength disorders generally caused by anomalies in minerals (such as calcium or phosphorus), vitamin D, and/or bone mass or structure. Osteoporosis is the most common MBD. The etiological diagnosis of MBD consists of key points for their proper identification and treatment.

Zoledronic Acid use and Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

Bone is the part of body that most common for metastasis solid tumors. Bisphosphonates are an effective treatment for preventing bone damage events and improve quality of life patients. Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is the third generation of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs) that can inhibit osteoclasts in the process of bone resorption. Mechanism action of this drug related to affinity with hydroxyapatite crystals of bone, through a high bone turnover result in reducing speed of bone remodeling. This drug has higher affinity compared with other bisphosphonates for bonding hydroxyapatite . Zoledronic acid internalizes into osteoclasts, which disrupts the metabolic process and function of osteoclast cells and accelerates the occurrence of apoptosis. In the other hand it has adverse drug reactions mild to moderate which have reported but the mechanism still unclear such as hypocalcaemia and secondary hypophosphatemia, acute phase response (APR), renal toxicity, and osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). Adverse drug reaction can cause harm to patient indeed arise death, highly recommended to offer monitoring for patients.

Pearl-inspired graphene oxide-collagen microgel with multi-layer mineralization through microarray chips for bone defect repair.

Biomineralization of natural polymers in simulated body fluid (SBF) can significantly improve its biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity because of the hydroxyapatite (HAp) deposition. Nevertheless, the superficial HAp crystal deposition hamper the deep inorganic ions exchange in porous microgels, thus gradually leading to a nonuniform regeneration effect. Inspired by the pearl forming process, this article uses the microarray chips to fabricate the multi-layer mineralized graphene oxide (GO)-collagen (Col)-hydroxyapatite (HAp) microgel, denoted as MMGCH. These fabricated MMGCH microgels exhibit porous structure and uniform HAp distribution. Furthermore, the suitable microenvironment offered by microgel promotes the time-dependent proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, which resulted in upregulated osteogenesis-related genes and proteins, such as alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and collagen-1. Finally, the MMGCH microgels possess favorable bone regeneration capacities both in cranial bone defects and mandibular bone defects via providing a suitable microenvironment for host-derived cells to form new bone tissues. This work presents a biomimetic means aiming to achieve full-thickness and uniform HAp deposition in hydrogel for bone defect repair.

Imaging of calcific tendinopathy in atypical sites by ultrasound and conventional radiography: A pictorial essay.

Calcific tendinopathy (CT) is a very common condition caused by the deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals in tendons and it can be an incidental finding or associated with severe pain. CT can be easily detected by first level exams such as traditional radiography and ultrasound (US), which provide information on the site, extent and composition of the calcific formation. Classically, the most affected site is represented by the rotator cuff tendons, in particular the supraspinatus tendon. In this pictorial essay we illustrate various unusual localizations of CT detected by US and plain radiography, in order to provide an overview with the aim of preventing diagnostic delays and consequently CT complications.

Lactoferrin network with MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, auxiliary mineralization, antibacterial functions: A multifunctional coating for biofunctionalization of implant surfaces

Developing biocompatible, low-immunoreactive, and antibacterial implants are challenging yet fundamental to osteosynthesis. In this study, mineralization-stimulative and antibacterial networking nanostructures are assembled via amyloid-like aggregation of lactoferrin (LF) triggered by reducing the intramolecular disulfide bonds. Due to the adhesive property of their rich β-sheet architecture, the LF networks are amenable to the deposition upon the surface of various implant materials, functionalizing the implants with cell-proliferative, mineralization-stimulative, and antibacterial properties. Specifically, the abundant functional groups and amino acids exposed on the surface of LF networks provide abundant functional microdomains for subsequent mineralization of different forms of calcium ions and promote the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals in simulated body fluids. We further demonstrate that the LF network inherits the innate antibacterial properties of LF and exerts a synergistic antibacterial ability with surface-enriched positively charged and hydrophobic amino acid residues, disrupting bacterial biofilm formation, enhancing microbial cell wall perturbation, and ultimately leading to microbial death. The results underscore the feasibility of the LF network as a multifunctional coating on bioscaffold surfaces, which may provide insight into its future applications in next-generation artificial bone implants with bacterial/biofilm clearance and bone tissue remodeling capabilities.