Hydropower Construction Research Articles

Ejecting ability of circulating flows of liquid and gas

The process of aeration of liquid plays an important role in many structures and devices. In water-works and hydropower construction during operation of the spillway systems, aeration allows for hydrodynamic and cavitation effects on the elements of the structures to be monitored. Aeration is also used to saturate water with oxygen depending on the purpose of the chemical or biochemical processes in various industries, for example, in fisheries and hydro ecology. Of all known methods the most widespread is the gas-liquid aeration. It allows not only to generate air bubbles, but also to control technological parameters. Various types of circulating flows of liquid and gas, which are swirling flows in circular cylindrical channels, are widely used in various fields of engineering. One of the effects of such flows is the emergence of recirculation areas with pressure in the near-axial zone of the flow below atmospheric one, which makes it possible to eject air into water masses. This feature allows the use of efficient aeration devices based on circulation flows. The report presents the results of physical studies of a complicated flow formed by interacting, oppositely rotating, coaxially located liquid layers. The description of the experimental stand for model studies of such flows is given. Analytical dependences of pressure distribution and specific energy in circulation flow of the viscous liquid are presented. The results of physical modeling to determine the ejection ability of circulating flows, the experimental dependences of the ejection coefficient for different methods of swirling the flow are presented.

The on-paper hydropower boom: A case study of corruption in the hydropower sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The demand for hydropower production, as a prominent sustainable development strategy, has created a boom in the number of planned hydropower projects, especially small ones. These projects are mainly located in post-socialist transition and developing countries. However, emerging evidence suggests that most of the projects remain on paper. One reason for this is prevalent corruption. In the literature, corruption has been identified in megaprojects but a significant number of hydropower projects are smaller in size. This leaves a literature gap and a subsequent lack of understanding regarding corruption and its potential connection to the absence of hydropower construction. We argue that it also creates a ‘safe space’ for corrupt actors who use the sector for personal gain. In this paper, we address this nexus of unfinished hydropower projects, sustainable development in transition countries, corruption, and lack of scholarly attention by presenting empirical evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina. We highlight that sustainability goals associated with hydropower might be distorted, especially in transition countries as they are intermingled with hydropower projects that are embedded in complex bureaucratic structures. We conclude that focusing on the sector might improve its management, thus contributing to sustainable development, and also help to decrease the corruption risk.

ОЧЕРК ИСТОРИИ ГИДРОХИМИИ ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫХ ВОД В УКРАИНЕ

The article presents an review of reserchs of the chemical composition of surface water in Ukraine from the beginning of systematic research in the first half of the twentieth century and to this day (1920-2020). Four characteristic chronological periods in the history of hydrochemical studies in Ukraine are identified. First period (1920s – 1950s) – the beginning of systematic hydrochemical studies of surface waters. Second period (1950s – 1970s) – the expansion of hydrochemical research to meet the needs of water and hydropower construction, the development of hydrochemistry of reservoirs. Third period (1970s – at the beginning of the 2000s) – development of integrated hydrochemical studies in the context of a growing anthropogenic load on water bodies; creation of a system of hydrochemical monitoring of water bodies within the framework of the national system of monitoring and environmental control. Fourth period (after the beginning of the 2000s) – reformatting of hydrochemical studies (monitoring systems) to the requirements of the European Union Water Framework Directive. The article also describes the scientific hydrochemical schools: Institute of Hydrobiology, NAS of Ukraine; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute of the SES of Ukraine and NAS of Ukraine

A bi-level programming model of rough stochastic MRCPSP in large-scale hydropower construction project

This paper focuses on developing a bi-level programming model for rough stochastic multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problem (RS-MRCPSP/bi-level). The metal structure installation project (MSIP) in Wudongde Hydropower Station is considered as the prototype, and then it is extended to be a generalised bi-level MRCPSP. In the upper level, the construction contractor is responsible for the investment on the activity, while the outsourcing partner is in charge of construction and implementation in the lower level. In order to deal with the rough stochastic parameters, the rough stochastic expected value operator is employed. Subsequently, in order to obtain the optimal schedule, an interactive method-based passive congregation particle swarm optimisation (IM-based PCPSO) is designed. Finally, a practical application for MSIP is presented to highlight the practicability of proposed model and solution method.

A bi-level programming model of rough stochastic MRCPSP in large-scale hydropower construction project

This paper focuses on developing a bi-level programming model for rough stochastic multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problem (RS-MRCPSP/bi-level). The metal structure installation project (MSIP) in Wudongde Hydropower Station is considered as the prototype, and then it is extended to be a generalised bi-level MRCPSP. In the upper level, the construction contractor is responsible for the investment on the activity, while the outsourcing partner is in charge of construction and implementation in the lower level. In order to deal with the rough stochastic parameters, the rough stochastic expected value operator is employed. Subsequently, in order to obtain the optimal schedule, an interactive method-based passive congregation particle swarm optimisation (IM-based PCPSO) is designed. Finally, a practical application for MSIP is presented to highlight the practicability of proposed model and solution method.

Analysis of deformation characteristics for a reservoir landslide before and after impoundment by multiple D-InSAR observations at Jinshajiang River, China

The stability of reservoir bank slopes is always of great concern in hydropower construction. After impounding, some unstable slopes may fail, leading to landslides with significant displacements. This work investigated the vertical and horizontal displacements of the Yizicun landslide before and after impoundment of the Xiluodu Reservoir on the Jinshajiang River, southwestern China using InSAR technique and data from ALOS PALSAR, ENVISAT–ASAR, TerraSAR-X and Sentinel-1. The purpose was to explore the relationships between the ground surface deformation and the landslide movement mode, and to make further analysis on its deformation characteristics. Combining with field investigations, the analysis of InSAR reveals that the Yizicun landslide was a push type before impoundment and is a pull type after impoundment. This landslide is largely a whole slump with multiple slip surfaces. After the impoundment of the reservoir, the landslide boundary had a tendency to spread, and its rear edge has extended backward about 20 m. More fissures and secondary landslides appeared on the southern boundary than those in the north. The horizontal movement changed from southwestward to westward, and the vertical deformation increased. The current stability of the landslide might be subjected to a combined action of ground water levels and precipitation intensity. The study also indicates that InSAR has many inimitable advantages in the study of reservoir landslides, such as backtracking for stability of bank slopes before impounding, three-dimensional monitoring of active areas, landslide movement mode analysis and so on. Thus, it is a suitable method to efficiently analyze landslide deformation characteristics before and after reservoir impoundment, which is of great significant for detecting and monitoring reservoir landslides.

Long-term dynamics and trend of ion sink of Amur river
 In the winter low-water period near Khabarovsk, Russia

The long-term dynamics and trend of the ion sink of the Amur River near Khabarovsk, Russia, in the winter low-water period were studied. The hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics of the main tributaries are given. The spatial heterogeneity of the distribution of mineralization along the length and width of the Amur is noted. The influence of large floods on the winter runoff of solutes has been established. The long-term increasing trend of ion sink in the winter low-water period due to hydropower construction is shown.

Estimation of Hydrologic Alteration in Kaligandaki River Using Representative Hydrologic Indices

Anthropogenic activities have led to the transformation of river basins and natural flow alteration around the world. Alteration in flow regimes have adverse effects on river ecosystems. Flow value changes signify the alteration extent and a number of flow related indices can be used to assess the extent of alteration in a river ecosystem. Selection of a few and ecologically relevant indices from a large set of available indices is a daunting task. Principal Component Analysis helps to reduce these large indices to a few ecologically significant indices and removes statistical redundancy of data to give uncorrelated data sets. These representative indices are useful in the primary investigation of a less studied area like the Kaligandaki River basin, Nepal. This paper uses reduced indices from the Kaligandaki River to calculate the alteration on the river section downstream of a hydropower facility using the Histogram Comparison Approach (HCA) combined with Hydrologic Year Types (HYT). The combined approach eliminates the potential underestimation of alteration values which may occur due to the exemption of hydrologic year types from the analysis, a feature equally relevant in river ecology. A new metric is used for the calculation of combined alteration using HCA-HYT in this paper. The analysis showed 60.71 percent alteration in the natural flow regime in the area past a hydropower construction, which is classified in the high alteration category. The study can be a guide for further analysis of the ecological flow management of a river section and a parsimonious approach to other areas where hydrological data is limited to historical flow records only.

Long-Term Dynamics of the Ionic Runoff in the Amur during Winter Low-Water Season at Khabarovsk and Trends in Its Variations

Long-term dynamics of the ionic runoff into the Amur at Khabarovsk during winter low-water season are analyzed. A hydrological and hydrochemical characteristic is given to the major tributaries. The distribution of mineralization along and across the Amur is shown to be heterogeneous. Large floods are shown to have an effect on the winter runoff of dissolved substances. The ionic runoff during winter low-water season is shown to have a many-year ascending trend, induced by hydropower construction.

Flow kinematics with oppositely rotating coaxial layers

In modern technological processes, liquid and gas flows play an important role. This is especially mostly evident in hydraulic engineering and hydropower construction when designing the highly efficient hydraulic turbines, various spillway systems and other elements of layout patterns of structures. When designing and constructing such facilities, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the flows to be passed through these structures in order to correctly take into account the various types of impacts from the flow: pressure pulsations, cavitation and erosion due to cavitation, wave formation and abrasive wear. When designing high-head spillway structures, special attention is paid to the presence of excess energy from the stream entering the lower pool, which requires special measures to dissipate it. Nowadays, in the practice of construction of hydraulic structures, swirled flows are used including those with oppositely rotating layers. This type of flow creates a number of effects that allow one to radically solve the problems of energy dissipation of high-velocity flows. The report presents the results of studies of a complicated flow formed by oppositely rotating coaxially arranged layers of liquid made by a physical method. The description of the experimental stand for the model studies of such flows is given. The basic parameters of the installation, the principle of operation of the recording equipment and its main characteristics are given. The results of model studies in the form of distribution of the components of the flow velocity along the cross section of the flow conductor and its length are given.

Acoustic detection and acoustic habitat characterisation of the critically endangered white‐bellied heron (Ardea insignis) in Bhutan

Abstract Growing developmental activities, such as hydropower construction, farm roads, and other human activities, are affecting the critically endangered white‐bellied heron (WBH). Out of a known global population of 60, 28 individuals inhabit the river basin area and freshwater lakes and ponds of Bhutan. Several constraints impede continuous monitoring of endangered species, such as the isolated and cryptic nature of the species and the remoteness of its habitat; to date, there are no long‐term reference data or techniques implemented for continuous monitoring of this species. In this study, we designed acoustic detection and habitat characterisation methods using long‐duration recordings from three habitat areas in Bhutan. Acoustic indices were extracted and used to implement a species‐specific call detector and to generate habitat soundscape representations. Using WBH calls annotated in month‐long recordings from a known site, a novel indices‐based detector was implemented and tested. A total of 960 hr of continuous audio recordings from three habitats in Bhutan were analysed. We found that a species call detector implemented using a combination of acoustic indices (that includes measures of spectral and temporal entropy and different angles of spectral ridges) has a correct detection rate of 81%. Additionally, visual inspection of the species’ acoustic habitat using long‐duration false‐colour spectrograms enabled qualitative assessment of acoustic habitat structure and other dominant acoustic events. This study proposes a combined approach of species acoustic detection and habitat soundscape analysis for holistic acoustic monitoring of endangered species. As a direct outcome of this work, we documented acoustic reference data on the critically endangered WBH from multiple habitat areas and have analysed its temporal vocalisation patterns across sites.

Spatial Difference and Causes Analysis of the δ15 N of Suspended Particulate Matter in the Lancang River Basin

The influence of cascade hydropower construction on the migration and transformation of raw material and ecological problems in the Lancang River Basin is of concern to scholars domestically and internationally. Based on stable isotope technology, this study analyzed the spatial distribution of nitrogen in the Lancang River Basin and explained the cause of this distribution. The results showed that the range of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was 0.28-0.60mg·L-1, and that of DIN in the downstream area of the Lancang River was 0.39-1.15mg·L-1. The range of suspended particulate matter δ15 N in the upstream area of this river was 4.52‰-6.72‰, and that in the downstream reservoir section was heavier than that in the upstream reservoir, which varied between 2.3‰ and 11.8‰. This study used Isosource to analyze the source of suspended particulate matter. The results showed that industrial wastewater and sewage, soil organic matter, atmospheric sedimentation, and agrochemicals are the main sources of suspended particulate matter, and their respective total contribution rates are 42.43%, 22.38%, 18.16%, and 17.03%. At the same time, the δ15 N of suspended particulate matter in Xiaowan, Manwan, and Dachaosan dams downstream of the Lancang River were influenced by algal assimilation, it leads to a reduction in the number of δ15 N of suspended particles.

Formation of effective cooperation instruments for development projects in the Lake Baikal basin

Key factor of Russia-Mongolia conciliation procedures in development projects on the Lake Baikal basin territory is the status of Baikal as a World Heritage site. Both countries are the parties to the World heritage Convention. Hydropower construction projects in the Lake Baikal basin, which currently are under consideration, are indicative examples of elaboration of procedures in achievement of harmonized decisions of Russia and Mongolia with participation of international institutions. This paper gives analysis of problem solving instruments, as well as consolidated actions of authorities, science and the public in international talks on threat prevention in Baikal region. The paper emphasizes not only necessity of scientific support as one of the mandatory conditions of any cooperation, but also highlights formation of working groups and their mandates; different levels of talks for harmonization of views; interaction of science, regional and federal authorities; role of NGOs and citizens, public consultations. The following preliminary conclusions are justified: accomplished scientific and public actors can be a key element in harmonization of interests; there is a subjective factor that has a crucial significance – availability of specialists, who provide substantive work and organizational management of actions; it is reasonable to regulate main stages of harmonized actions with identification of existing legal and institutional instruments.

The Influence of Agricultural Water Conservancy Project on Environment

In recent years, due to the rapid increase of China's economic level, agriculture and industry have developed vigorously, and the demand for electricity has increased accordingly. Water conservancy project construction investment is also increasing, too much water conservancy construction projects will inevitably affect the natural environment, the human environment. China's water conservancy and hydropower construction is facing a diffi cult task. In terms of environmental impact, compared with other projects, water conservancy and hydropower projects have prominent characteristics: the impact of a wide geographical area, affecting the population, the local social, economic and ecological environment is huge, the external environment on the project also exert a huge impact The At present, the whole society has paid more and more attention to environmental problems, and the environmental quality has become higher and higher. Environmental problems have become one of the restrictive factors in the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects. As the human environment continues to deteriorate, the public is increasingly concerned about environmental issues and sustainable development. At the same time, people are also aware that the impact of agricultural water conservancy construction on the environment is also twofold, so avoid or mitigate the adverse eff ects, Fully rational use, is the water conservancy workers in the construction of agricultural water conservancy planning must be carefully studied and to solve the important issues.

Contractual Issues for Hydropower Construction in Nepal

Nepal is located at the foot of the Himalayas and has numerous perennial rivers flowing from North to South, making it an ideal place for production of massive scale of hydropower. Hence, there are many hydropower projects in construction phase, but they are facing several contractual issues such as, contractual inefficacy of the parties, payment problems, Force Majeure and claims handling mechanism. In order to build the capacity of existing contract personnel working in various projects, it is high time for the stakeholders of Nepalese construction industry to train their human resources to the required standard, such that they can properly prepare, assess and handle the contractual issues that may arise, in the international standard. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue: 23Year: 2018

ROUTES TO FAILURE AND PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS IN WORK SYSTEMS OF HYDROPOWER CONSTRUCTION

There are many types of accidents with their own characteristics in hydropower construction. The accidents are mainly results of human errors. It is important to find out the routes to failure and give recommendations pertinently for different accident types. First, 869 accident investigation reports are collected and the human factors are filtered using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework, the norms which link the accident causes and human factors are also explored, the first three accident types are determined by the frequency statistics. The ranking of the factors and the norms of the three accident types is presented using the frequency statistics. The Chi-square, lambda and odds ratios are used to analyze the interdependences between adjacent level factors of three highest frequency accident types. At last, based on the correlation analysis between different human factors, the routes to failure can be determined; containing the norm frequency of factors, the safety recommendations are given to the different accident types pertinently. The results can be auxiliary and effective information for safety managers to conduct scientific and pertinent safety managements.

Status and distribution changes of the endangered Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus) in China over the past three decades (1990s\u20122017)

BackgroundUnderstanding the changes in population dynamics, including demographics, distribution and threats, is essential for species status assessing. The endangered Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus) has experienced sharp population declines and distribution range diminishing both in China and Southeast Asia. Field population surveys have not been conducted in China since the 1990s, which hindered conservation planning and decision-making.MethodsWith interview and line transects methods, we figured out the population and distribution changes of Green Peafowl across its historical ranges over the past three decades in China during 2014‒2017.ResultsThe Green Peafowl once habituated in 54 counties in China. Nearly 60% of the distribution counties were lost in the past three decades, with the left 22 counties distributed in central, southern and western Yunnan, SW China. Population decrease detected in all distribution areas except for Shuangbai and Xinping county where more than 60% of the total population is located. Only about 30% of the former bird population were recorded with the same interviewing method as 20 years ago. Three birds, 1 carcass, 6 calls and 12 footprints were detected along the 865 km line transects, indicating extremely low encounter rate of Green Peafowl in field. Sharp decreases in flock sizes were also detected, from 8‒20 birds per flock in the 1990s to 3‒5 birds at present. Poaching and habitat conversion are two widespread and long-lasting threats, while poisoning caused mortality in the past and hydropower construction affect regional population’s survival. Large flocks of 18–27 birds were discovered in the field, which increases our confidence of population recovery of this endangered pheasant in China.ConclusionsOnly interviewed bird number and counts based on line transects were presented in this study, without further population estimation due to limitation of the data sets. Although the actual population of this cryptic bird must be underestimated, dramatic population declines and distribution concentrations of the endangered Green Peafowl occurred over the past 30 years in China undoubtedly.

The Influence of Agricultural Water Conservancy Project on Environment

ABSTRACT In recent years, due to the rapid increase of China's economic level, agriculture and industry have developed vigorously, and the demand for electricity has increased accordingly. Water conservancy project construction investment is also increasing, too much water conservancy construction projects will inevitably affect the natural environment, the human environment. China's water conservancy and hydropower construction is facing a difficult task. In terms of environmental impact, compared with other projects, water conservancy and hydropower projects have prominent characteristics: the impact of a wide geographical area, affecting the population, the local social, economic and ecological environment is huge, the external environment on the project also exert a huge impact The At present, the whole society has paid more and more attention to environmental problems, and the environmental quality has become higher and higher. Environmental problems have become one of the restrictive factors in the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects. As the human environment continues to deteriorate, the public is increasingly concerned about environmental issues and sustainable development. At the same time, people are also aware that the impact of agricultural water conservancy construction on the environment is also twofold, so avoid or mitigate the adverse effects, Fully rational use, is the water conservancy workers in the construction of agricultural water conservancy planning must be carefully studied and to solve the important issues.

Impact of the cascade hydropower construction (HPC) on water quality of the Seyhan River, Turkey

Impact of the cascade hydropower construction (HPC) on water quality of the Seyhan River, Turkey

Research on the raw data processing method of the hydropower construction project

In this paper, based on the characteristics of the fixed data, this paper compares the various mathematical statistics analysis methods and chooses the improved Grabs criterion to analyze the data, and through the analysis of the data processing, the data processing method is not suitable. It is proved that this method can be applied to the processing of fixed raw data. This paper provides a reference for reasonably determining the effective quota analysis data.