Hydrophobic Emulsion Research Articles

Analysis of the application of flow-deflecting technologies in order to increase oil recovery

This article discusses flow-deflecting technologies as a method of increasing oil recovery based on the injection of limited volumes of special reagents into injection wells. This technology allows you to: reduce the permeability of highly permeable layers of the formation; align the well intake along the formation section; create a more uniform displacement front; reduce water breakthroughs to the producing well. Flow-deflecting technologies are used at the final stage of field development or in solving problems related to repair and insulation work. Also in this article, an analysis of the effectiveness of flow-deflecting technologies using various polymers is carried out. The results of experimental and field studies of three new technologies based on the use of a chemical agent, for example, POLY-T-101, hydrophobic emulsions and gel-acid compositions are presented during work on limiting water flows and redistributing the directions of filtration flows in terrigenous carbonate reservoirs at reservoir temperatures from 20 to 1000 C. The issues of the mechanism of action of chemical reagents on productive deposits and prospects for the application of the developed technologies at problematic oil field facilities are considered. The results of field tests are presented.

Superoleophilic cotton fabric decorated with hydrophobic Zn/Zr MOF nanoflowers for efficient self-cleaning, UV-blocking, and oil–water separation

Oil spills significantly threaten aquatic life, human health and the environment, necessitating oil–water separation methods. To address these environmental concerns, a hydrophobic Zn/Zr bimetallic metal–organic framework nanoflowers (H-Zn/Zr MOF-NF) functionalized superhydrophobic cotton fabric is developed for oil–water separation. Hydrophilic amine-terminated bimetallic Zn/Zr MOF with distinctive flower-like morphology is hydrothermally synthesized and functionalized with myristic acid. Finally, cotton fabric is coated with a hydrophobic emulsion of H-Zn/Zr MOF-NF and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) via dip-coating,enhancing surface roughness and lowering surface energy. The developed superhydrophobic cotton fabric shows exceptional water-repellency with a water contact angle (WCA) and water slidingangle (WSA) of 161° and 4°, respectively. The Zn/Zr MOF-NF coated superhydrophobic cotton fabric with a porous structure efficiently separates diesel oil, n-hexane, toluene, and chloroform from water mixtures with over 98% separation efficiency and high flux. The coated cotton fabric demonstrates remarkable reusability, upholding superior separation efficiency over 95% and retaining WCA at 156° after 12 cycles with excellent physical and chemical stability. The modified cotton fabric also exhibits enhanced UV-blocking properties and self-cleaning characteristics. The designed emulsion is also applied to other surfaces, such as sponge, wood, and filter paper, demonstrating promising superhydrophobicity. This study opens new possibilities for manufacturing multifunctional superhydrophobic surfaces for oil–water separation applications using bimetallic hydrophobic MOFs.

ANALYSIS OF LABORATORY STUDIES OF HYDROPHOBIC EMULSIONS TO ENSURE WATER INSULATION WORK IN OIL FIELDS

This article is devoted to the research and implementation of methods for ensuring water insulation works (WIW) in the oil sector using hydrophobic emulsions. In the context of modern requirements for environmental safety and efficiency of production processes in the oil industry, where water can become a source of problems, the introduction of innovative materials and technologies plays an important role. Conducting laboratory studies of hydrophobic emulsions for WIW in the oil sector is a multiprocess approach, starting from the initial assessment of the chemical component and ending with thorough testing for compliance with the requirements of specific operating conditions. The analysis evaluates the physico-chemical properties of the emulsion, such as density, viscosity, pH level, degree of dispersion, as well as its adhesive and cohesive characteristics. Special attention is paid to the study of the surface properties of hydrophobic emulsions, since their ability to form stable water-repellent coatings directly affects the effectiveness of protection against water exposure. To do this, tests are carried out on wettability, contact angle, adhesion to various types of surfaces, which allows us to determine the optimal conditions for the use of emulsions in specific situations. The article describes the principles of action of hydrophobic emulsions in the context of waterproofing works, emphasizing their ability to create a protective barrier, preventing moisture penetration into oil facilities. The paper presents the results of laboratory studies demonstrating the effectiveness of the use of hydrophobic emulsions in various operating conditions. The article discusses the technical aspects of the use of hydrophobic emulsions in the WIW process, analyzes their resistance to various environmental factors, and also considers the prospects for the development of this technology in the oil industry. The results obtained can be useful for specialists dealing with water insulation in oil companies, as well as for the scientific and engineering community interested in the development of innovative technologies in the oil sector. The purpose of this article is to analyze laboratory research and provide recommendations on the use of polymer composition.

PRODUCTION OF DRILLING FLUIDS BASED ON COTTON SOAPSTOCKS

For effective oil production, this is necessary to ensure high-quality drilling, opening of reservoirs. Many tasks that-arise during drilling are solved with the-help of-process fluids. The purpose of the work is to create new drilling fluids based on secondary resources, surfactants. The composition of-a new drilling mud for drilling wells is proposed. Methods. One of-the main indicators of hydrophobic emulsion solutions is filtrate output. The operational properties of the filtrate-release of hydrophobic emulsion solutions differ slightly from other indicators. When filtering hydrophobic emulsion solutions in a porous-medium, the kinetic factor associated with the-rate of formation of the filtration crust becomes of great importance. Results and discussion. The instantaneous filtrate output of-systems of hydrophobic emulsion solutions stabilized by surfactants is reduced due to the rapid formation of a bound filtration crust by means of-fast interactions, therefore, it’s strengthened by slow interaction bonds. This formation of charge-transfer complexes, electronic donor-acceptor, long-lived free stable radicals, hydrogen, covalent bonding carried out with an induction period at a close distance, determines a decrease in-the filtration yield of the solution. Conclusion. Cotton soapstocks are valuable additives in the composition of drilling fluids-to improve their operational properties. According to the limit values of the parameters, the-reagents are arranged in the following-series according to-filtrate: fatty acid salts > emultal > soapstock > tar distillation of fatty-acids. At the same time, the parameters of the hydrophobic emulsion solution are always, except for GJC and FFA, where after the limit value of their quantities, the filtrate output increases, improves with-the concentrations of-reagents.

Fabrication of bulk hydrophobic cement-based materials with ultra-high impermeability

The internal hydrophobic modification of cement-based material will undoubtedly significantly improve its durability, which is of great significance for prolonging its service life in harsh environments such as the ocean. In this study, a bulk hydrophobic cement-based materials were fabricated mainly based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and nano-silica (SiO2) as the main components of the composite emulsion. The research results demonstrate that waterborne emulsion of PDMS@SiO2 can be uniformly dispersed and effectively used in cement-based materials. The hydroxyl groups of hydrophobic emulsions can combine with the hydroxyl groups from the hydration surfaces of cement minerals to form hydrogen bonds, which result in mortars with bulk hydrophobicity. In developed cement-based materials, water contact angle can reach an overhydrophobic state with 132°. For developed compositions, the water repellent properties and corrosion resistance have been significantly improved.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ГИДРОФОБНЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ПМГС ДЛЯ БЕТОНА ПРИ БОРЬБЕ С ОБЛЕДЕНЕНИЕМ В ДОРОЖНО-ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЕ

The developed hydrophobic complex protective layer based on polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) organosilicons on the top layer of the concrete surface along with hydrophobic characteristics and low ice adhesion strength enable to provide a developed surface roughness that is a direct measure of high traction forces between vehicle tires and road surface pavement, and its applicability in transport infrastructure as one of the inti-icing methods.
 Portland cement mortar samples treated with PMHS-based hydrophobic emulsion demonstrated very apparent hydrophobic and icephobic characteristics. The majority of the coated mortar samples reveal over- and superhydrophobicity.
 Ice adhesion of the mortars with hydrophobic coatings was 10 times lower in comparison with the reference non-treated hydrophilic samples.

Influence of a Hydrophobic Emulsion on the Surface Properties of Coatings of Water-Dispersion Acrylic Paint

The existing methods of confering hydrophobic properties to various building materials are considered. Obtaining special, including hydrophobic, properties of water-emulsion paints is a very relevant task. Previously, a method was developed for producing an emulsion of a polysiloxane stabilized with polyvinyl alcohol. The paper describes the possibility of using a hydrophobisating emulsion of polyhydrosiloxane as a functional additive for an acrylic water-dispersion paint. This emulsion is capable of forming coatings on dense and porous surfaces with an adjustable contact angle up to 105 °. The use of this emulsion, with its sufficient coalescence for volumetric hydrophobization of coatings, makes it possible to obtain a high contact angle on the surface. In the paper, it was assumed that the partial introduction of small amounts (up to 10 %) of a hydrophobizing emulsion into water-dispersion paints would allow achieving the contact angle of wetting for similar coatings consisting exclusively of emulsion. It is shown that the introduction of small amounts of a hydrophobizing emulsion with an auxiliary coalescing action of ethylene glycol makes it possible to impart hydrophobic properties to the surface of the resulting coating. When the optimum concentration of ethylene glycol in the coating is reached, dissolution and transport (yield) of polysiloxane to the surface is ensured. The research carried out made it possible to develop a paint composition with a hydrophobizing emulsion with a contact wetting angle of about 100 °, which ensured the hydrophobicity of the previously hydrophilic coating of a water-dispersion acrylic paint.

Study on PVA-siloxane mixed emulsion coatings for hydrophobic cement mortar

Efflorescence is widely regarded as a serious problem in cement-based exterior wall. This phenomenon can affect the appearance and long-term stability of the building. Based on the efflorescence mechanism, one of the causes of efflorescence is the existence of free water to dissolve soluble salts. Therefore, we propose a method for synthesizing hydrophobic cement mortar. The main challenge of the super-hydrophobic coating is its robust durability. To synthesize durable hydrophobic cement mortar, we use PVA as an adhesive to enhance the durability of the coating, and use siloxane material as a hydrophobic agent, through high-speed mixing, to obtain a PVA-coated siloxane material hydrophobic coating. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and FT-IR spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the emulsions and coatings. Appearance analysis of the coatings was performed using a colorimeter and UV Spectrophotometer, and the durability of the coating was evaluated by abrasion resistance and water resistance. The measured water contact angles (CA) are between 120° to 140°, and the water absorption after 24 h and 48 h can be reduced by about 10 % and 15 % compared with the reference sample, including the water absorption coefficient is approximately lower than the untreated group 1.7–4 times. Finally, accelerated efflorescence test, image acquisition and analysis with Matlab software, determination of calcium ion leaching rate and TG-DSC analysis were performed. The results show that the cement mortar treated with hydrophobic emulsion has excellent water resistance and improved efflorescence resistance, and can be widely used in cement-based buildings.

Recent Advances in Hydrophobic and Icephobic Surface Treatments of Concrete

In this review, we present a survey on hydrophobic surface treatments of concrete, important protection tools against deterioration and corrosion phenomena. In the frame of a standardized distinction in coatings, pore blockage, and impregnation methods, we highlight the huge variety of compounds and formulations utilized, and the different performances reached in terms of water contact angle, water absorption, chloride penetration, and, rarely reported, anti-icing/icephobic action. Our view covers the spectrum of the surface treatments, but also makes a comparison with hydrophobic bulk modifications of concrete, procedures often utilized as well; further, novel proposals of more sustainable routes are presented. We note that coating and impregnation, preferably when based on polyurethane and silane/siloxane, respectively, appear more effective against water ingress. The achieved wetting character is hydrophobic or, at most, overhydrophobic. Superhydrophobic coatings for concrete have been obtained by embedding nano-powders in hydrophobic emulsions, allowing to add a nanotexture to the preexisting complex roughness of the material. Concrete treated with this type of coating has also recently shown a pronounced icephobic character, a parameter that goes beyond the freeze–thaw characterization usually conducted on cement-based materials.

Изучение характеристик стабильности силоксановых гидрофобизирующих водных эмульсий

Изучение характеристик стабильности силоксановых гидрофобизирующих водных эмульсий

Разработка рецептуры гидрофобной эмульсии для селективных кислотных обработок карбонатных трещиновато-кавернозных коллекторов

Разработка рецептуры гидрофобной эмульсии для селективных кислотных обработок карбонатных трещиновато-кавернозных коллекторов

Effectiveness of Coatings on the Corrosion Resistance of the External Surface of Concrete Structures

AbstractStudies have been carried out to investigate the performance of silane-siloxane based hydrophobic emulsion coatings and of special amino alcohol based organic and inorganic mixture inhibitor coatings. The coated and uncoated concrete specimens were subjected to accelerated corrosion to determine the time-to-corrosion-initiation. The accelerated corrosion test results clearly showed that the specimens coated with the silan-siloxane based hydrophobic emulsion performed better than concrete specimens coated with special amino alcohol based organic and inorganic inhibitor mixture.

Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Ethylcellulose and Polymethacrylate Resins Loaded Microparticles Containing Hydrophilic Drug.

Objective. The purpose of the recent study was to prepare and estimate sustained release of Ethylcellulose (300 cps) and Eudragit (RS 100 and RL 100) microparticles containing Propranolol hydrochloride used as a treatment of cardiovascular system, especially hypertension. Method. Propranolol hydrochloride was microencapsulated with different polymers (Ethylcellulose, Eudragit RS, and Eudragit RL) using modified hydrophobic (O/O) solvent evaporation method using 1 : 1 combination of acetone and isopropanol as the internal phase. Obtained microparticles were showing higher batch yield with higher encapsulation efficiency. Microparticles were prepared with different ratios of 1 : 1, 1 : 3, 1 : 5, and 1 : 7 (%, wt/wt) using span 80 (%, v/v) as a surfactant. Results. The influence of formulation factors like drug: polymer ratio, internal phase, and type of polymers on obtained microparticles was characterized with respect to particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, percentage yield, FTIR, and FE-SEM. Higher encapsulation efficiencies were obtained with various polymers like Ethylcellulose (96.63 ± 0.5) compared to Eudragit RS 100 (83.70 ± 0.6) and RL 100 (89.62 ± 0.6). The in vitro release study was characterized by initial burst. Conclusion. The result of study displays that Ethylcellulose and Eudragit loaded microparticles of Propranolol hydrochloride can be effectively prepared using modified hydrophobic emulsification solvent evaporation technique. Therefore, the modified hydrophobic emulsion technique can also be applied to the preparation of microparticles for low molecular weight and highly water soluble drugs.

Metal nanopowder demulsifiers

Metal nanopowders were found to affect the stability of hydrophobic emulsions. A nanoreagent as effective as highly nonionic demulsifiers was found. It can easily be separated and retains its efficiency after repeated use. The mechanisms of the process were discussed.

Self-Assembling Particle-Siloxane Coatings for Superhydrophobic Concrete

We report here, for the first time in the literature, a method to synthesize hydrophobic and superhydrophobic concrete. Concrete is normally a hydrophilic material, which significantly reduces the durability of concrete structures and pavements. To synthesize water-repellent concrete, hydrophobic emulsions were fabricated and applied on portland cement mortar tiles. The emulsion was enriched with the polymethyl-hydrogen siloxane oil hydrophobic agent as well as metakaolin (MK) or silica fume (SF) to induce the microroughness and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers to create hierarchical surfaces. Various emulsion types were investigated by using different mixing procedures, and single- and double-layer hydrophobic coatings were applied. The emulsions and coatings were characterized with optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and their wetting properties, including the water contact angle (CA) and roll-off angle, were measured. A theoretical model for coated and non-coated concrete, which can be generalized for other types of materials, was developed to predict the effect of surface roughness and composition on the CA. An optimized distance between the aggregates was found where the CA has the highest value. The maximal CA measured was 156° for the specimen with PVA fibers treated with MK based emulsion. Since water penetration is the main factor leading to concrete deterioration, hydrophobic water-repellent concretes have much longer durability then regular concretes and can have a broad range of applications in civil and materials engineering.

Research on a New Kind of Waterproof Agent for Desulphurization Gypsum Materials Block

The paper studied a compound desulphurization gypsum waterproof agent, which could modify the water-resistance performance of gypsum products on the basis of their microstructural properties. The waterproof mechanics were the synthesis results of superficial hydrophobic of hydrophobic emulsion, hindrance water of film forming matter and reducing the porosity in materials. The experiment results showed that the water-absorption rate of gypsum hardened body can be reduced to 3.5% and that the compressive strength reserve rate was 89.7% after 24h.

Nuclear microprobe study of TiO2-penetration in the epidermis of human skin xenografts

Titanium-dioxide is a widely used physical photoprotective component of various cosmetic products. However, very few experiments have been carried out on its penetration through the human epidermal barrier and its possible biological effects in vivo and in vitro.In the frame of the NANODERM EU5 project, the penetration of TiO2-nanoparticles through the epidermis of human foreskin grafts transplanted into SCID mice was investigated in the Debrecen and Bordeaux nuclear microprobe laboratories using combined IBA techniques. Transmission electron microscope studies of the same samples were also carried out in the DMPFCS laboratory.The skin grafts were treated with a hydrophobic emulsion containing micronised TiO2-nanoparticles in occlusion, for different time periods. Quantitative elemental concentrations and distributions have been determined in 14–16μm thick freeze-dried sections obtained from quick frozen punch biopsies using STIM, PIXE and RBS analytical methods.Using both microscopic methods, we have observed nanoparticles having penetrated into the corneocyte layers of stratum corneum by direct visualisation in TEM and via their chemical fingerprint in PIXE.The human skin xenograft has proved to be a model particularly well adapted to such penetration studies.

LENGTHENING THE POSTHARVEST LIFE OF PEACHES BY COATING WITH HYDROPHOBIC EMULSIONS

In this study peaches were coated with three different hydrophobic emulsions and stored at room conditions (21–24°C and 57–63% R.H). The decrease in weight and the changes in the total titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and soluble solids contents, pH and the organoleptic characteristics of the coated and uncoated (control) samples were determined periodically. The rate of the weight decrease and the changes in the chemical structure and texture of the peaches were lower with the beeswax-coconut oil emulsion coated peaches than the uncoated peaches. While the maximum acceptable shelf-life for uncoated samples was 10 days, the samples coated with this emulsion maintained their acceptability for 14 days. The coating of the peach surfaces with this emulsion decreased the water vapor and oxygen gas transfer, resulting in the diminished respiration rate thus increased the shelf-life of the fruit.

Desalting of oils from the Kotur-Tepe field

1. Oil from the Kotur-Tepe field belongs to the group of oils that are hard to desalt because of their capacity to form stable, highly dispersed, hydrophobic emulsions which are only slightly broken down in electrodehydrators without utilization of deemulsifiers. 2. Two-stage desalting of oil in the electrolytic desalting unit with the NChK deemulsifier and a supply of 3–5% fresh washing water does not warrant the required oil quality. At a supply of 1.2 kg of NChK/ton, the content of chlorides in the desalted oil equals 150–250 mg/liter. Analogous results are obtained during desalting of oil with NP-1 sulfonol containing 36% active substance (83 g/ton). 3. When effective nonionic deemulsifiers are used, the emulsion is broken down completely, and the salt content of the oil is lowered to 37 mg/liter by disolvan 4411 supplied at the rate of 43 g/ton and to 35 mg/liter by proxanol supplied at the rate of 38 g/ton. 4. The rather complete clarification of the water in the electrodehydrators during operation with effective nonionic deemulsifiers enables us to replace fresh water by sea water for the washing of the oil, which is very important in the Krasnovodsk Oil Refinery. When fresh water is replaced by sea water (6–8% water supply), the residual salt content in the oil changes: from 38 to 33 mg/liter during operation with disolvan 4411, from 30 to 40 mg/liter with proxanol 146 and from 53 to 79 mg/liter with OZhK. 5. Since there is a severe shortage of fresh water in the Krasnovodsk Oil Refinery, and the cost of this water is high (35–70 kopecks per m3), utilization of nonionic deemulsifiers is very profitable (radical improvement of the desalting of oil and saving of fresh water).