Hydrophilic Base Research Articles

Simulations of saturated boiling heat transfer on bio-inspired two-phase heat sinks by a phase-change lattice Boltzmann method

Pool boiling heat transfer from four types of micro-pillar heat sinks with different wettability patterns is simulated numerically with the latest version of liquid-vapor phase-change lattice Boltzmann model. Effects of pillar geometry and wettability on bubble dynamics are investigated. It is found that bubbles will nucleate either on the hydrophobic pillar top or on the hydrophilic cavity bottom between micro-pillars, depending on wettability and local wall temperature. Among the four types of micro-pillar heat sinks with hybrid wettability patterns, it is found that the bio-inspired heat sink (with hydrophobic pillar tops and hydrophilic base) has the best boiling heat transfer performance with the following desirable features: (i) unique characteristics of orderly separation of vapor and liquid paths at low superheats, (ii) hydrophobic surface characteristics where residual bubbles on hydrophobic pillar tops provide faster bubble departure frequency, (iii) triple phase lines are pinned at corners of micro-pillar, restricting expansion of bubbles into film boiling at high superheats. Simulated results show that geometry of micro-pillars and wettability patterns greatly influence transition boiling regime including the maximum heat flux (CHF) and the Leidenfrost temperature, resulting in pool boiling curves with widely different shapes.

Spectroscopic study on transformations of dissolved organic matter in coal-to-liquids wastewater under integrated chemical oxidation and biological treatment process

A large amount of wastewater containing various toxic organic contaminants is produced during coal-to-liquids process. In this study, several spectroscopic methods were used to monitor the transformation of organic pollutants during an integrated chemical oxidation and biological process. The results showed that the hydrophobic acid fraction increased after Fenton oxidation, which was likely due to the production of small-molecule organic acids. Soluble microbial products were generated during biological treatment processes, which were degraded after ozonation; meanwhile, the hydrophilic base and acid components increased. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic analysis indicated that peaks at the absorption wavelengths of 280 and 254nm, which are associated with aromatic substances, were detected in the raw water. The aromatic substances were gradually removed, becoming undetectable after biological aeration filter (BAF) treatment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that the functional groups of phenols; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); aromatic hydrocarbons; aliphatic acids; aldehydes; and esters were present in raw wastewater. The organic substances were oxidized into small molecules after Fenton treatment. Aromatic hydrocarbons were effectively removed through bioadsorption and biodegradation after BAF process. Biodegradable organic matter was reduced and finally became undetectable after anoxic–oxic treatment in combination with a membrane bioreactor. Four fluorescent components were fractionated and obtained via excitation–emission matrix parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). Dissolved organic matter fractionation in conjunction with EEM-PARAFAC was able to monitor more precisely the evolution of characteristic organic contaminants.

ВИВЧЕННЯ РЕОЛОГІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЛІКУВАЛЬНОГО ГЕЛЮ НА ГІДРОФІЛЬНІЙ ОСНОВІ

Мета роботи. Вивчити реологічні властивості гелю на основі гуарової камеді з комплексним густим екстрактом (КГЕ) трави звіробою та квіток нагідок і на цій підставі обґрунтовано внести корективи у оптимальний склад гелю.Матеріали і методи. Об’єктом дослідження був гель на основі гуарової камеді з КГЕ трави звіробою та квіток нагідок. Визначення реологічних параметрів проводили за температури 18, 35 та 50 °С на віскозиметрі Rheomat-30. Дослідження проводили в інтервалі швидкостей зсуву 8,35…97,3 с-1 із використанням системи коаксіальних циліндрів.Результати й обговорення. Визначено, що розроблений гель є неньютонівською рідиною, має пластичний тип текучості та незначні тиксотропні властивості. Зміна температур в інтервалі 18…50 °С майже не впливає на тип текучості. При підвищенні температури спостерігається незначне зниження в’язкості, що забезпечить необхідні параметри технологічного процесу та задовільні споживчі характеристики – гарну намазуваність та здатність до екструзії з туб. Утворення стабільної структури гелю вказує на перспективність використання гуарової камеді під час опрацювання лікарських засобів (ЛЗ), які можуть зберігатись за різних температурних умов.Висновок. Досліджено реологічні властивості гелю з гуаровою камеддю на гідрофільній основі з комплексним густим екстрактом трави звіробою та квіток нагідок, призначеного для лікування ранових процесів у другій та третій фазах та при захворюваннях слизової оболонки порожнини рота. За результатами досліджень визначено залежність структурно-механічних властивостей гелю від температури та побудовані реограми.

Improving wellbore stability of shale by adjusting its wettability

The possibility of improving wellbore stability of shale by adjusting its wettability was investigated. First, an optimized surfactants combination (0.2 wt% cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) plus 0.1 wt% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS)) was screened out that could effectively reduce the surface tension of the water-based mud (WBM) or fresh water, and increase the contact angle with shale. Then, regular tests on viscosity, filtration, lubrication, water activity, and special tests on linear swelling, rolling recovery rate, temperature tolerance, salts, and active cuttings tolerance, along with pressure transmission test (PTT) of shale were conducted to evaluate the performance of the optimized surfactants combination. Results show that the WBM's surface tension could be decreased from 45.1 to 20.0 mN/m and the contact angle on the shale could be increased from 34.5 to 63.5°. The optimized surfactants combination could also improve the WBM's performance to inhibit shale hydration. The WBM in the presence of the optimized surfactants combination had good tolerance to a pollutants complex (0.8 wt% CaCl2, 0.8 wt% MgCl2, 5 wt% sodium bentonite, and 10 wt% NaCl) and could withstand a high temperature of 130 °C. Foaming phenomenon could be avoided by adding surfactants in the last step. PTT results show that compared with 4 wt% NaCl, the optimized surfactants combination could effectively retard the pore pressure transmission in shale and reduce its permeability by 98.6%. The addition of CTAB to the WBM or fresh water, hydrolyzed CTA+ cation adsorbs on the surface of shale via an ionic bond, forming a hydrophilic base toward shale and a lipophilic base toward the WBM or water, thus, increasing the contact angle with shale and improve wellbore stability in shale. This paper paves a new way to address wellbore stability issues in troublesome shale formations.

Millimeter-Sized Hole Damming.

Valves used to control liquid filling and draining processes from storage typically need to be actuated. Here, we show that similar flow enabling and restricting operations can be achieved through millimeter scale holes that function according to the amount of hydrostatic pressure applied without any other intervention. This phenomena is exhibited using receptacles where the base is made of either a hydrophilic or superhydrophobic substrate with hole sizes ranging from 1.0-2.0 mm. The construction is such that the drainage flow velocities are of the same order in both substrates and follow Torricelli's law trends. Nevertheless, the primary mechanisms responsible for resisting the onset of flow in each substrate are different; nonbreaching of the advancing contact angle threshold in the former, and stable maintenance of an elastic-like deformation of the liquid-gas interface that is connected to the surrounding plastron in the latter. These differences are demonstrated using an upward jet of water delivered to the orifice, where a discharging flow from the hydrophilic base occurred before the threshold hydrostatic pressure condition was attained, while liquid from the jet is subsumed into the liquid body of the receptacle with the superhydrophobic base without any leakage. These findings portend advantages in simplicity and robustness for a myriad of liquid-related processes.

Of quality indicators determination and study of the stability of pessaries with acyclovir and essential oils

An important issue in modern pharmaceutical practice is the creation of new combined medicines for topical treatment of genital herpes. Aim. To determine the quality indicators and study the stability of developed pessaries with acyclovir and essential oils of tea tree and thyme in accordance with the requirements of SPU 2.0. Materials and methods. The homogeneity was determined in accordance with SPU. The quantitative content of acyclovir in 1 pessary, in grams, is in the range from 0.180 to 0.220. To identify falsified samples of pessaries, a test on the base was introduced: the difference between the hydrophilic base and the hydrophobic base. Determination of the pH of the aqueous solution of pessaries was carried out according to the procedure of SPU p. 2.2.3 “Potentiometric determination of pH”. The determination of the average mass of samples of pessaries was carried out on 20 pessaries in accordance with the requirements of SPU 2.0. The deviation is not more than ± 5 %. Tests on the disintegration of pessaries were carried out on a device for determining the disintegration of suppositories and pessaries of PHARMA TEST. Results. Based on the results of the work, the methods of quality control project was developed, which included the following indicators: characteristic, identification, homogeneity, pH, average mass, disintegration time, microbiological purity, quantitative determination of acyclovir. Conclusions. The stability of pessaries on 5 series of samples was studied and the shelf life during 15 months was established. Studies on the stability of pessaries continue.

Development and validation of the spectrophotometric quantitative determination method of prednisolone in an ointment with hydrophilic basis

The aim of research is to develop of the spectrophotometric quantitative determination method of prednisolone in an ointment with hydrophilic basis by a standard method and to study validation characteristics for further implementation in the laboratory for quality control of drugs.Materials and methods. The pharmacopoeial standard sample of prednisolone PSS State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU) No. 11/1-2143 (the content of prednisolone is 99,8 %) and hydrophilic ointment with active substance prednisolone ointment were used. The following research methods were used in the work: spectrophotometry by the standard method, methods of statistical processing of chemical experiment data. Analytical equipment, reagents, measuring glassware of class A meeting the requirements of the SPhU were used for the work.Results. The extraction method of prednisolone from an ointment with a hydrophilic base was developed: a filter ("Blue Ribbon ") was selected and the necessary extraction conditions were determined. It was found that the procedure for extracting prednisolone from the base must be repeated three times - then the concentration is 99,62 % of the nominal concentration. Optimal conditions of spectrophotometry were determined: the concentration of the analytical solution of prednisolone 2×10-5 g/ml, wavelength 244 nm. The validation characteristics of the developed method were studied: stability of the analytical solution, linearity, accuracy, convergence.Conclusions. The development of the spectrophotometric quantitative determination method of prednisolone in an ointment with a hydrophilic base by the standard method has been carried out. The assessment of validation characteristics of the method allows us to conclude that the method is acceptable for use in laboratories for quality control of drugs and can be introduced to determine prednisolone in ointments with a hydrophilic base

Detection of Enrofloxacin After Single-Dose Percutaneous Administration in Python regius, Boa constrictor imperator, and Acrantophis dumerili

In this study, the blood concentrations of enrofloxacin administered transdermally to 3 different reptilian species, Python regius, Acrantophis dumerili, and Boa constrictor imperator, at 50mg/kg was determined. The formulation used was a transdermal commercial vehicle, Pentravan cream, a hydrophilic base emulsion that uses the liposomal technique to penetrate the skin. The enrofloxacin was incorporated at 5wt% in the Pentravan cream, and the plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the detected amounts of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (0.33 and <0.15µg/mL, respectively) were below the limit of quantification. Enrofloxacin was detected in P. regius and B. constrictor, while ciprofloxacin was detected only in A. dumerili. Although the values were unquantifiable, this study confirms the absorption of enrofloxacin. Therefore, these findings suggests that enrofloxacin may be a candidate for treatment using the transdermal route in certain reptile species.

Effects of Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions Extracted from Humus Soil on Sorption of Benzotriazole in Brown Soil and Black Soil

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) affects the sorption behavior of organic pollutants in soils. In this study, bulk DOM (marked as DOMbulk) was extracted from natural humus soil and divided into five individual fractions by XAD-8 resin and anion/cation exchange resins based on their hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity. The isolated DOM fractions were characterized by FTIR, elemental analysis, UV spectrophotometer and potentiometric titration. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different fractions of DOM on sorption of benzotriazole (BTA) in two Chinese reference soils (brown soil and black soil). Proportions of hydrophobic acid (HOA), hydrophobic neutral (HON), hydrophilic acid (HIA), hydrophilic base (HIB) and hydrophilic neutral (HIN) in DOMbulk were 61%, 17%, 6%, 2% and 14%, respectively. Sorption affinity of BTA and DOM in black soil was greater than that in brown soil, which was attributed to the higher organic carbon (OC) content of black soil as compared to that of brown soil. Brown soil had higher normalized distribution coefficient Koc of sorbed DOM fractions than black soil, because brown soil has a greater proportion of clay and silt, which play important roles in sorption of DOM fractions. Dialysis-bag experiments demonstrated that binding coefficient between each isolated DOM fraction and BTA in solution was very weak. The reason is that the binding sites of DOM are occupied by water molecules in solution. Among the isolated DOM fractions, HIN showed the strongest sorption affinity in both soils, which increased OC content and consequently produced new sorption sites in soils. The enhanced sorption effect from new sorption sites was greater than that from competitive sorption between BTA and HIN. On a whole, HIN enhanced the sorption of BTA in soil. HOA and HON inhibited the sorption of BTA in soils. Because the sorption of hydrophobic fractions, especially HON, in soils was less than that of other fractions, competitive sorption between hydrophobic fractions and BTA was the main mechanism. DOMbulk that consists of 78% hydrophobic fractions had similar effects with hydrophobic fractions on sorption of BTA in two soils.

Partial crosslinking method for poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)–poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes to obtain optimized stability and permeability

ABSTRACTA partial crosslinking method was developed to modify hydrophilic membranes. The membrane was sandwiched between two porous plates to protect part of the areas, then immersed into a crosslinking solution such as glutaraldehyde, and finally, set free from the plates. The protected and unprotected areas were alternatively distributed to form a heterogeneous membrane. The unprotected areas were crosslinked to enhance the membrane stability, whereas the protected areas retained their original permeability. Three types of hydrophilic base membranes were selected and prepared from poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) and poly(vinyl alcohol). The base membranes were partially crosslinked (5.56% of the direct area with enlarged areas) to investigate their stability and diffusion dialysis (DD) performances. The partially crosslinked membranes had remarkably reduced water uptake and swelling degrees compared with the base membranes (72.4–250.4 vs 178.2%–544.4% and 94.0%–408.0% vs. 163.8%–814.8%). Meanwhile, the membranes still retained high DD performances for separating HCl–FeCl2 or NaOH–NaAlO2 solutions. The dialysis coefficients of HCl and NaOH were much higher than those of the fully crosslinked membranes (0.0209 vs. 0.0109 m/h and 0.0059–0.0085 vs. 0.0017–0.0022 m/h). Hence, partial crosslinking was effective in optimizing the membrane hydrophilicity and permeability. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45305.

The &lt;i&gt;in Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Release of Indomethacin from Suppositories: Effects of Bases and Comparison of Different Dissolution Methods

The suitability of apparatuses for the quality control of indomethacin (IND, 50 mg) compounded suppositories was evaluated and the effects of the type of suppository base on release profiles was investigated. The release characteristics of hydrophilic and lipophilic suppositories containing IND were compared using four types of dissolution methods: basket (RB), paddle (PD), dialysis tubing (DT) and flow-through cell (FTC). The release process was evaluated using the following model independent parameters: the mean dissolution time (MDT), cumulative percent of drug released (Q) at the end of the sampling time, and dissolution efficiency (DE). The fastest and most reproducible release profiles were observed for a hydrophilic base (macrogols), which resulted in more than 90% of the drug being released in 30 min using PD, RB and FTC. After 90 min, 90% of the total amount of the drug was released from a mixture of hydrophilic bases with a lipophilic base (macrogols and hard fat) in compendial dissolution methods and the mixture base was the second fastest only to the hydrophilic base. The slowest release profiles in each method were observed for the lipophilic base (hard fat). Poor drug release from any type of suppository base was noted using DT. Based on the results of the present study, FTC may be regarded as an adequate technique allowing sufficient discriminating power for the quality control of IND compounded suppositories.

Two adjacent phenylalanines in the NMDA receptor GluN2A subunit M3 domain interactively regulate alcohol sensitivity and ion channel gating

The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a key target of ethanol action in the central nervous system. Alcohol inhibition of NMDA receptor function involves small clusters of residues in the third and fourth membrane-associated (M) domains. Previous results from this laboratory have shown that two adjacent positions in the M3 domain, F636 and F637, can powerfully regulate alcohol sensitivity and ion channel gating. In this study, we report that these positions interact with one another in the regulation of both NMDA receptor gating and alcohol action. Using dual mutant cycle analysis, we detected interactions among various substitution mutants at these positions with respect to regulation of glutamate EC50, steady-state to peak current ratios (Iss:Ip), mean open time, and ethanol IC50. This interaction apparently involves a balancing of forces on the M3 helix, such that the disruption of function due to a substitution at one position can be reversed by a similar substitution at the other position. For example, tryptophan substitution at F636 or F637 increased or decreased channel mean open time, respectively, but tryptophan substitution at both positions did not alter open time. Interestingly, the effects of a number of mutations on receptor kinetics and ethanol sensitivity appeared to depend upon subtle structural differences, such as those between the isomeric amino acids leucine and isoleucine, as they could not be explained on the basis of sidechain molecular volume or hydrophilicity.

Comparison of physicochemical properties of suppositories containing starch hydrolysates

The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of starch hydrolysates (SH) on the physicochemical properties of suppositories. The study was conducted with suppositories with acetaminophen (AAP) a typical antipyretic analgesic, as model drug on lipophilic (cocoa butter) and hydrophilic base (polyethylene glycol 1500+400). The suppositories with and without the addition of SH were examined for physicochemical tests according to European Pharmacopoeia 8th edition (Ph. Eur.): the uniformity of mass of single-dose preparation test, the softening time determination of lipophilic suppositories test, the disintegration of suppositories test, and dissolution test with flow-through apparatus. The results confirm the possibility of using starch hydrolysates as a cheap and safe addition to modify physicochemical properties of suppositories.

Abstract 5238: The chemopreventive potential of silver nanoparticles against UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in mouse model

Abstract Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly its UVB component, is an established cause of human skin carcinogenesis due to its ability to cause DNA damage in skin cells. Although several sunscreen formulations have been developed and commercialized to limit or minimize UVB exposure to skin cells, incidence of skin cancer has continued to increase suggesting their limited or no efficacy in preventing UV-induced skin cancer occurrence. Recently, we revealed the potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs; ≤ 50 nm) against UVB radiation-induced DNA damage in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Here we performed preclinical evaluation of chemopreventive efficacy of AgNPs against UVB-induced skin tumorigenesis in SKH-1 hairless mouse model. The different concentrations (20 and 40 mg/kg) of AgNPs mixed with hydrophilic cream base were uniformly applied topically onto the dorsal area of mouse skin prior to UVB-irradiation to assess chemopreventive efficacy for several weeks. The UVB treatment group showed tumor formation within 13 weeks, and had high incidence (93.3%) rate by the end of the study (29 weeks). Interestingly, the pretreatment of mice with AgNPs significantly increased the latency period (6-9 weeks) of UVB-induced tumor formation. Moreover, overall tumor incidence was found to be significantly decreased (50 and 78%; in 20 and 40 mg/kg respectively) as compared to AgNPs-untreated mice. Tumor multiplicity and average tumor volume/tumor-bearing mouse were also observed to be significantly reduced in AgNPs-treated mice. Additionally, AgNPs treatment alone for 29 weeks did not induce any apparent signs of toxicity and changes in the body weight suggesting the safety of AgNPs. Altogether, these findings suggest that AgNPs are potential chemopreventive agents against UVB radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis and thus opening the ways for human applications. Citation Format: Nikhil Tyagi, Sumit Arora, Sanjeev K. Srivastava, James E. Carter, Ajay P. Singh, Seema Singh. The chemopreventive potential of silver nanoparticles against UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5238.

Characterization of dissolved organic matter in the secondary effluent of pulp and paper mill wastewater before and after coagulation treatment

Meeting the regulatory discharge standards for pulp and paper mill wastewater has become ever more difficult because of its recalcitrant and colored dissolved organic matter (DOM). In this study, the variation of DOM from the secondary effluent of pulp and paper mill wastewater before and after coagulation was investigated based on hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, apparent molecular weight (MW) and fluorescence. DOM fractions of the secondary effluent were all with the apparent MW <20 kDa. Particularly, the hydrophobic acids (HOA) fraction, mainly composed of humic-like materials, was the major component, and it also had the highest color and SUVA254 (UV254 to dissolved organic carbon ratio). Hydrophilic bases (HIB) and hydrophilic neutrals (HIN) fractions were the other important parts besides HOA. Coagulation can remove all DOM fractions to different extent, and it was more effective for organic compounds with MW > 5 kDa. The removal efficiencies of humic-like, fulvic-like and soluble microbial by-product-like constituents in HOA and HIB fractions were much higher than in other fractions. Even so, the coagulation effluent still contained large amounts of contaminants with complicated fluorophores and apparent MW <5 kDa, and HOA and HIN fractions were also the major parts in the coagulation effluent.

Opposing effects of oxidative challenge and carotenoids on antioxidant status and condition-dependent sexual signalling.

Several recent hypotheses consider oxidative stress to be a primary constraint ensuring honesty of condition-dependent carotenoid-based signalling. The key testable difference between these hypotheses is the assumed importance of carotenoids for redox homeostasis, with carotenoids being either antioxidant, pro-oxidant or unimportant. We tested the role of carotenoids in redox balance and sexual signalling by exposing adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to oxidative challenge (diquat dibromide) and manipulating carotenoid intake. As the current controversy over the importance of carotenoids as antioxidants could stem from the hydrophilic basis of commonly-used antioxidant assays, we used the novel measure of in vivo lipophilic antioxidant capacity. Oxidative challenge reduced beak pigmentation but elicited an increase in antioxidant capacity suggesting resource reallocation from signalling to redox homeostasis. Carotenoids counteracted the effect of oxidative challenge on lipophilic (but not hydrophilic) antioxidant capacity, thereby supporting carotenoid antioxidant function in vivo. This is inconsistent with hypotheses proposing that signalling honesty is maintained through either ROS-induced carotenoid degradation or the pro-oxidant effect of high levels of carotenoid-cleavage products acting as a physiological handicap. Our data further suggest that assessment of lipophilic antioxidant capacity is necessary to fully understand the role of redox processes in ecology and evolution.

A Wound Healing Formulation Based on Iranian Traditional Medicine and Its HPTLC Fingerprint.

Herbal therapy was the common treatment prescribed by Iranian physicians for wound healing. "Zemad" was the most ancient pharmaceutical dosage form used in Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) for skin diseases. In the present research, formulation of a traditionally used Poly Herbal Paste (PHP) for wound healing was performed. Moreover, the fingerprint of the product was prepared by HPTLC method for identification and quality assessment of the formulation. 3.33 % of each plant materials containing Aloe vera, Boswellia carteri and Commiphora myrrha were used in a hydrophilic base. The physical stability and rheological behavior of the formulation was evaluated. Moreover, microbiological tests was performed. Methanol fraction of A. vera, C. myrrha and B. carterri were used as standard materials in HPTLC method. Stability and rheological behavior evaluations as well as microbiological tests showed that the prepared formulation was stable towards physical changes with no growth of pathogenic microorganisms and suitable for topical application. HPTLC fingerprinting of PHP confirmed the presence of compounds corresponding to the plants used in the formula. Regarding to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of the constituents of PHP, the product could be an appropriate candidate for wound healing with respect to its traditional use in ITM. In addition, HPTLC fingerprinting could be used as an applicable method for quality control assessment of the prepared formulation.

EFFECT OF NOVEL OINTMENT COMPOSITION AG/TAGA: CHITOSAN-GEL ON HEALING OF EXPERIMENTAL WOUNDS WITH DIFFERENT ORIGINS

The purpose of the study – evaluation of the regenerating activity of two-component paste, consisting of silver containing finely particulate sorbent: chitosan gel. Material and methodologies. For the study we used novel excipient, consisting of two components: silver containing finely particulate sorbent: chitosan gel in ratio one-to-one. Novel sorbent agent, taken for study, consists of thermally activated silica containing aluminum hydroxide in the form of its modification silver. Experiment was conducted on 48 Wistar models in case of scalp (degloving) wound (abscission of skin area 30–40 mm2 in size on depilated side surface) and chemical burn (applying 1–2 drops of 70% sulfuric acid on the depilated surface side. Regenerating activity was evaluated based on morphometry area of the wound surface, fixing the rate of scarring. Evaluation was made histologically on 4th - micrometers paraffin sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and semithin sections, stained with toluidine blue. The results of study. Composition (paste) developed from silver containing finely particulate sorbent: chitosan gel sped up (for 3 days) the process of reparative regeneration of tissue on the model of chemical burns, helped to structuring formations in skin by the type of granuloma, at the same time there were no signs of perifocal inflammation. In case of scalp wound ointment composition wasn’t conducive to raising the rate of regeneration. Conclusion . Developed excipient (paste) is effective at the first phase of wound healing process, which was showed on scalped and burn wounds, as hydrophilic base had a large sorption capacity. Traumatic effect of dry sorbent powder (powder) on the surface of the wound was offset by connecting the sorption component and a hydrophilic ointment base.

Characterization of organic precursors for chlorinous odor before and after ozonation by a fractionation technique

To identify the primary fraction of dissolved organic matter (DOM) responsible for chlorinous odor, waters treated by the conventional treatment (i.e., coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and rapid sand filtration (RSF)) and ozonation were characterized by a fractionation technique prior to chlorination. Furthermore, chlorinous odor strengths originated from organic fractions were compared with that resulted from trichloramine (NCl3). Odor strengths and trichloramine concentrations were determined by the triangle sensory test and head space-GC/MS, respectively. The major DOM fraction for outlet water of RSF was hydrophobic acid (HoA), whereas the hydrophilic acid (HiA) fraction was dominant in the ozonated water. For a fixed DOC level (1 mgC/L), the base (Bas) or hydrophilic base (HiB) fraction was found to be the major organic precursor of chlorinous odor for the effluent of RSF. Even the mass percentages of DOM fractions in RSF water were considered, Bas was the major DOM fractions responsible for chlorinous odor. For ozonated water, two major precursors of chlorinous odor were HiA and hydrophilic neutral (HiN) fractions. Furthermore, the influence of trichloramine on chlorinous odor intensity for ozonated water should not be negligible. Under variation of seasonal organic contents, changes in precursors of chlorinous odor were observed.

Research of quality values and stability study of vaginal suppositories containing fluconazole and chlorhexidine digluconate

Aim of research. Stability is one of the main quality values of remedies. Biopharmaceutical properties of drugs and efficiency of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic processes of active compounds in human’s organism completely depend on physico-chemical values permanence and microbiological stability of every unit of drug. The aim of research resulting in the article was to determine the main quality values stability and microbiological purity of vaginal suppositories containing fluconazole and chlorhexidine digluconate after storage under certain conditions.Materials and methods. During both storage under room temperature and keeping in cool place vaginal suppositories prepared upon hydrophilic basis were periodically verified on indicators of description, identification, average weight and homogeneity of weight, dissolution, microbiological purity and active ingredients assay in unit dose. All research tests were carried out in accordance with both the SPhU requirements and elaborated draft of quality control procedures for «Flugedyn» remedy.Results. As a result of quality values study of suppositories test samples the efficiency and reliability of developed techniques and normative documentation draft of remedy were confirmed. Samples have been kept for as long as 5 years don’t comply with the requirements of normative documentation of remedy.Conclusion. Thus, summation of research data allow recommend following optimal storage period for vaginal suppositories «Flugedyn»: keep 3 years in dry place at a temperature 2 to 25 оС