Hydrophila Bacteria Research Articles

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BIJI PEPAYA (Carica papaya) TERHADAP KESEMBUHAN DAN KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP IKAN JELAWAT (Leptobarbus hoevenii) YANG DIINFEKSI BAKTERI Aeromonas hydrophila

Jelawat fish (Leptobarbus hoevenii) are found in several rivers in Kalimantan and Sumatra. Often encountered obstacles in fish farming is the bacterial disease Aeromonas hydrophila, known as Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS). Treatment of disease can use natural ingredients that function as antimicrobials. Papaya seeds contain antimicrobials; besides that, they also contain secondary metabolites such as phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins. The terpenoid group is the main component of papaya seeds and has antibacterial activity. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the best papaya seed extract on the survival of jelawat fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. The treatment in this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were treatment A (soaking with papaya seed extract at 0 ppm), treatment B (soaking with papaya seed extract at 40 ppm), treatment C (soaking with papaya seed extract at 80 ppm), and treatment D (soaking with papaya seed extract at 120 ppm). The results showed that the administration of papaya seed extract by immersion had a significant effect on the response to high feeding, with an average absolute weight growth value of 1.33 grams, a 100% survival rate, and wound healing in sharks infected with A. hydrophila bacteria starting to normalize or heal. Meanwhile, the water quality observed during the study was quite supportive for the survival of the jelawat, with temperatures ranging from 27–28, dissolved oxygen (DO) ranging from 7-8.7 mg/L, pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.3, and ammonia values from 0.1–0.3 mg/L. Giving 80 ppm through soaking papaya seed extract with jelawat fish is the best.

ANALISIS KETAHANAN IKAN LELE DUMBO (CLARIAS GARIEPENUS) YANG DIINFEKSI BAKTERI AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA DENGAN KONSENTRASI BERBEDA

The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of catfish to Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria, and to know the blood picture of catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. The method used in this study used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) or Competely Randomized Design (CRD) (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) with 4 (four) treatments and one control each with 3 replications. The results showed that catfish had a strong susceptibility or resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. The Lethal Dose value of 50 was 106 cfu/ml, meaning that Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria was able to kill 50% of the catfish population when it was 5.4 x106 cfu/ml. The lowest average red blood cell count was in treatment A, which was 23.89x106 cells/mm3 and the highest in treatment D, which was around 37.5x106 cells/mm3, while the highest and lowest mean total leukocyte counts were 43.07-82.72x103 cells/mm3, still within the range of values. normal. The average hemoglobin concentration was lower than the normal value range in treatment A, which was 6.52 gr% and in treatment D, it was around 12.42 gr%

Antibacterial Activity of Guava Leaf Extract on The Growth of Aeromonas Hydrophila

Antibacterial Activity of Guava Leaf Extract on The Growth of Aeromonas Hydrophila

INTESTINE AND LIVER HISTOPATHOLOGY OF STRIPED CATFISH (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) FEEDING CONTAINING PAPAYA LEAF FERMENTATION

Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria often attack internal organs such as the liver and intestines. This research was conducted in June – August 2021 at the Laboratory of Fish Parasites and Diseases, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau. Histology preparations were made at the Bukittinggi Veterinary Center. This research aimed to obtain the best dose addition of papaya leaf fermented solution which could reduce intestinal and liver tissue damage of striped catfish (P.hypophthalmus) which was challenged with A.hydrophila. The method used is an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatment levels and 3 replications; Kp (Feed not given papaya leaf fermented solution + infected with A.hydrophila), P1 (16 ml/kg feed of papaya leaf fermented solution + infected with A.hydrophila), P2 (16 ml/kg feed of papaya leaf fermented solution) + infected with A.hydrophila), P3 (16 ml/kg of papaya leaf fermented solution feed + infected with A. hydrophila). The fish used was 8-10 cm with a density of 1 fish/3 L totaling 10 fish with a container measuring 40x30x30 cm. Infection by injection in the intramuscular section as much as 0.1 mL/head with a bacterial density of 108 CFU/mL. The parameters observed were clinical symptoms for 72 hours and histopathology of the intestine and liver of striped catfish. The results showed that the intestine saw the presence of hemorrhage, necrosis, and edema. While the liver shows abnormalities, such as hemorrhage, necrosis, hypertrophy, and fatty degeneration.

Effectiveness of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) for the Treatment of Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila Bacteria

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of giving papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya) and the most effective dose in inhibiting Aeromonas hydrophila bacterial infection in Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus). This research is an experimental study with four treatments: Control Treatment (K): 0 ppm, Treatment A: 1000 ppm, Treatment B, and Treatment C: 1400 ppm. Data were processed using SPSS Version 24 with Analysis (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis H. The results showed that giving papaya leaf extract had an effect on inhibiting Aeromonas hydrophila bacterial infection in koi. The condition of the fish improved on the 7th day after immersion; it was shown that the way they swam began to return to normal, and the clinical symptoms reduced due to infection. The lowest inhibition level was in the control treatment, the condition of the fish worsened every day, and the highest survival was in treatment B, namely 86.67%, the average behavior scale is 5.00, and the average morphological scale is 5.00. The average water quality temperature is 27.2-28.1˚C, the average pH is 7.1-7.2, the average dissolved oxygen is 5.7-5.8 ppm, and the ammonia is 0.25 ppm.

Sargassum sp. extract improve hematological profile of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

Background: Strategies to increase body resistance and prevent disease in aquaculture include using vaccines, antibiotics, and probiotics. Today, the use of antibiotics with natural ingredients is becoming a trend. One of the natural ingredients that contain high antioxidants and antibiotics is Sargassum sp. Methods: This research was conducted from March to May 2022 at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, in two stages: 1) the sensitivity of extracts of Sargassum sp. and 2) the application of Sargassum sp. extract orally in tilapia (O. niloticus). The parameters measured were clear zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, LD50 test of leaf extract of Sargassum sp. in tilapia (O. niloticus), hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, total leukocytes, total erythrocytes, leukocyte differentiation, and survival rate. Data on hematology parameters were tabulated and analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA followed by a Student Newman Keuls (SNK) test when deemed necessary. Results: The results showed that the extract of Sargassum sp. inhibited the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with a clear zone of 6.5-15.0 mm, which is classified as resistant. At doses of 2000, 2500, and 3000 ppm, it did not cause death in fish for 96 hours (LD50). Hematological parameters can be a sign of the health status of fish. Tilapia given Sargassum sp. in different doses gave an effect between treatments, both after 30 days of rearing and post-test against A. hydrophila bacteria (p<0.05). The results showed that the hematology of fish fed with Sargassum sp. extract was in the normal or healthy range. Healthy tilapia had erythrocyte counts ranging from 1.34-2.11×106 cells/mm3, hematocrit 26.17-33.19%, hemoglobin 6.26-11.2 g/dL and total leukocytes 1.01-1.50×104 cells/mm3 and total erythrocytes 5.88-9.13×104 cells/ mm3. Conclusions: A dose of 3000 ppm provided the highest health improvement against A. hydrophila bacterial infection.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PAPAYA LEAF EXTRACT (Carica Papaya L.) IN THE TREATMENT OF KOI FISH (Cyprinus Rubrofuscus) SEEDS INFECTED WITH AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA BACTERIA

One of the most popular freshwater fish species to farm, both domestically and internationally, is the koi fish (Cyprinus Rubrofuscus). However, koi fish farming is often attacked by bacterial diseases caused by the Aeromonas hyrophila bacterium, so it becomes a concern because this bacterium can cause death in koi fish. Papaya leaves were chosen as an alternative medicine in the treatment of koi fish infected with bacteria, considering that papaya leaves contain many compounds that are antibacterial and have no side effects when used. As for this study, the papaya leaves used were young papaya leaves which were extracted using the maceration method. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness in treating koi fish infected with bacteria and what concentration of papaya leaf extract is effective as an antibacterial to treat koi fish seeds that are attacked by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. Papaya leaf extract was administered at different concentrations, namely 0 ml (control), 5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml within 30 days before and after the koi fish seeds were attacked by Aeromonas hydrophila. The result revealed that papaya leaf extract has effectiveness as an antibacterial which can slow down the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria at a concentration of 15 ml with a survival rate of 95%. Therefore, the dose of papaya leaf extract is directly proportional to its effectiveness as an antibacterial. In other words, the greater the dose of papaya leaf extract, the more effective it will be in treating koi fish seeds that are infected with bacteria.

Aeromonas hydrophila induction method in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) as animal infection models.

Zebrafish are frequently used as model organisms in scientific research as their genes mirror those of humans. Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria can infect humans and animals, mainly fish. This study aimed to identify the concentration and route of A. hydrophila infection in adult zebrafish. Zebrafish had been used as a challenge test by analyzing their hematological profiles, blood glucose levels, and survival rates. Induction of cell supernatant free (CSF) from A. hydrophila bacteria in adult zebrafish was carried out via bath immersion (BI), intraperitoneal injection (IPI), intramuscular injection (IMI), and healthy zebrafish as a control (C). The bacterial concentrations were 107, 109, and 1011 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. At 24 h post-infection, the outcomes of infection were evaluated based on survival rates, hematological profiles, and blood glucose levels. A one-way analysis of variance with a confidence level of 95% was employed to examine the data. In the BI, IPI, and IMI treatment groups, the survival rate of the fish reached a peak of 100%, 22%-100%, and 16%-63%, respectively, compared with the injection technique. In the IMI2 group, a 109 CFU/mL bacterial concentration was determined to correspond to the lethal dosage 50. All infection groups had lower erythrocyte and hemoglobin counts but higher leukocyte counts than the control group. The blood sugar levels of the healthy and infected groups were not significantly different. The route of A. hydrophila infection through Intramuscular injection with a concentration of 109 CFU/mL indicated a high performance compared to other techniques. This method could be developed as a reproducible challenge test.

Respon Imun Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) Yang Terinfeksi Bakteri (Aeromonas hydrophila) Dengan Penambahan Vitamin C Pada Pakan

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the freshwater fish commodities with important economic value. However, in tilapia aquaculture, the emergence of disease was one of the problems that affect the quality and quantity of aquaculture production. One of the diseases that often appears was infection with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. This problem is expected to be overcome by giving vitamin C in fish feed. Through the provision of vitamin C, it will be able to increase the fish's immune system which is directly related to the fish's ability to prevent or treat disease attacks that arise, especially from Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the response of vitamin C to the immune system of fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila so that the best dose was known that could be applied in the treatment of Aeromonas hydrophyla bacteria attack. The study was conducted using an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisted of 2 controls, namely positive control and negative control, and 3 treatments with different doses of vitamin C. Based on the hematological test, the results showed that the content of white blood cells, red blood cells, and hemoglobin were still in the normal range for all treatments. Treatment E with a dose of 450 mg/kg vitamin C was able to increase the immune system of tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria, shown from the content of white blood cells, red blood cells and hemoglobin in the highest treatment E compared to other treatments.

The activity of Muntingia calabura leaf extract against pathogenic bacteria in fish

Bacterial diseases have emerged as a significant issue within the fish ecosystem, and the use of antibiotics to treat these diseases has detrimental effects on both fish and the environment. Therefore, it is imperative to seek out natural products that are safe for combating fish diseases. This research aims to assess the antibacterial properties of an extract derived from Muntingia calabura against various bacteria, including A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, E. ictaluri, P. aeruginosa, E. tarda, and V. alginolyticus. M. calabura extract was obtained by soaking with ethanol solvent. This extract has been tested for phytochemical content and characterized by FT-IR. The antibacterial activity of the M. calabura extract was evaluated using the agar diffusion method, employing concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg mL-1. The phytochemical analysis of the M. calabura extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, and terpenoids. The results of the FT-IR characterization of M. calabura extract contained O-H, C=O, C=C aliphatic, C=C aromatic and C-O groups. The inhibition tests demonstrated that the M. calabura extract effectively hindered the growth of A. hydrophila bacteria by a range of 8.1 mm to 14.2 mm, A. salmonicida by 9.2 mm to 10.9 mm, E. ictaluri by 8.8 mm to 11.5 mm, P. aeruginosa by 8.1 mm to 12.1 mm, E. tarda by 9.6 mm to 11.4 mm, and V. alginolyticus by 8.2 mm to 12.2 mm. In summary, the extract from M. calabura has the potential to effectively on paper plates and incubated at 30°C for 24 hours.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF BLACK QUICK (Nigella sativa Linn) EXTRACT ON BACTERIA INHIBITORY Aeromonas hydrophila, AND MORPHOLOGY FISH INDIGO (Oreochromis niloticus) POST INFECTION

The main problem in cultivation is a disease that causes less optimal growth and even death. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of black cumin extract on the inhibition of A. hydrophila bacteria, analyze its active ingredients, analyze its toxicity level to Tilapia, and analyze the effect of the extract on the survival rate and morphology of Tilapia after being infected with A. hydrophila bacteria. The method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 3 stages. Inhibition zone with 5 treatments 2 repetitions, namely P0 (aquades), P1 (25%), P2 (50%), P3 (75%), and P4 (100%). LC50 with 4 treatments 2 replications using regression analysis with the help of the probit table. In Vivo with 6 treatments, 3 replicates, namely P0 (NaCl injection) as a control-, P1 (bacterial injection) as control+, P2 (250 ppm), P3 (500 ppm), P4 (750 ppm), P5 (1000 ppm). The results showed that black cumin seed extract with various concentrations affected the inhibition of A. hydrophila, SR, and Tilapia morphology after infection with bacteria. The test of inhibition with concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% can inhibit the growth of bacteria A. hydrophila because it contains antibacterial activity compounds. The extract has toxic properties to Tilapia (LC50=220.23 ppm). Soaking fish for 30 minutes in the I n Vivo test P3 treatment is the best treatment because it can provide a high SR of 73.3 %. However, at high concentrations, it can reduce fish survival.

THE EFFECT OF ADDITION OF TURMERIC FLOUR (Curcuma longa Linn) INFEED ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE GROWTH AND IMMUNE SYSTEM OF FISH (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aims to determine tilapia's growth and immune system (Oreochromis niloticus) through feeding with added turmeric flour. This study used a completely randomized design with five treatments, namely K- (feed without adding turmeric flour and injected with physiological solution), K+ (feed without adding turmeric flour and injected with A. hydrophila bacteria), P1 (addition of turmeric flour 1 % / kg of feed + bacterial infection of A. hydrophilla), P2 (Addition of 2% turmeric flour/kg of feed + bacterial infection of A. hydrophilla), and P3 (Addition of 3% turmeric flour/kg of feed + bacterial infection of A. hydrophilla) each treatment had three replicates for a total of 15 trials. The results showed that there was a significant effect (p > 0.05) on growth but no significant effect (p < 0.05) on the survival of tilapia, so further tests were carried out to determine the best treatment in producing tilapia growth, it is known that P2 (Addition of 2% turmeric flour/kg of feed + bacterial infection of A. hydrophilla) is the best treatment in this study.

EFFECTIVENESS TEST OF ONION EXTRACT (Allium cepa L.) ON BACTERIA GROWTH Aeromonas hydrophila IN VITRO

Aeromonas hydrophila is a bacterium that causes MAS disease (Motile Aeromonas Septicemia), often found by cultivators. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of onion extract (Allium cepa L.) in replacing chemical antibiotics and the correct dosage to inhibit the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in vitro. The research method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 7 treatments and 3 replications, P1 (Control-), P2 (Control+), P3 (10% onion extract), P4 (25% onion extract), P5 (50% onion extract), P6 (75% onion extract), P7 (100% onion extract). The results showed that 30 ml of onion extract obtained from 101.3 grams of onion powder had a yield value of 29.812%. Some secondary metabolite compounds in onion extract are flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and phenols, which function as antibacterial compounds. The diameter of the clear zone of 10% onion extract has a value of 26 mm and has a value that is not significantly different from the use of 50% chloramphenicol antibiotics with an inhibition zone diameter of 26.67 mm, treatment with onion extract with a concentration of 100% gives the same inhibition zone diameter. The highest is 34.17 mm.

EFFECT OF BETEL LEAF EXTRACT (Piper betle L.) ON Aeromonas hydrophila DISEASES IN TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) SEED

Seed is essential in aquaculture activities, but tilapia hatcheries often suffer from disease attacks caused by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria, causing losses for hatchery businesses. One of the natural ingredients for treating Aeromonas hydrophila is betel leaf extract. This study aims to analyze the effect of betel leaf extract (Piper betle L.) on Aeromonas disease hydrophila on fish fry tilapia (Piper betle L.). This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment used was a dose of betel leaf extract (P1) 0.4 ml, (P2) 0.6 ml, (P3) 0.8 ml, (P4) positive control, (P5) negative control. The parameters observed were survival rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, absolute length growth, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes, differential leukocytes, total bacteria count, and water quality. The results of this study showed that before and after the challenge test, the best average values were P3 leukocytes (1.06 and 1.4 x 10 5 ), erythrocytes (0.90 and 0.93 x 10 5 ), hemoglobin (10.9 and 9.7), hematocrit (10.7 and 10.3), total bacteria (7 x 10 1 ). Then the worst value on P1 leukocytes (0.74 and 0.87 x 10 5), erythrocytes (0.86 and 0.75 x 10 5 ), hemoglobin (10.7 and 7.7), hematocrit (10.3 and 9.3), total bacteria (74 x 10 2 ). The study concluded that the best treatment was found in treatment 3 with a dose of 0.8 ml of betel leaf extract, which significantly increased the immune system in tilapia seeds.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts from Jeringau (Acorus calamus)

Increased resistance of pathogenic bacteria due to the use of antibiotics has become a major concern in the aquaculture industry. Environmentally friendly products are urgently needed to replace antibiotics for the treatments of fish diseases. This study aims to determine the activity of extract of Jeringau (Acorus calamus) as an antibacterial towards Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio alginolyticus. The A. calamus extract was obtained by maceration using ethanol as a solvent. This extract was tested for its phytochemical content and its antibacterial activity was tested using the agar diffusion method. The treatments used were concentrations of A. calamus extract 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg mL-1. Phytochemical test results of A. calamus extract produced alkaloids, phenolic compounds, saponins, terpenoids and flavonoids. The results of the inhibition test showed that A. calamus extract with a concentration of 200 was able to inhibit the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria by 13.9 mm, 300 (14.4 mm), 400 (14.8 mm), 500 (16.2 mm), 600 (16.5 mm). On Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the concentrations were 200 (13.9 mm), 300 (14.5 mm), 400 (15.2 mm), 500 (15.5 mm), 600 (16.2 mm). On Vibrio alginolyticus, the concentrations were 200 (15.5 mm), 300 (15.7 mm), 400 (16.4 mm), 500 (18.7 mm), 600 (19 mm). In conclusion, A. calamus extract can be used to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in fish.

AKTIVITAS KITOSAN LIMBAH CANGKANG KERANG BULU (Anadara antiquata) TERHADAP Aeromonas hydrophila PADA IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus)

Aquaculture in Indonesia is carried out in freshwater, brackish and marine waters with limited production of several fish species such as tilapia. Although tilapia is easy to adapt to the environment, it can be infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. One of the efforts to treat bacteria is to use chitosan which is a chitin derivative that can be developed as an antimicrobial candidate because it contains lysozyme enzymes and aminopolysaccharide groups that can inhibit microbial growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of chitosan from feather shell waste (Anadara antiquata) in inhibiting Aeromonas hydrophila in vitro and in vivo in tilapia. The methods used for the manufacture of chitosan include deproteination, demineralization, depigmentation, and deacetylation. In vitro testing was conducted to test the antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test). In vivo testing was carried out by the immersion method. The results showed that the chitosan yield was 77.2%. The most effective concentration of chitosan antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila was at 7% with an inhibition zone value of 6.85 mm. The results of data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the test treatments. The in vivo test on tilapia showed that the highest percentage was found in the optimal concentration treatment (7% chitosan) with a value of 68.74%. The results of data analysis showed that there was no significant difference between optimal concentration treatment and positive control.

Interaction of Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus with the biofilm-forming Aeromonas hydrophila.

The resistance of susceptible fish populations and the adaptive potential of heterogeneous biofilms, which cause multiple antibacterial resistance and long-term persistence of microorganisms, mediate the development and outcome of the infectious process. The study of the fish immunological parameters in interaction with biofilm-forming bacteria is of practical importance for assessing the stability of the homeostasis of the fish. This study aimed to determine the immunobiological parameters of Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus when interacting with biofilm-forming bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. Clinically healthy fish C. carpio L. (Linnaeus, 1758) of both sexes, aged 4 years, and weighing 1.0-1.5 kg (n = 10), were used in this study. The fish were taken from the pond of the VNIIR experimental base in the period of 2020-2022. The standard method was employed to determine the phagocytic activity of blood cells, the total redox activity of neutrophils, and the bactericidal activity of blood serum. After 24-48 h of cultivation in nutrient broth, the implementation of the processes of intercellular communication of bacteria had common patterns of formation of the heterogeneous structure of biofilms. Moreover, analyzing the optical density indices (density, D), it was observed that A. hydrophila was a strong producer of biofilms, as the optical density of the sample (density of sample, Ds) exceeded the optical density of the control (density of control, Dc) by more than 4 times (D = 0.464 ± 0.07). The ratio of the average number of microorganisms attached to the surface of one erythrocyte (average adhesion index) and the percentage (%) of erythrocytes having bacteria on their surface (adhesion coefficient [AC]) was 14.05 ± 0.72, and the adhesion index, AI was ≥4.00, indicating A. hydrophila to be highly adhesive. In addition, the AC of erythrocytes having bacteria on the surface was 14.05% ± 0.72%. A direct correlation was established (R2 = 0.94) between the AC (14.05% ± 0.11%-13.29% ± 0.08%) and the phagocytic index (11.3% ± 0.29%-32.0% ± 0.8%). The indicators of spontaneous nitro blue tetrazolium were 103.20 ± 11.70 when estimating the total redox activity of neutrophils. The optical density increased to 182.10 ± 21.12 with the addition of 20.0 mL of A. hydrophila bacteria (1 billion/mL) and the activity of neutrophils also increased. Among the markers of homeostasis stability, immunological indicators most fully reflect the mechanisms of initiation, development, and outcome of the infectious process mediated by the interaction of adhesive molecules of multicellular eukaryotes and adhesives of infectious disease pathogens. The research will contribute to further understanding the potential mechanism of quorum-sensing molecules and the search for new anti-adhesive drugs that reduce the formation of biofilms.

Peptide hydrolysate from fish skin collagen to prevent and treat Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oreochromis niloticus.

Aquaculture with an intensive system can both increase production and the disease risk. The use of antibiotics to reduce pathogens has bacterial resistance consequence. Peptides have rapidly gained more attention due to their antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties important to combat pathogens. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of peptide hydrolysate against Aeromonas hydrophila in vitro and in vivo in Nile tilapia. The peptides obtained from fish skin collagen of tilapia, milkfish, and catfish were applied in different doses. Protein content and hydrolysis degree of the peptide were also measured. The peptides were tested in vitro using A. hydrophila. For in vivo test, The peptides and positive control treatments used A. hydrophila bacteria, while negative control treatment used a phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The results showed that all three peptide hydrolysates had similar protein content. The highest hydrolysis degree was shown by milkfish collagen hydrolysate. In vitro assay revealed that 12.5% milkfish skin collagen obtained the highest antibacterial activity. In vivo assay showed that the phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, and lysozyme activity was higher in preventive control than therapy, positive control, or negative control treatments. The growth and survival rate in preventive control was also better than positive control or therapy treatment. This study concludes that the peptide hydrolysate can inhibit the growth of A. hydrophila. Peptide hydrolysate from milkfish skin collagen at 12.5% dose was more effective in preventing the A. hydrophila infection, regarding the immune response, growth, and survival.

Histopathology of the Gill of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus that were Fed with Fermented Red Ginger to Prevent Motile Aeromonas Septiceamia Disease

Red ginger is a natural ingredient that contains several antibacterial compounds such as essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, and zingiberene. This research was conducted from June to August 2021. The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure of the gill and liver tissue of jambal siam fish and to obtain the best dose of adding fermented red ginger to the feed before and after being challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. The method used is an experimental method using a one-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatment levels and three replications, namely: Feeding without fermentation of red ginger and without being tested against A. hydrophila (Kn), Feeding without fermentation of red ginger and tested against A. hydrophila (Kp), Feeding with a dose of 150 mL/kg (P1), dose 175 mL/kg feed (P2), dose 200 mL/kg (P3). The results showed that the structure of the gill tissue of Jambal Siam fish showed damage such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia and bent lamellae. The best results were found in the P2 treatment, a dose of 175 mL/kg feed and tested against A.hydrophilla bacteria

EFFECTIVITY OF CANBAT HERB FROM PT. MEDDIA HERBAL TO Aeromonas hydrophilla INFECTION ON NILE FISH (Oreochromis sp.)

Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) is a consumption fish inhabiting freshwater and likeability by society. Tilapia’s benefits can attract breeders to cultivate in mass-producing with very high market demand. Every mistake that occurs in aquaculture activities is usually the feeding management which can cause various problems, such as damage to water quality that can trigger growth—diseases, including Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. The use of Canbat assumed there are contain some antioxidants that can be used as immunostimulators to increase the survival of tilapia. This research aimed to find out the concentration of Canbat product PT. Meddia herbal is effective for the treatment of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. The method used in this research was experimental. The size of tilapia used is 10-11 cm with a density of 10 fish/container. The treatment doses used were P1 (40 ppm), P2 (60 ppm), P3 (80 ppm), Positive control (Amoxicillin), and Negative control (0 ppm), with 2-hour immersion. The parameters observed were clinical symptoms, fish survival, fish response to feed, and absolute weight growth. The results indicated that herbal Canbat with concentration (80 ppm) was effective in treating tilapia infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria; it produces the fastest recovery of clinical symptoms on the 12th day and the highest survival rate of 90%.