Rate Of Hydrolysis Research Articles

A new kinetic model on hydrolysis of sulfur mustard non-dissolved and dissolved in aqueous solution

This paper aims to establish a hydrolysis extent equation and rate dependence of initial and boundary conditions for sulfur mustard (HD) non-dissolved and dissolved in water by the following work. Firstly, non-homogeneous hydrolysis extent was found to be accurately described by a product of logistic with exponential convex growth function because of slow collision-complex formation between activated H2O and HD molecule to non-linearly couple with transition state decay, while the homogeneous has grown up only in an exponential convex function because of fast collision-complex formation to make its initial extent ratio extremely quickly close to unity. Secondly, initial non-temperature effects from (ethanol, acid, base) additives, HD concentration and droplet size, and rotation speed on hydrolysis rate could be summarized into a Boltzmann function of rate constant with initial molar free energy because of a thermal equilibrium distribution of internal quantum state at a given energy for bi-molecular structures before and after complexing. The results from 5 mL solution under vortex was nearly similar to the stirring 100 mL solution and would helpfully clarify the detoxification kinetics to establish a standard method for evaluating reactivity of aqueous decontaminants against chemical warfare agents at necessarily specified conditions.

Revolutionizing protein hydrolysis in wastewater: Innovative immobilization of metagenome-derived protease in periodic mesoporous organosilica with imidazolium framework

This research focused on utilizing periodic mesoporous organosilica with imidazolium framework (PMO-IL), to immobilize a metagenome-sourced protease (PersiProtease1), thereby enhancing its functional efficiency and catalytic effectiveness in processing primary proteins found in tannery wastewater. The successful immobilization of enzyme was confirmed through the use of N2 adsorption-desorption experiment, XRD, FTIR, TEM, FESEM, EDS and elemental analytical techniques. The immobilized enzyme exhibited greater stability in the presence of various metal ions and inhibitors compared to its free form. Furthermore, enzyme binding to PMO-IL nanoparticles (NPs) reduced leaching, evidenced by only 11.41 % of enzyme leakage following a 120-min incubation at 80 °C and 6.99 % after 240 min at 25 °C. Additionally, PersiPro@PMO-IL maintained impressive operational consistency, preserving 62.24 % of its activity over 20 cycles. It also demonstrated notable stability under saline conditions, with an increase of 1.5 times compared to the free enzyme in the presence of 5 M NaCl. The rate of collagen hydrolysis by the immobilized protease was 46.82 % after a 15-minute incubation at 60 °C and marginally decreased to 39.02 % after 20 cycles indicative of sustained efficacy without significant leaching throughout the cycles. These findings underscore the effectiveness of PMO-IL NPs as a viable candidate for treating wastewater containing protein.

Synergistic effect of pectin and the flavanols mixture on in vitro starch digestion and the corresponding mechanism

In this study, the effect and mechanism of pectin on the inhibition of in vitro starch digestion by a mixture of flavanols (rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol [R–Q–K]) were investigated, mainly from an enzymatic point of view. Results showed that the association of pectin and R–Q–K decreased the hydrolysis rate, rapidly digestible starch content, estimated glycemic index (eGI) values and hydrolysis index (HI) values, and increased the resistant starch content of different crystalline starches. Among them, cassava starch exhibited a significant decrease in terms of HI and eGI values (32.81% ± 0.65% and 10.57% ± 0.37%, respectively). Meanwhile, the lowest rate of decrease in terms of HI and eGI values was found for breadfruit starch (22.97% ± 0.39% and 7.23% ± 0.62%, respectively). The inhibitory effect of R–Q–K on α-glucosidase was attenuated by low concentrations of pectin, which was correlated to the non-covalent binding among pectin, α-glucosidase, quercetin, and kaempferol. The hydrogen bonding between pectin–R–Q–K and starch may be responsible for the ability of low concentrations of pectin and R–Q–K to synergistically delay starch digestion. Higher concentrations of pectin were noted to have the opposite trend, which was attributed to forming the binary complex of pectin–α-glucosidase. The inhibitory affinity and quenching affinity of R–Q–K for α-glucosidase were enhanced by low concentrations of pectin and attenuated by high concentrations of pectin. This study aims to provide theoretical support for the development of pectin and flavonoids in starch-based healthy foods.

Chewing characteristics of rice and reasons for differences between three rice types with different amylose contents

This study investigated the physicochemical structural changes in different types of rice (japonica rice [JR], indica rice [IR], and waxy rice [WR]) during oral digestion and explored the reasons for differences in oral digestion between the three different types. The results showed that, compared with JR (42.41 ± 3.06 mg/g) and WR (26.82 ± 0.67 mg/g), IR had the highest amylose content (49.95 ± 3.33 mg/g) and, related to this, hydrolysis rate. A correlation analysis showed that, the higher the amylose content, the harder the texture of rice, leading to longer chewing times and, as a result, a greater degree of hydrolysis. In addition, the higher the amylose content, the lower the exudate content and viscosity of rice, which affects chewing time and frequency, thereby affecting the degree of hydrolysis. Both X-ray computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy indicated that cooked IR had the loosest structure and the most pores, that were conducive to chewing and crushing and therefore contributed to the high hydrolysis rate. Analysis of the exudate structure showed that the amount of exudate affected rice pores. More exudates lead to pore coverage and a tight structure.

Comparative study of the structure and durability of commercial silicate glasses for food consumption and cosmetic packaging

Four commercial glass compositions were investigated to understand their mechanisms of alteration in light of the current and future regulations on food contact materials. Lead crystal (fine glassware), soda-lime (food and cosmetic containers), borosilicate (cookware) and barium glass (tableware) powders and slabs were altered for 3 years, in acetic acid (4% vol) at pH = 2.4 and 70 °C. The leaching solution was analyzed by ICP-AES while glass slabs were investigated by ToF-SIMS and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. As a result, in acidic medium, the polymerization of the silicate network as well as the glass composition impacted the alteration rates and depleted depths of alkalis and earth-alkalis elements. Yet the rate of hydrolysis measured from the release of Si, remained similar under identical alteration conditions, whatever the glass structure and composition. For lead crystal glass, repolymerization of the silicate network was observed in the course of alteration.

Hydrolysis kinetics of self-degradable diverters for well stimulation

Self-degradable diverters have gained increased popularity in well stimulation as an environmentally friendly and robust fluid diversion technology. As of now, limited data and conflicting information exist in the literature regarding the hydrolytic degradation rates of diverters under field-representative conditions, and knowing these rates is crucial for optimizing well stimulation designs. In this work, we systematically measured the degradation rates of commercial self-degradable diverters in aqueous solutions spanning a wide solution pH range of 0.3–13.6 and a wide temperature range of 60–110 °C. We first demonstrated that existing bottle degradation test protocols might return misleading results due to the alteration of solution pH by degradation products, and we developed a more reliable experimental protocol using buffer solutions instead. Using this procedure, we found that as the solution pH increased, the hydrolysis rate of diverters first decreased and then increased, with a minimal degradation rate at around pH = 4. Elevated temperatures yielded faster hydrolysis. The collected kinetic data fit reasonably well to a published kinetic model that was originally developed for pure polylactic acid in deionized water, with an R2 value over 0.98 for all pH and temperature conditions. This comparison suggests that the model can be more widely applied to describe the degradation kinetics of commercial diverters over broad temperature and pH ranges. The test protocol, experimental data, and kinetic analysis in this work provide important guidance on improving the efficiency of fluid diversion and well stimulation operations.

Characterization of alternate encounter assemblies of SARS-CoV-2 main protease

The assembly of two monomeric constructs spanning segments 1-199 (MPro1-199) and 10-306 (MPro10-306) of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (MPro) was examined to assess the existence of a transient heterodimer intermediate in the N-terminal autoprocessing pathway of MPro model precursor. Together, they form a heterodimer population accompanied by a 13-fold increase in catalytic activity. Addition of inhibitor GC373 to the proteins increases the activity further by ∼7-fold with a 1:1 complex and higher order assemblies approaching 1:2 and 2:2 molecules of MPro1-199 and MPro10-306 detectable by analytical ultracentrifugation and native mass estimation by light scattering. Assemblies larger than a heterodimer (1:1) are discussed in terms of alternate pathways of domain III association, either through switching the location of helix 201-214 onto a second helical domain of MPro10-306 and vice versa or direct interdomain III contacts like that of the native dimer, based on known structures and AlphaFold 3 prediction, respectively. At a constant concentration of MPro1-199 with molar excess of GC373, the rate of substrate hydrolysis displays first order dependency on the MPro10-306 concentration and vice versa. An equimolar composition of the two proteins with excess GC373 exhibits half-maximal activity at ∼6 μM MPro1-199. Catalytic activity arises primarily from MPro1-199 and is dependent on the interface interactions involving the N-finger residues 1-9 of MPro1-199 and E290 of MPro10-306. Importantly, our results confirm that a single N-finger region with its associated inter-subunit contacts is sufficient to form a heterodimeric MPro intermediate with enhanced catalytic activity.

KSA-1, a naturally occurring Ambler class A extended spectrum β-lactamase from the enterobacterial species Kosakonia sacchari

BackgroundSeveral bacterial species belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria possess intrinsic class A β-lactamase genes that may represent a source of further dissemination and acquisition to other Gram-negative species. Here we characterised KSA-1 class A β-lactamase, the gene of which was identified within the chromosome of an environmental Enterobacterales species, namely Kosakonia sacchari, which was also recently identified as the progenitor of an MCR-like colistin-resistance determinant. MethodsIn silico analysis using the GenBank database identified a class A β-lactamase gene within the chromosome of K. sacchari SP1 (GenBank accession no. WP_017456759). The corresponding protein KSA-1 shared 63% amino acid identity with the intrinsic CKO-1 from Citrobacter koseri and 53% with TEM-1. Using the K. sacchari DSM 100203 reference strain as a template, blaKSA-1 was amplified, cloned into the plasmid pUCp24 and expressed in Escherchia coli TOP10. Minimal inhibitory concentrations and kinetic parameters were obtained from the purified enzyme. ResultsK. sacchari strain SP1 conferred resistance to amino-, carboxy- and ureido-penicillins only. Once produced within E. coli, KSA-1 showed a typical clavulanic acid-inhibited extended spectrum β-lactamase associated with a peculiar temocillin resistance profile. Kinetic assays were performed using a purified extract of KSA-1 and demonstrated a high hydrolysis rate for benzylpenicillin and piperacillin, as well as weakly extended spectrum cephalosporins. Determination of inhibitory constants showed 50% inhibitory concentration values of 2.2, 3 and 1.8 nM for clavulanic acid, tazobactam and avibactam, respectively. Analysis of sequences surrounding the blaKSA-1 gene did not reveal any mobile element that could have been involved in the acquisition of this β-lactamase gene in that species. ConclusionKSA-1 is a class A extended spectrum β-lactamase distantly related to known extended spectrum or broad-spectrum Ambler class A β-lactamases, which is highly resistant to temocillin. The blaKSA-1 gene could be considered as intrinsic within the species.

Effects and optimization of hydrolysis conditions on the diameter distance ratio for metatitanic acid

Controlling and predicting the narrow particle size distribution of metatitanic acid could help to improve pigment and application performances of TiO2. To prepare metatitanic acid with narrow particle size distribution, the hydrolysis conditions of industrial TiOSO4 solution were optimized by using the response surface methodology of Box-Behnken design method. The effects of hydrolysis conditions such as TiO2 concentration, aging time and hydrolysis time on the diameter distance ratio and structure of metatitanic acid were investigated. The prediction model including the hydrolysis variables with good fitting result was established to predict the diameter distance ratio or optimize the hydrolysis variable values. The regression equation model was significant and reliable with actual correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9989. The hydrolysis conditions greatly influenced the quality and quantity of hydrolysis induced crystal nucleus, hydrolysis rate, completeness degree of hydrolysis, crystallization growth and aggregation rate, and eventually affected the particle size distribution of metatitanic acid. The synergistic interaction for TiO2 concentration and hydrolysis time was very significant. The verification experiments confirmed that the diameter distance ratio could reach the average value of 1.100 under the optimal conditions. The prepared metatitanic acid had anatase TiO2 phase structure, with average particle size of 1.621–1.819 µm. And this helped to improve the high quality and green development of the titanium dioxide industry.

Removal of proteins and lipids affects structure, in vitro digestion and physicochemical properties of rice flour modified by heat-moisture treatment.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the role of endogenous proteins and lipids in the structural and physicochemical properties of starch in heat-moisture treatment (HMT) rice flour and to reveal their effect on starch digestibility under heat. The findings indicate that, in the absence of endogenous proteins and lipids acting as a physical barrier, especially proteins, the interaction between rice flour and endogenous proteins and lipids diminished. This reduction led to fewer starch-protein inclusion complexes and starch-lipid complexes, altering the granule aggregation structure of rice flour. It resulted in a decrease in particle size, an increase in agglomeration between starch granules, and more surface cracking on rice granules. Under HMT conditions with a moisture content of 30%, slight gelatinization of the starch granules occurred, contributing to an increased starch hydrolysis rate. In addition, the elevated thermal energy effect of HMT enhanced interactions between starch molecular chains. These resulted in a decrease in crystallinity, short-range ordering, and the content of double-helix structure within starch granules. These structural transformations led to higher pasting temperatures, improved hot and cold paste stability, and a decrease in peak viscosity, breakdown, setback, and enthalpy of pasting of the starch granules. The combined analysis of microstructure, physicochemical properties, and in vitro digestion characteristics has enabled us to further enhance our understanding of the interaction mechanisms between endogenous proteins, lipids, and starches during HMT. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Toward durable polylactic acid/poly(methyl methacrylate) polyblend fibers with high performance

AbstractPolylactic acid/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PLA/PMMA) composite fibers with high performance were fabricated using melt spinning technique. The crystallization, lamellae orientation and physical properties of composite fibers were investigated systematically. The addition of PMMA (0–20 wt%) has improved the hydrolysis resistance of composite fibers by preventing water molecules from penetrating and diffusing through the fibers, but the strength and heat resistance were reduced at the same time. The stereocomplex crystallites (SC) formed before spinning by introducing poly(D‐lactide) (PDLA) (3 wt%) in poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) matrix and acted as nucleating agents to enhanced the crystallization and lamellae orientation of PLLA matrix, which improved the physical properties of PLA composite fibers resultful. The tensile strength of PLA fibers with 3 wt% PDLA and 5 wt% PMMA was increased 31% as well as the boiling water shrinkage and the hydrolysis rate were decreased 30% and 33% in relation to PLLA fibers. Finally, the hydrolysis resistance was further enhanced on the basis of realizing high strength and heat resistance, which is of great significance for preparing durable PLA fiber materials and expanding their application.

Structural insights into strigolactone catabolism by carboxylesterases reveal a conserved conformational regulation

Phytohormone levels are regulated through specialized enzymes, participating not only in their biosynthesis but also in post-signaling processes for signal inactivation and cue depletion. Arabidopsis thaliana (At) carboxylesterase 15 (CXE15) and carboxylesterase 20 (CXE20) have been shown to deplete strigolactones (SLs) that coordinate various growth and developmental processes and function as signaling molecules in the rhizosphere. Here, we elucidate the X-ray crystal structures of AtCXE15 (both apo and SL intermediate bound) and AtCXE20, revealing insights into the mechanisms of SL binding and catabolism. The N-terminal regions of CXE15 and CXE20 exhibit distinct secondary structures, with CXE15 characterized by an alpha helix and CXE20 by an alpha/beta fold. These structural differences play pivotal roles in regulating variable SL hydrolysis rates. Our findings, both in vitro and in planta, indicate that a transition of the N-terminal helix domain of CXE15 between open and closed forms facilitates robust SL hydrolysis. The results not only illuminate the distinctive process of phytohormone breakdown but also uncover a molecular architecture and mode of plasticity within a specific class of carboxylesterases.

Effect of extrusion using plasma-activated water on the structural, physicochemical, antioxidant and in vitro digestive properties of yam flour

The synergistic effects of plasma-activated water (PAW) and twin-screw extrusion (TSE) on the structural, physicochemical, antioxidant, and digestive properties of yam flour (YF) were studied. Compared to common TSE, PAW-TSE reduced the protein, starch, and polyphenol contents, swelling power, and gel property of YF, while PAW-TSE enhanced the flavonoid content, whiteness index, solubility, and antioxidant property of YF. Moreover, the results of structural characterization and differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the long-range or short-range ordering, and gelatinization enthalpy of starch in YF were reduced after PAW-TSE, while the structure ordering of proteins in YF increased. Furthermore, the in vitro digestibility results demonstrated a reduction in the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis, coupled with an increase in total contents of slowly digestible and resistant starch after PAW-TSE. It should be noted that TSE using PAW prepared by a longer plasma treatment resulted in a more significant improvement effect on YF.

Particle behaviors of Imipenem/Cilastatin in various liquids investigated by chemical structures and temporal microscope observations

Imipenem/Cilastatin (IPM/CS) is currently used as an embolic agent in transarterial embolization for chronic musculoskeletal pain due to its efficacy of short-term blood flow occlusion. However, due to its off-label use, the development of new materials to substitute IPM/CS is needed. Therefore, investigating the behavior of IPM/CS particles becomes crucial. In this paper, we observed the changes in particle size of IPM/CS when dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline, normal saline, iodinated contrast agent and water. The results indicated that the particle size of IPM/CS ranged from 16 to 57 µm and has fastest hydrolysis rate in iodinated contrast agent. And we analyzed the possible structure of hydrolyzed product of IPM/CS in water at room temperature and 37 ℃ using 1HNMR, HPLC. The results suggested Cilastatin is stable at both temperatures, while Imipenem hydrolyzed to produce slightly different products at different temperatures.

Novel insights from agricultural waste to acetic acid through regulated high-solids anaerobic digestion: Focus on the key microbial communities

Acetic acid (HAc) is an essential intermediate for improving the efficiency of biogas production in anaerobic digestion (AD) or for the production of liquid chemicals. The relationships between the mechanisms and microbial contributions of targeted regulation of HAc production in high-solids AD remains unclear. This study represents a breakthrough in revealing the mechanism of pH directed regulation of HAc production and microbial interactions. The regulation of the initial spray pH effectively improved the substrate hydrolysis rate and increased the concentration of HAc, with an average HAc percentage of total organic acids was 66.20 %. Microecological analysis revealed that rare species played a vital role in acidification, with all key acetogenic microbes identified as rare species. Additionally, the construction of a bacterial–environmental factor co-occurrence network revealed that lowering the initial spray pH enhanced the synergistic interactions among bacterial communities, and proportion of positive interactions among bacteria was 82.23 %. The gene abundance of key enzymes in the acetate-type metabolic pathway dominated in the acidogenesis phase. Furthermore, a regression model was established between the HAc indicator microbe (Acinetobacter) and HAc yields. Overall, the results of this study indicate that pH regulation plays an important role in strengthening the production of HAc and rare species significantly contributed to HAc production.

Schiff Bases Derived from Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate and 2-X-Phenylamine (X = H, OH, SH): Substituent Effects on UV-Vis Spectra and Hydrolysis Kinetics.

Schiff bases are compounds that are widely distributed in nature and have practical value for industry and biomedicine. Another important use of Schiff bases is identifying metal ions and different molecules, including proteins. Their proneness to hydrolysis limits the utilization of Schiff bases to mainly non-aqueous solutions. However, by introducing -OH and -SH substituents to aromatic amine-bearing rings, it is possible to increase the resilience of the Schiff base to destruction in water. The present paper discusses how the hydroxyl or thiol group influences the spectral properties and kinetics of the hydrolysis and formation of Schiff bases derived from pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and aniline, 2-hydroxyaniline, and 2-mercaptoaniline using quantum chemical data. The spectral variation between different imines can be explained by taking into account the geometry and frontier molecular orbital alteration induced by the substituents. The changes in the hydrolysis rate are analyzed using the computed values of local reactivity indices.

Influence of the Sun on the night side of the Earth

Solar radiation breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules, which prevents their self-organization and destroys water clusters. This may be accounted for by the influence of muons which are generated in the upper atmosphere by the solar wind. Muon flux is anisotropic and changes direction depending on the position of the Sun in the sky. For this reason, the rate of hydrolysis of triethyl phosphite in acetonitrile depends on geometric shape of the reaction solution, its position in space and changes during the day. For example, in three 5 mm NMR-tubes directed North-South, East-West and Vertically the distributions of the rates of this reaction are always different in the daytime. At noon, when the Sun is at its zenith, the rates are considerably higher in the horizontal tubes, and at sunrise and sunset when the Sun shines along the East-West line the rate is higher in the vertical tube. One might assume that at night when the Sun irradiates the opposite side of the Earth, this phenomenon should disappear, and the reaction rates should be the same in all directions. However, it turned out that at midnight the distribution of hydrolysis rates in multidirectional NMR-tubes is the same as at noon. This may indicate that on the night side of the Earth the influence of the Sun is inducing the appearance of some radiation vertically from underground. This phenomenon requires detailed study in different places on the Earth.

Low-Molecular-Weight Peptides Prepared from Hypsizygus marmoreus Exhibit Strong Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities.

Hypsizygus marmoreus has abundant proteins and is a potential source for the development of bioactive peptides. However, currently, the research on the bioactive components of H. marmoreus mainly focuses on polysaccharides, and there is no relevant research on the preparation of bioactive peptides. In this article, an ultrasound-assisted extraction method was used to extract proteins from H. marmoreus, and then, four peptides with different molecular weight ranges were prepared through protease hydrolysis and molecular classification. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities were also studied. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction rate of H. marmoreus proteins was 53.6%. Trypsin exhibited the highest hydrolysis rate of H. marmoreus proteins. The optimal parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis were a substrate concentration of 3.7%, enzyme addition of 5700 U/g, pH value of 7, extraction temperature of 55 °C, and time of 3.3 h. Under these conditions, the peptide yield was 59.7%. The four types of H. marmoreus peptides were prepared by molecular weight grading. Among them, peptides with low molecular weight (<1 kDa) had stronger antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This study provides a theoretical basis for the efficient preparation of H. marmoreus peptides and the development of antioxidant and antibacterial peptide products.

Structures, gelatinization properties and enzyme hydrolyses of starches from transparent and floury grains of rices subjected to field natural extreme high temperature

Three rice varieties underwent the field natural extreme high temperature (EHT) with daily average temperature over 30 °C from 21 to 89 days after sowing, and had transparent, chalky and floury grains. The structures, gelatinization properties and enzyme hydrolyses of starches from transparent and floury grains were investigated. Compared with control transparent grains, floury grains subjected to EHT markedly decreased the contents of amylose molecules, amylopectin A chains and amylopectin B1 chains and increased the contents of amylopectin B2 and B3+ chains and the average branch-chain length of amylopectin. Both transparent and floury grains had A-type starches, but floury grain starches exhibited higher relative crystallinity, gelatinization temperature, retrogradation and pasting viscosities than transparent grain starches. Floury grain starches had lower hydrolysis rates than transparent grain starches. Native starches were more resistant to digestion but gelatinized and retrograded starches were more prone to digestion in floury grains than in transparent grains.

Hydrolysis of Babool wood biomass using carbocation scavengers assisted ionic liquid pretreatment for the production of sugars and furfurals

The present study highlights the performance of carbocation scavengers for the pretreatment of hardwood biomass followed by the production of bio-based products. The behaviour of different carbocation scavengers namely; 2-Napthol, 4 Hydroxybenzoic acid, Vanillic acid, Catechol, Hydroquinone, Resorcinol and Phenol and their mitigating effect on the rate of hydrolysis was explored under different operating conditions. All the carbocation scavengers show significant changes in the crystallinity index leading to distinct morphological and physiochemical changes in the biomass structure. Results revealed that the addition of carbocation scavengers not only reduces the inhibitory effect of structured lignin but also enhances the accessibility of cellulose and hemicellulose and facilitates the production of sugars and 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural. Maximum 5-HMF yield was observed using 2-Napthol at an optimised concentration of 2 wt% (1.5 mL) at 190 °C in 60 min. Further, to evaluate the effect of acetyl groups, biomass deacetylation was also performed. The highest deacetylation effect was observed at 170 °C and showed ∼73% and ∼94% reduction in the holocellulosic content in 60 min. The proposed study develops a sustainable and viable route to suppress the inhibitory effect of lignin with the utilization of carbocation scavengers and enhances biomass digestibility that favours the production of bio-based chemicals.