Hydrological Analysis Research Articles

Development of a web-based platform for rainwater retention facility design

ABSTRACT This study develops a web-based operational platform to streamline the integration of GIS technologies, hydrological analyses, and regulation inspections in the design process of rainwater retention facilities. The system incorporates a comprehensive design procedure, which entails: (1) selecting the type and size of the retention facility based on predefined options, (2) conducting hydrological analyses specific to the development site, and (3) verifying the design’s compliance with relevant regulations. Users can visualize flow hydrographs before and after development, estimate the increase in runoff volume resulting from development, and assess the reduction in peak outflow achieved by the retention facility. The system can also validate the adequacy of the retention facility design in alignment with regional flood control objectives. It offers a user-friendly geographical interface for designing retention facilities and drainageways at development sites. Furthermore, design information displayed on the platform can be conveniently shared with regulatory authorities through a web link.

The status quo effect in the sociohydrology of floods

ABSTRACT Two behavioural types in sociohydrology of floods have been described in more detail than others: the levee effect and the learning effect. However, additional types of behaviour operate and need further research. Taking the case of frequent flash floods occurring in an ephemeral stream, a tributary of the Vilama River, located in San Pedro de Atacama, Chile, at the interphase between the Atacama desert and the Andean Altiplano, we explore the existence of further behavioural types in the sociohydrology of floods at four neighbourhoods along the tributary. Fieldwork to reconstruct a recent flood event, hydrological analysis and semistructured interviews with key informants to characterize people’s responses to floods were conducted. Results show evidence that the so-called status quo effect is present at the riparian community scale, i.e. when communities do not learn and adapt to prevent damage even when exposed to frequent floods. Possible causes of the status quo effect are discussed.

The Morphometric and Hydrological Analysis of the Largest Valley Basin in the Western Plateau of Iraq

The study was carried out to see whether it would be possible to use remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) to create a morphometric geodatabase for the largest valley basin in the western Plateau (Houran Valley), Iraq. ArcGIS V.10.8 measured morphological or hydrological features using a digital elevation model (DEM). These properties are considered a crucial database for planning for dry or wet river basins and valleys, saving time, money, and resources compared to extensive regional research. A quantitative investigation of the morphological characteristics determined that the longitudinal drain density was 0.1698 km/Km2, indicative of both high soil permeability and an arid to semi-arid desert environment. The basin is in an early geomorphological stage, and the linear structures determined the design of its drainage network according to the circulation ratio of 0.08566. area's geological structure has considerable changes in hardness, as indicated by the elongation ratio of 0.112, which would facilitate the use of water in the process of the area's sustainable development.

A comprehensive study of floodplain analysis utilising HEC-HMS, HEC-RAS, and GIS on the Kosasthalaiyar River sub-basin

ABSTRACT The present study focused on the Kosasthalaiyar River basin in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. We analysed the 2015 peak flood and forecasted the feature data in the representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 scenario for various years. We used the scientific data management system (SDSM) software to downscale the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) 2.0 general circulation models (GCMs). According to hydrograph analysis, 142.7, 75.31, 461.73, and 248.22 mm runoff can occur in 2030, 2050, 2080, and 2100, respectively. The current study estimates probable peak flows by performing floodplain analysis on the Kosasthalaiyar River sub-basin using the Hydrologic Engineering Centre's Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS), the Hydrologic Engineering Centre's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), and geographic information system (GIS) tools. It is possible to observe that the two major peak floods, measuring 581.6 and 110.7 m3/s, respectively, will occur on 28 November 2030 at 10:20 a.m. and 12 December 2050 at 9:20 a.m. Additionally, high floods of 997 and 1,438.4 m3/s can be recorded on 20 December 2080 at 9:50 a.m. and 29 November 2100 at 9:40 a.m., respectively.

ANALISIS HIDROLOGI BENDUNG GEBONG KECAMATAN PRINGGARATE KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH

Every weir construction requires appropriate hydrological analysis so that the weir planning can be technically and economically appropriate. Apart from that, in the weir planning process it is necessary to optimize its storage, so that the weir function can run optimally. The aim of this research is to determine the availability of irrigation water needs in the Gebong Weir irrigation area. After calculating and analyzing rainfall data, researchers can draw conclusions regarding the availability and need for water for irrigation at Gebong Dam, that the availability of irrigation water for farmers is still sufficient, the first planting season is February, the available debit is 78,065,054 lt/sec/ha, the season the second planting season in June, the available debit was 3,261,647 lt/sec/ha and the third planting season in October the debit was 7,8343,683 lt/sec/ha, while the water requirement for Gebong irrigation in February was 271.77 lt/sec/ha, The water requirement for the second planting season in June is 272.31 lit/sec/ha and for the third planting season in October it is 272.74 lit/sec/ha

A 3D Spatial Model to integrate Stormwater Drainage Design into Public Space

Abstract. This paper explores the integration of water sensitive urban design within public space planning using integrated 3D digital technologies. In traditional design processes, drainage and public space design often utilise distinct software and are led by different professionals, which creates significant communication barriers.Although civil and hydraulic engineers have made significant strides in integrating hydrology analysis with multi-objective space design, the collaboration of conventional 2D hydrology with 3D landscape design still presents challenges. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel approach that integrates drainage analysis and design within a 3D design model. This methodology is specifically designed to aid landscape and urban designers in incorporating stormwater management and drainage systems early in the design process. The approach involves three key steps: (1) identifying critical factors that impact, or are impacted by, drainage design; (2) translating these factors into specific spatial parameters; and (3) developing a workflow to integrate these parameters. This integration not only streamlines the design process, making it more cohesive and efficient but also mitigates potential conflicts between drainage requirements and spatial design, thereby reducing unnecessary revisions. Ultimately, this approach enhances the incorporation of essential drainage considerations into urban and landscape planning, leading to more sustainable and functional public spaces.

Use of geoprocessing in the simulation of mining tailings dam rupture

The study of hypothetical dam rupture aims to understand the flow through the valley downstream of the volume released by a tailing dam rupture to seek preventive actions in the event of a real rupture. In this research, the open and free program for simulating dam ruptures, called HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System), software developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center is used for simulation dam ruptures. A hydrodynamic simulation of the rupture of dam B1, in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil, was applied, is developed for this test area. Six simulation scenarios are defined, for the configuration of the hydrodynamic model of the valley downstream of the B1 dam, where all the input data identical besides the DTMs that are configured from a rescaling process of an original DTM obtained from a LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) survey, ranging the spatial resolution from 1 m to 25 m. Each of these DTMs is introduced into the simulation processes in HEC-RAS. A direct comparation with data obtained from the real rupture event is made to validate the results of these simulation scenarios. The flooded areas obtained in the model were assessed using the performance indicator F that considers the under and overestimated areas. The other results are subjected to a descriptive statistical analysis through the coefficient of variation (Cv) to verify the discrepancies between the values ​​for each scenario. Form the the results, it is concluded that the scenarios presented very similar performance, in terms of the rupture of the studied dam, with the velocity being the variable most sensitive to the spatial resolution change, without presenting a very discrepant response in relation to the other metrics analyzed.

Utilizing statistical distribution tests to develop rainfall intensity–duration–frequency curves for enhanced hydrological analysis in Kirkuk city, Iraq

ABSTRACT Rainfall intensity is considered one of the basic factors in designing hydrological models based on rainstorm data. The objective of this research is to employ novel intensity–duration–frequency curves and develop empirical equations for rainfall intensity in the city of Kirkuk. The reduction formula adopted by the Indian Meteorological Department was used to divide the maximum daily rainfall for short periods of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h. Three key methods of frequency analysis (lognormal distribution, log Pearson type III distribution, and Gumbel extreme value distribution) were utilized to formulate a statistical relationship based on rainfall intensity data from between the years 1981 and 2023 for a gauging station upstream of the Kirkuk city basin to provide the best data set for all periods of 100, 50, 25, 10, 5, and 2 years. Research has shown that the logarithmic distribution is the best fit for modelling the relationship between the annual maximum rainfall at Kirkuk station and duration of the rainfall. The goodness-of-fit results indicate that the lognormal distribution statistically outperforms other distribution models. Hence, the generated rainfall intensity, duration, and frequency curves that were developed led to estimating the intensity of precipitation to build forecasting and hydrological behaviour of the Kirkuk city basin.

Combining Temperature and Precipitation to Constrain the Aerosol Contribution to Observed Climate Change

Abstract Using the past to improve future predictions requires an understanding and quantification of the individual climate contributions to the observed climate change by aerosols and greenhouse gases (GHGs), which is hindered by large uncertainties in aerosol forcings and responses across climate models. To estimate historical aerosol responses, we apply detection and attribution methods to attribute a joint change in temperature and precipitation to forcings by combining signals of observed changes in tropical wet and dry regions, the interhemispheric temperature asymmetry, global mean temperature (GMT), and global mean land precipitation (GMLP). Fingerprints representing the climate response to aerosols (AERs) and the remaining external forcings (noAER; mostly GHG) are derived from large ensembles of historical single- and ALL-forcing simulations from three models in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project and selected using a perfect model study. Results from an imperfect model study and a hydrological sensitivity analysis support combining our choice of temperature and precipitation fingerprints into a joint study. We find that diagnostics including temperature and precipitation slightly better constrain the noAER signal than diagnostics based purely on temperature or GMT-only and allow for the attribution of AER cooling (even when GMT is not included in the fingerprint). These results are robust across fingerprints from different climate models. Estimated contributions for AER and noAER agree with other published estimates including those from the most recent IPCC report. Finally, we attribute the best estimate of 0.46 K ([−0.86, −0.05] K) of aerosol-induced cooling and 1.63 K ([1.26, 2.00] K) of noAER warming in 2010–19 relative to 1850–1900 using the combined signals of GMT and GMLP. Significance Statement Aerosols are small liquid or solid airborne particles. They are predominantly the secondary result of emissions of aerosol precursor gases emitted via industrial or natural processes. While greenhouse gases warm the climate, aerosols can have a cooling effect on the climate system, thus offsetting some of the greenhouse gas–related warming. We expect greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to continue to increase, while aerosol concentrations are likely going to decline due to their impacts on human health. Our study uses observed temperature and precipitation changes to quantify how much aerosols have offset warming from past greenhouse gas emissions. This can help constrain future predictions of global warming.

A practitioner-oriented regional hydrology data product for use in site-specific hydraulic applications

In the 465,000 km2 Canadian Prairies ecozone, robust hydrological input data for hydraulic model applications are uncommon because of the sparse monitoring network and the intermittently connected stream network. New hydrological datasets can offer a valuable advancement for making water management decisions and designing infrastructure in this water stressed region. The Prairie Hydrology Design and Analysis Product (PHyDAP) was created to address existing limitations, and provides a comprehensive regional dataset for use in hydraulic modelling applications. PHyDAP is a collection of outputs from a physically based hydrological modelling framework, run for periods ranging from 38 to 150 years, according to three climate forcing datasets. The dataset includes vertical and lateral fluxes (rainfall, snowmelt, upland runoff, and open water evaporation) and basin streamflow, at hourly or 3-hourly intervals for the >4000 small basins of approximately 100 km2 that span the region. This contribution describes the motivation for this work and methodology used to derive the data product, summarizes the data and its accessibility, and provides an overview of potential use cases.

Flood risk assessment for Mulde River catchment transferring data from an observed meteorological flood event

Extreme floods can cause significant damage to infrastructure, property, and human life and have long-lasting social, economic, and environmental impacts. Flood risk assessment is critical in areas where the frequency of flood events is altering due to climate change, anthropogenic warming, land use changes. Since the primary goal of flood risk management is to reduce the risk to a tolerable level, the risk assessment based on hydrological, hydrodynamic modeling, and damage analysis is essential to identify areas that are at risk of flooding, assessing the vulnerability of assets in the area, and evaluating the potential impacts on the human life, economy, and environment. The purpose of this study is developing a transferred approach between similar catchments to observe how the catchment response in terms of discharge and damage based on a particular extreme flood event in the past. To conduct the research, the meteorological variables from the Ahr River valley extreme flood event are acquired, and an approach is developed to transfer the same dataset into the Mulde River catchment to observe consequences of the event.

Assessing the accuracy of global digital elevation models for hydrological analysis: the cases of Syria and Russia

Digital elevation models provide valuable information about the surface topography. The resolution and accuracy of the data used to create the models are critical for the results of hydrological analysis. Available global digital elevation models obtain high potential in terms of data sources; however, their performance requires meticulous evaluation for different terrain characteristics and applications. Aim. To determine the accuracy and resolution of data provided by current and old global models, namely SRTM 1, SRTM GL1, V3 ASTER, GMTED2010, PALSAR ALOS, and GTOPO 30, using the example of two terrains. The study considers the areas in Syria (Syrian coast) and Russia (Chernoyarsky and Akhtubinsky districts in the Astrakhan region) represented by different elevation models. A matching degree between model and real elevations measured by GPS was determined to carry out the hydrological analysis of the land surface. For this purpose, three statistical measures, including range, standard deviation and correlation were defined by means of BaseCamp, ARCGIS PRO & SAGA_GIS software. Data resolution indicates the degree of detail represented in the DEM dataset, which is established by the spatial sampling interval or the size of the grid cell used to represent the land surface. Data accuracy refers to the matching degree between the elevation values derived from the DEM and the actual data obtained on the surface. Results. In terms of correlation coefficient and standard deviation, the GMTED 2010 and ASTER V3 model for the Syrian region and the ALOS PALSAR and SRTM GL 1 model for the Russian region prove to be the most effective for hydrological analysis in the absence of accurate local models.

A Novel Approach for Identifying and Assessing MOR‐Based CMIP6 Model for Hydrological Analysis in an Ungauged Watershed

ABSTRACTThe identification of the onset and retreat dates of the monsoon season is a crucial and intricate phenomenon, given its annual spatiotemporal variability. The monsoon season contributes significantly to rainfall, replenishing water sources and hydrological systems but causes hydrological extremes, especially for the high‐altitude watersheds in Southeast Asia. Global Circulation Model (GCM)‐Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6)‐based rainfall and temperature data are helpful for adequately representing present and future climate scenarios. However, the usability of uncorrected GCM‐CMIP6 datasets needs to be assessed regionally. This study focuses on identifying the best‐suited GCM‐CMIP6 based on the monsoon onset (MO) and retreat (MR) dates along with other climatological temporal parameters. A numerical definition for MO and MR has been formulated to find the best‐suited GCM‐CMIP6 (i.e., CMCC‐ESM2). In this context, runoff simulation is carried out using the meteorological inputs of the monsoon onset‐retreat (MOR)‐based best‐suited GCM to evaluate its usability. A multi‐model simulation approach has been carried out for runoff estimation based on observed datasets to find a better‐suited hydrological model. The proposed overall methodology is tested in a hydrological extreme‐prone ungauged watershed (i.e., Ranikhola). CMCC‐ESM2 and SSP2‐4.5 has been identified as best‐suited SSP based on statistical evolution (R2 [0.693], NSE [0.662] and RSR [0.581]) for future daily runoff prediction. Future hydrological analysis shows that the average monsoon peak runoff magnitude will increase from the calibrated period (2015–2020) by 18.01% in the coming years (2021–2049).

Water reservoir techniques using remote sensing and GIS: a literature survey

Abstract The issue of storing flood waters caused by rains and river floods is very important to address the problems of drought. This study reviewed the latest research to address the problems of water scarcity and conservation with advanced methods. these study methodologies range from employing Geographic Information Systems Programs to handle and analyses remote sensing data to incorporating contemporary techniques to enhance morphometric analysis, where researchers employed various analytical techniques. To determine if these watersheds are appropriate for storing water, some studies have preferred Multi-Criteria Decision-Making models (MCDM), more especially the fuzzy analytical hierarchy (FAHP) Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process. Others have employed techniques for hydrological analysis, such as the ArcGIS program’s Arc hydrology tools. Researchers reached a consensus regarding the fundamental parameters required for morphometric analysis in the demarcation of watersheds, notwithstanding methodological variances. Additionally, many researchers have argued the importance of using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Model (SRTM-DEM) mission and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER DEM) in morphometric and hydrologic studies.

¿Libre de la Maleza Estatista? Assessing Neoliberal Promises and Water Markets in Chile

AbstractNeoliberal approaches to water governance, pioneered in Chile in the 1980s, are reappearing today on the centerstage of the water policy debate. While advocates claim that strong property rights, limits on government authority, and water markets can enhance environmental sustainability, efficiency, neutrality, and equity in the distribution of water rights, limited empirical evidence exists on whether neoliberal policies have delivered on these key promises. In this paper, we combine hydrological analysis with a nationwide data set on government water rights allocations between 1981 and 2021 to determine when and where water has been allocated beyond sustainable limits. We then integrate water market transaction and agricultural data to assess how allocations and scarcity conditions relate to spatial and temporal patterns in irrigation, crop distribution, and water market activity. Our results indicate that 30% of catchments are overallocated, and that continued government allocations of water rights during scarcity exacerbate already‐high inequalities in the distribution of water. We find no evidence that scarcity or water markets induced improvements in numerous efficiency metrics. Overall, our results support growing claims that the neoliberal water model fails to fulfill its key promises, notably to the detriment of nature and marginalized rural communities.

Hydrogeological mapping of fracture networks using earth observation data to improve rainfall–runoff modeling in arid mountains, Saudi Arabia

Abstract Rainfall–runoff modeling is essential for the hydrological analysis of basins; however, the traditional modeling approach does not incorporate geological features such as fractures and fissures in the modeling task. These features are significant in the water loss during a rainstorm, which should be incorporated to obtain realistic rainfall–runoff results. A novel approach is presented here in to quantify the geological features and link them to the curve number (CN) method. The proposed methodology has not been applied in the literature. This approach is validated on five gauged basins, namely, Yiba, Al Lith, Liyya, Habawnah, and Tabalah, in the southwest part of Saudi Arabia. Four major stages are conducted. The first stage is the extraction of the geological lineaments using remote sensing and geographical information system technology; the second stage is estimating CN from rainfall–runoff data; the third stage is developing a relationship between CN and lineament density (LD); and the final stage is evaluating the developed equations on hydrological response. The least-squares method is employed to minimize the difference between observed and predicted runoff and determine the optimum range of CN. The research provides a comprehensive understanding of hydrological processes in fractured geologic systems and explores the influence of fractures on curve number. This study identifies two major lineament trends aligned with the Arabian trend direction, namely, north-northwest (NNW)–south-southeast (SSE) and north-northeast (NNE)–south-southwest (SSW). Furthermore, a moderate inverse correlation is established between LD and CN, highlighting the significance of geologic fractures on the hydrological response. The findings of this study provide insight into how the geological fissures in the mountainous region affected the rainfall–runoff response that leads to a low value of CN due to the water loss in the fissures and faults. As a result, this study clearly demonstrates the importance of the geological structures on rainfall–runoff responses.

PyEt v1.3.1: a Python package for the estimation of potential evapotranspiration

Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a crucial flux of the hydrological water balance, commonly estimated using (semi-)empirical formulas. The estimated flux may strongly depend on the formula used, adding uncertainty to the outcomes of environmental studies using ET. Climate change may cause additional uncertainty, as the ET estimated by each formula may respond differently to changes in meteorological input data. To include the effects of model uncertainty and climate change and facilitate the use of these formulas in a consistent, tested, and reproducible workflow, we present PyEt. PyEt is an open-source Python package for the estimation of daily potential evapotranspiration (PET) using available meteorological data. It allows the application of 20 different PET methods on both time series and gridded datasets. The majority of the implemented methods are benchmarked against literature values and tested with continuous integration to ensure the correctness of the implementation. This article provides an overview of PyEt's capabilities, including the estimation of PET with 20 PET methods for station and gridded data, a simple procedure for calibrating the empirical coefficients in the alternative PET methods, and estimation of PET under warming and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Further discussion on the advantages of using PyEt estimates as input for hydrological models, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, and hindcasting and forecasting studies (especially in data-scarce regions) is provided.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS EFFECTIVE FLOOD CONTROL WITH EPA SWMM

The village of Kunjir often experiences floods caused by suboptimal drainage systems, land use changes, and revetment construction. The utilization of EPA SWMM proves to be an interesting solution to address flood issues. The research aims to analyze the drainage channel capacity using the EPA SWMM program, assess the tidal influence on the channels, and provide solutions to the existing problems. The method involves hydrological and hydraulic analysis using Microsoft Excel and the EPA SWMM program. Rainfall and topographic data are utilized to determine flood discharge, while existing channel data are used to calculate channel capacity. HWL values are used to analyze the tidal influence on the channels. The modeling process involves creating a network scheme and inputting data into the existing channels. The program is executed, and evaluations are conducted on problematic channels. Redesign planning is implemented by altering channel dimensions and re-running the simulations. The conclusion indicates that channels 2B, 2B1, 2B1 Left, 2C, and 2D cannot accommodate the flow discharge, tidal influence affects channel 1C, Box Culvert, and Downstream River, and solutions include enlarging channels, adding bottom slope to channels, regular maintenance, and installing floodgates to mitigate tidal effects.

Hydrological model calibration in data-deficient basins using satellite altimetry and a hydrodynamic model

Large basins with insufficient hydrological station distribution and lacking sufficient meteorological data, such as water level and discharge, pose significant challenges in developing reliable hydrological models. These models are crucial for addressing water resource-related challenges such as climate change (e.g., floods and droughts) and human-induced activities (e.g., dams) impacts. Recent advancements in satellite altimetry offer an efficient alternative by providing water level data; however, integrating this data into hydrological models remains an ongoing challenge. Here we demonstrate that a properly developed hydrodynamic model can effectively translate the satellite-observed water levels at various river cross-sections (hereafter referred to as virtual stations (VSs)) into the required discharge data, facilitating reliable hydrological modeling for data-deficient basins. Our results, based on the assessment of water level data derived from a hydrodynamic model and satellite altimetry, showed high consistency (NSE > 0.96) in the Lancang-Mekong River (LMR) basin as a case study. We found that the distribution of stations along the mainstream, in terms of their number and distance from each other, can significantly impact the performance of hydrological modeling processes. The results revealed that when a large stretch of the river is not monitored by a station, a large uncertainty occurs in runoff generation, at least for that segment of the river. However, the inclusion of virtual stations in the modeling process improved the overall performance, indicating the advantages of satellite altimetry data in better modeling of data-deficient basins. Our findings revealed that virtual stations can be effectively utilized in physically based and spatially distributed hydrological models to develop a sub-basin modeling approach that addresses the regional contribution of sub-basins to downstream river flow. The integrated modeling framework holds potential for hydrological analysis and water resources management for basins lacking sufficient gauging data and provides insight into how the distribution of stations can influence the calibration of hydrological models.

ANALISIS HUJAN MAKSIMUM PADA DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI BABAK KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

Hydrological analysis is the most important measurement in determining runoff in order to find ways to overcome flooding. The flow rate that is the basis for calculating flood control and protection is the planned flood flow rate obtained from the sum of the volume of rain runoff and the flow rate of the water catchment area in question during a certain return period. This research is a case study using rainfall data for 10 years, namely 2014-2023. Rainfall prediction is an estimate of the amount of rain that will fall in a river basin. There are several methods for determining annual rainfall, the Gumbel distribution method, Pearson log type III, and the normal method. After analyzing the annual rainfall data obtained at the West Lombok Regency Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency office, using three methods, namely the EJ Gumbel method, the Log Person Type III method and the Normal method, where from the three methods the maximum rainfall difference was quite large, In the following table you can see the difference in the amount of maximum rainfall in the return period T years.