Hydrological Analysis Research Articles

Quantitative assessment of runoff change and its drivers in a multi-scale framework

ABSTRACT Identifying runoff changes and quantifying the impacts of climate change and human activities are important for water resources planning and management in river basins. The impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff can be more accurately assessed through scientific hydrological modeling and data analysis methods. In this study, an integrated assessment framework was established to quantitatively separate the driving mechanisms of runoff at different time scales. The results show that the runoff of Wu River has shown a decreasing trend since 2004, with a change degree of 56%, and the monthly average flow indexes of August and September have changed significantly, both are over 90%. The NSE coefficient of the SWAT simulation effect is above 0.8, we validate the simulation results based on the LSTM model. It was found that climate change was the main factor affecting the runoff of Wu River, with the contribution rates reaching 60 and 57%, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis found that rainfall was the most important factor affecting the runoff. The results of this study are helpful to formulate effective water resources management policies and measures to ensure the sustainable utilization and management of water resources in the Wu River Basin.

Beyond the banks and deluge: understanding riverscape, flood vulnerability, and responses in kashmir

AbstractFlooding in Kashmir results from a complex interplay of physical, sociopolitical, and economic factors, which presents a severe environmental challenge. The intricate interplay between the Jhelum’s riverscape, social interactions, and economic factors is profoundly shaped by the persistent problem of flooding and its associated vulnerabilities. In this study, we examine the vulnerability of Kashmir to flooding and provide a comprehensive assessment of the recent floods. The purpose of this vulnerability assessment is to delve into these intricacies and offer deeper understanding of flood vulnerability in Kashmir. We explore the concept of riverscape in the context of the Jhelum River to encompass a holistic view of the river, understanding its physical features and socio-economic aspects, and examining the spatial and temporal dynamics of river ecosystems. This study analyses the spatial distribution of the inundated population, rainfall and hydrological analysis, flood gauge analysis of the Jhelum River, hydrological trends, and annual peak discharge at key discharge stations from 2003 to 2023. We analyse the policy landscape, social capital, and responses to recent flooding and provide a historical analysis of these policies. Using a mixed methods approach of qualitative as well as remote sensing methods to analyse recent flooding in Kashmir, we assessed the impact of flooding on population and LULC. We analyse how marginalised communities, lacking essential services and resources, disproportionately bear the brunt of these floods.

Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) Technology to Formulate Unused Spring Water Optimization Strategy

Background: This article presents the findings of a comprehensive community empowerment program that focused on the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology for the optimization strategy formulation of unused spring water. Contribution: The contribution of this program address the challenge for better utilization of unused spring water and promote sustainable water management practices. Method: The study employed GIS technology to identify and map unused springs, followed by hydrological analysis and water quality assessment to inform the development of optimization strategies. Results: This program suggested infrastructure development, water conservation measures, and distribution network design to enhance water availability. Conclusion: The findings show that GIS approach is suitable for further applications in other Indonesian mountainous villages with similarly shared community traits. However, further some locality aspects, including, but not limited to community leadership and economic power, need to be assessed further, as they play significant influences on the success of the program

UAV Mapping for Flood Routing in Steep and Densely Vegetated Areas: Insights from the Contok River Basin, Garang Watershed, Indonesia

This research utilizes photogrammetry to assess flood routing dynamics in the Contok river basin, a sub-watershed with a challenging landscape characterized by steep slopes, dense vegetation, and meandering patterns. The objectives are to assess Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) mapping accuracy, evaluate the river's capacity for design flood volumes, quantify the impact of land cover changes on surface runoff, and provide insights for early warning systems and watershed conservation strategies. The study area, encompassing the Contok River Basin, a sub-watershed of the Garang Watershed, covers 7,413 km² and includes a stream length of 5,274 meters in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia. This research employed image processing of aerial photographs and satellite imagery. Aerial photos captured using UAV data were utilized to derive elevation data and cross-sectional profiles of the Contok River, essential for understanding channel morphology and hydraulic characteristics. Concurrently, satellite imagery was used for land cover analysis, identifying vegetation and built-up areas that influence surface runoff dynamics. Hydrological analysis was performed to quantify discharge magnitudes, simulated against river cross-sections to evaluate flood behavior under varying scenarios. Our proposed UAV mapping provides adequate accuracy for small and local areas. Furthermore, it remains reliable for flood routing analysis. We discovered that the capacity of the Contok River channel in the downstream area allows it to convey design flood discharges up to a 50-year return period, contrary to the upstream area, it overflows. Notably, the shift from vegetated to built-up and agricultural areas significantly contributes to the 10.6% increase in surface runoff. This research highlights the role of UAV-based photogrammetry in assessing and mitigating flood hazards amidst evolving land cover patterns. It also enhances the understanding of flood dynamics and thus provides insights that will serve as a reference for flood early warning systems, flood management practices, and watershed conservation.

Evaluation and Uncertainty Analysis of the Land Surface Hydrology in LS3MIP Models Over China

AbstractThe Land Surface, Snow and Soil moisture Model Intercomparison Project (LS3MIP) offers valuable land surface hydrology products from the land modules of current Earth system models (ESMs). Historical hydrological variables from six ESMs driven by four meteorological forcing data sets (GSWP, WFDEI, CRU‐NCEP, and Princeton) in Land Model Intercomparison Project (LMIP) have been extensively evaluated with various high‐quality reference data sets over Chinese mainland. Compared with the reference data sets, the multi‐model ensemble means (MMEs) of most hydrological variables are underestimated, while their annual trends show high spatial consistency, with sign consistency over 56%–85% of land area. After computing and ranking four statistical metrics (bias, correlation coefficient, normalized standard deviation, and unbiased root‐mean‐square biases) between simulations and references, it is found that the CLM5 has the best performance, while the GSWP3 exhibits the highest quality. Furthermore, the analysis of variance method (ANOVA) is then used to trace sources (model, atmospheric forcing data sets and their interactions) of the uncertainty of those modeling hydrological variables for 1900–2012 (1948–2012 for runoff) over China. The results indicate that the total uncertainty and its composition vary with time and decrease significantly in recent decades, reflecting the enhanced forcing data quality. Larger forcing uncertainty existed during the early twentieth century because less available observation data sets have been adopted to constrain climate variables. For all modeling hydrological variables, the model uncertainty plays the dominant role, suggesting that the quality of LMIP products largely relies on Land surface models.

A Framework for Joint Verification and Evaluation of Seasonal Climate Services across Socioeconomic Sectors

Abstract Assessing the information provided by coproduced climate services is a timely challenge, given the continuously evolving scientific knowledge and its increasing translation to address societal needs. Here, we propose a joint evaluation and verification framework to assess prototype services that provide seasonal forecast information based on the experience from the Horizon 2020 (H2020) Climate forecasts enabled knowledge services (CLARA) project. The quality and value of the forecasts generated by CLARA services were first assessed for five climate services utilizing the Copernicus Climate Change Service seasonal forecasts and responding to knowledge needs from the water resources management, agriculture, and energy production sectors. This joint forecast verification and service evaluation highlights various skills and values across physical variables, services, and sectors, as well as a need to bridge the gap between verification and user-oriented evaluation. We provide lessons learned based on the service developers’ and users’ experience and recommendations to consortia that may want to deploy such verification and evaluation exercises. Last, we formalize a framework for joint verification and evaluation in service development, following a transdisciplinary (from data purveyors to service users) and interdisciplinary chain (climate, hydrology, economics, and decision analysis).

Multi-Parameter Approach to Determine the Floods Causes in North Luwu, South Sulawesi.

Abstract Floods occur annually in North Luwu, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The exact cause of the flooding is yet to be known; thus, this study aimed to find the main factors causing floods in North Luwu using a multi-parameter approach. The methods applied are hydrological, flood susceptibility, and land use changes in the analysis. The return period and intensity duration frequency of rain (1983-2021) was used for hydrological analysis. Flood susceptibility is obtained from the processing of slope, elevation, rainfall, stream density, soil type, and land use parameters. Land use change was analyzed using the Climate Change Initiative and Land Cover (CCI LC) data in 2000 and 2015. The results of the 1-year rainfall return period in North Luwu were relatively high, namely 83 mm/day, the 2-year return period of 119 mm/day, 5 years of 142 mm/day, 10 years of 155 mm/day, and 100 years 184 mm/day. The results of the IDF analysis obtained that the early rainy hours showed an intensity of 41-46 mm/hour with a total of 259 mm/day, which was considered extreme. There is unity between the results of the correlation of flood events in 2021 with recorded rainfall of 64-153 mm/day. Flood susceptibility analysis shows the dominant high vulnerability in the downstream area of 101,337 Ha, medium vulnerability (208,545 Ha) in the middle stream, and low vulnerability of 57,719 Ha upstream. The high flood susceptibility map results followed the flood events distribution from 2017-2021, while there is a lack of change in the land use analysis.

The Study of Levee Flood Control at Pengkol River - Meteseh, Tembalang Sub District - Semarang City

The Pengkol River, situated in Meteseh, Tembalang sub-district of Semarang City, underwent three significant flood occurrences from January to February 2023. An approach involving a structural flood control system, specifically a levee, was suggested as a solution to this issue. The objective of this research is to establish the arrangement and highest elevation of the levee flood control and evaluate its effectiveness in mitigating floods. To determine flood hydrographs, a hydrological analysis was carried out using the Rainfall-Runoff simulation with the SCS Curve Number method. Additionally, a hydraulic analysis was performed using Unsteady Flow simulation with HECRAS 1D/2D hydrodynamic models to define the river body, water profile, inundation, and levee design. The hydrologic analysis indicates that the flood discharge for the 50, 100, and 200-year return periods are 209.5 m³/sec, 225.1 m³/sec, and 240.6 m³/sec, respectively. Based on the hydraulic analysis, the maximum water levels resulting from these return periods' flood discharges are +35.62 m (Q50 years), +35.77 m (Q100 years), and +36.43 m (Q200 years). The Q200 years of return period was chosen for 2D modeling because it resembles documented flood occurrences. Using the HECRAS 2D Unsteady Flow model, it was found that before the levee implementation, the flooded area within the residential zone spanned 9462 m², with a peak water level of +37.3 m. With the levee application, using an existing layout with a total length of 230 m and a top levee level of +37.5 m, flooding was effectively prevented, reducing the maximum water surface elevation to +37.17 m. This demonstrates the levee's effectiveness in preventing floods.Keywords: levee, flood, HECRAS 1D 2D model, inundation. Unsteady flow.

Kajian Hidrologi dan Analisis Kapasitas Pengaliran Penampang Sungai Way Kuripan terhadap Bencana Banjir Wilayah Bandar Lampung Berbasis Hec Ras

This study aimed to determine flood height and also the area of flood in Way Kuripan River. The first step of this study is used hydrological analysis to obtain the maximum flow rate of Way Kuripan River a return periods of 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, 25 years, 50 years, and 100 years. Furthermore, to know capacities and water level of Way Kuripan River is required the hydraulic simulation process that is made easier by using Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) program through 8 cross-sectional points. The HEC-RAS program can help be model the river flows in existing conditions with using steady flow options and input datas in the form of maximum discharge data. The output of the modeling using the HEC-RAS program can be seen in figure and tables form that present the characteristics of the Way Kuripan river cross section. The analysis of results of the HEC RAS with simulation till discharge plan when a return period of 100 years have been flood at 3 point cross section that is Sta. 4.6 and 7. In the cross section Sta. 6 has been flood as high as 1.94 meters on the right side. The flood areas include: Pesawahan, Kota Karang, Kuripan, Gedong Pakuon, Talang, Sukarame II, Negeri Olok Gading, Sumur Putri and Perwata. Keywords: Flood, HEC RAS, Way Kuripan River.

Dynamic Analysis of Changes in Jambu Riverbed and Banks: Case Study Around Cikuya Bridge

Several cross-sections of the Jambu River, particularly around the Cikuya Bridge, have experienced bank collapse phenomena. This paper interprets the issues related to bank collapse and its impact on the flow capacity of the Jambu River, especially around the Cikuya Bridge. Morphological changes were simulated using a sediment transport model implemented in the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) 6.3.1, integrated with the ARS-USDA Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM). The simulation results indicate that over a period of 10 years, the thalweg elevation (the lowest point of a riverbed) of the Jambu River around the Cikuya Bridge is predicted to experience deposition in 17 cross-sections and erosion in 15 cross-sections. The highest deposition occurs at the cross-section below the Cikuya Bridge, with a thalweg elevation change of 0.59 m. This warrants attention as the storage capacity of the cross-section decreases by 7% from the initial condition. Predictions indicate that bank collapse will occur in 7 cross-sections over the next 10 years. This is attributed to the steep slopes of silt and clay banks, exceeding 45 degrees, and the reduced safety factor of bank stability due to groundwater pressure influenced by river discharge fluctuations and tidal effects reaching the Jambu River. Bank collapse impacts the elevation change of the riverbed and adds load to the sediment transport model from the collapsing cross-sections to the downstream sections. Keywords: Jambu River, Cikuya Bridge, Cilacap, sediment transport, bank stability and toe erosion model

A dataset of the distribution and characteristics of debris flows along the National Highway 318 in the Sino-Nepalese transport corridor (2022)

Due to the unique geographical and geological conditions in the Sino-Nepal transportation corridor, there is a lack of reliable and comprehensive data on debris flow distribution data in the region. This dataset is compiled based on early identification of debris flows and field surveys, integrating Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and geological maps. It provides a catalog and detailed feature information of debris flows within the corridor along the National Highway 318 between China and Nepal from 1990 to 2022. Precipitation and temperature parameters are derived from 30 years (1980–2009) of interpolated data from national meteorological stations. Fault distribution information is sourced from the 1:50,000 digital geological maps published by the China Geological Survey. Terrain information is obtained from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, which provides a global DEM at a resolution of 12.5 m. Within the geographical coordinates of 28.0°–29.4°N and 85.1°–88.9°E, a total of 255 debris flow records have been extracted, covering an area of 1660.73 km². We primarily employed hydrological analysis methods in ArcGIS for the extraction of debris flow basins. Considering the limitations in DEM accuracy, we made necessary manual corrections with reference to Google Earth imagery. The dataset comprises three files: a vector file depicting the main distribution range of debris flows along the National Highway 318 in the Sino-Nepalese transport corridor; a vector file containing the catalog of debris flows; and a document detailing the parameters and characteristics of the debris flows.The dataset has undergone on-site field surveys and confirmation to ensure its reliability. Therefore, it can serve as a foundational dataset applicable to debris flow studies in the region.

Influence of SMAP soil moisture retrieval assimilation on runoff estimation across South Asia

This study was designed to characterize and quantify the influence of surface soil moisture assimilation on estimated runoff (surface flow and baseflow) and hydraulically-routed streamflow across three large river basins in South Asia that are at risk of impending water stress. Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) surface soil moisture retrievals were assimilated into the Noah-MP land surface model. The gridded runoff was hydraulically routed to obtain volumetric streamflow values for a river network using a runoff routing module (Hydrological Modeling and Analysis Platform, HyMAP). The open loop (OL, model-only) and data assimilated (DA, includes soil moisture retrieval assimilation) Noah-MP runoff estimates highlighted the improvements in estimated total runoff across irrigated areas. Soil moisture assimilation impacted baseflow more relative to surface runoff. The HyMAP-based OL and DA streamflow generally underestimated the streamflow at upstream stations and overestimated the streamflow at downstream stations within the Indus basin due to missing physics related to reservoir operations. For stations located in the Ganges–Brahmaputra basins, the OL and DA estimation performance varied. The OL and DA results showed that the assimilation of soil moisture retrievals improves gridded runoff and volumetric streamflow across irrigated areas. Considerable relative change in streamflow (>70% increase in magnitude relative to OL) is noted after assimilation across the highly irrigated lower Indus basin and high precipitation regions in Bangladesh. Improving the modeling system’s representativeness of ground conditions via inclusion of water management information could improve large-scale streamflow modeling across South Asia.

Analysis of the hydrological disaster occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil in September 2023: Vulnerabilities and risk management capabilities

Understanding disaster risk in all its dimensions is a priority on global agendas. This study developed an integrated analysis of flood risk drivers using a methodology based on meteorological and hydrological analyses, population vulnerability assessment, and municipal risk management capabilities from public data sources. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was selected due to extreme rainfall that affected more than 400,000 people in September 2023. The results showed that a stationary frontal system caused unprecedented rain and floods between September 1 and 4, 2023. A quasi-stationary cold front from Argentina intensified precipitation, exacerbated by an upper-level low-pressure area. Attributed to the 2023 El Niño, these events resulted in heavy rainfall exceeding normal levels by 200–300 mm, leading to floods that affected 107 municipalities, resulting in 54 deaths and extensive property damage. The Caí and Taquari-Antas river basins were particularly affected, with river levels exceeding critical limits, causing severe floods and most deaths. Vulnerability was higher among populations of low socioeconomic status living in housing with precarious infrastructure, especially in small municipalities dependent on agriculture. The high vulnerability is due to the lack of public policies that improve socioeconomic conditions, such as social action policies for agricultural workers, combating educational delays, and improvements in household infrastructure. Furthermore, municipal administrations must invest in strengthening tools, actions, and policies focused on risk response and management, and promoting educational activities in civil protection and defense, with special attention to the elderly population.

Hydrological and Climatological Aspect Evaluation for Salt Farm Development in the Coastal Area of Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Salt has major importance as a basic necessity in households, feedstock for various kinds of industry, and a means of fortification to prevent diseases attributed to iodine deficiency. However, the amount of salt produced in Indonesia has yet to meet the national demand, hence warranting the necessity of salt yield improvement. This research set out to evaluate the hydrological and climatological states of the coastal area of Gunungkidul Regency for potential salt farms. The hydrological analysis identified underground rivers, springs, and surface rivers emptying into the study area, whereas the hydrochemical analysis observed major elements of seawater and salinity and determined the effects of hydrological characteristics on seawater. The climatological evaluation involved analyzing rain, temperature, humidity, and daily wind data from 1979–2013. All of these details were matched against the suitability parameters for salt farms. The results showed that the hydrological and geological conditions were closely related and that the underground rivers, springs, and surface rivers decreased salinity and sodium and chloride contents of seawater. Based on salinity levels, several beaches were highly suitable (S1) for salt farms, but climatologically, the study area was slightly suitable (S3) and suitable (S2) for this purpose.

Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of ecological water level in Poyang Lake, China

Anthropogenic activities and climate change have caused physical and ecological changes in lakes and have aggravated water level fluctuations, which are essential factors to consider for nutrient import, ecological protection, and biodiversity maintenance. Maintaining water levels within a reasonable range is essential for maintaining lake function and ecological health, because ecosystem stability is compromised when water level fluctuations exceed specific thresholds. Thus, the ecological water level (EWL) is an important index for maintaining aquatic habitats and biodiversity. A method for quantifying the EWL of lakes based on hydrological statistical analysis was constructed to bridge the gaps in existing studies, considering both the hydrological alteration and spatio-temporal heterogeneity of water level fluctuations. Taking Poyang Lake as an example, which has recently attracted increasing global attention owing to its water level alterations and subsequent ecological problems, the applicability of the method and rationality of the results were verified. The results indicate that hydrological alteration occurs at the water level of the representative stations, which is jointly affected by climate change and anthropogenic activities in this region. For instance, the construction and operation of the Three Gorges Project affected the water level alteration at Hukou and Xingzi station, and drought further aggravated that of Xingzi station. The calculated EWL of Poyang Lake showed obvious spatio-temporal heterogeneity, which is consistent with the topographic, geographical, and climatic characteristics of the basin. And the rationality of the EWL in this study was verified through literature reviews and satisfiability of characteristic species requirements. The proposed EWL calculation method is simple and feasible with easy data acquisition, strong universality, and broad application prospects, offering a scientific basis and quantitative reference for water resource management and lake ecosystem protection.

An Approach for Modeling the Orographic–Forcing Effect via Random Cascades and the Long‐Term Statistics of Mexico City's Daily Precipitation

AbstractThe orographic effect on the spatial structure of precipitation is a fundamental problem in hydrometeorology that still requires a better understanding of the physical processes involved in the emergence of rainfall patterns and their complex statistical structure. In tropical regions, where meteorological measurements are notoriously sparse and data quality control is often poor or missing, the study of precipitation modeling and prediction is challenging. This research aims to show an innovative approach based on a random cascade downscaling method to generate high‐resolution precipitation products from coarse‐scale precipitation products. This approach also includes a topographic enhancement function for describing the altitudinal variability of precipitation and a numerical diffusion filter to lessen the blockiness problem of random cascades. The suggested approach was applied to analyze some long‐term precipitation statistics in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. The model result agrees closely with the temporal statistics of the selected precipitation products and reflects complex orographic constraints. The proposed downscaling approach becomes an alternative to expensive computational methods and allows urban hydrology applications and analysis of small watersheds to incorporate the effects of complex orography.

Remote sensing and machine learning approach for zoning of wastewater drainage system

This study aimed to optimize drainage in Tiruchirappalli city using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), machine learning, and remote sensing. The integration of these methods involved multiple steps: remote sensing data was used to gather up-to-date information on land use and land cover (LULC), GIS provided a spatial framework for data integration and visualization, and machine learning, specifically a Random Forest (RF) model, was utilized for detailed LULC classification. Hydrological analysis using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) helped delineate the watershed and drainage network, determining suitable zones for wastewater systems. Key factors such as ground slope, land use, and proximity to water bodies were considered. Buffer analysis was employed to transform and overlay these data layers. For the site suitability analysis, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was employed within the GIS to integrate various weighted factors, enabling a comprehensive assessment of potential locations for wastewater treatment facilities. Wastewater drainage zones were determined to be appropriate for zones 1, 8, 9, 11, 15, and 20, which correspond to areas of 40.40, 1.11, 1.00, 2.04, 1.69, and 2.46 Sq.km, respectively. This comprehensive approach enabled the identification of optimal wastewater drainage zones and suitable locations for treatment facilities, enhancing urban wastewater management.

Flood Control Analysis with Polder Ponds in Tegal Made Village, Sukoharjo

A good drainage system should be able to drain back stagnant water into natural channels such as rivers and sea. Puddles and floods that occurred in Nawud Village in Sukoharjo Regency due to water from existing drainage channels cannot be directly discharged into the river because when the rain occure make the water level in river was higer than the water level from existing drainage. It causes water cant be discharged by gravity process and for this reason, a temporary water reservoir is needed. Design and capacity of the planned polder depends on the volume of water runoff. In determining the amount of runoff discharge to design a polder conduct a hydrological analysis based on rain that occurs in the area of ​​the study. Water runoff discharge analysis conducted using the HSS Nakayasasu method obtained runoff peak discharge of 33,3662 m3/sec and using the HSS SCS method obtained runoff peak discharge of 25,0379 m3/sec. Dimension plan of polder obtained that 15593 m2 is area of polder with 3,58 m pool hight which is planned to accommodate 55868,58 m3 a maximum puddle volume. the planned outflow volume is carried out using flow tracking analysis and using 3 pumps with each capacity of 2 m3 / sec.

Retention Basin for Flood Mitigation (Case Study: Magetan Regency)

Flooding is a natural event that often occurs in Indonesia. Magetan Regency has several areas drained by various rivers that have the potential to cause flooding problems in the event of high rainfall. Hydrological analysis is needed to determine the various rivers that are potentially unable to accommodate water capacity due to high rainfall, causing flooding problems. Thus, research aims to assess flood mitigation control based on a 25-year return period flood discharge (Q25) using the HSS Snyder method and HEC-HMS software. The flood inundation area due to river runoff is analysed using HEC-RAS 6.4.1 software using a 25-year return period discharge (Q25). This research uses retention basin as one of the efforts in flood mitigation, reducing the amount of flood inundation that occurs by using embankment planning. Retention basin is a water structure that functions to collect rainwater and water runoff to reduce flooding. Retention basin is one of the important steps in the flood inundation that occurred in Magetan Regency using HEC-RAS 6.4.1 software analysis was 3,75 km2. The largest flood inundation occurred in Kartoharjo District with an area 1,31 km2. The design of the Kartoharjo Retention Basin in Magetan Regency can reduce the flood inundation area by 22% to 2,94 km2.

A Novel Online Hydrological Data Quality Control Approach Based on Adaptive Differential Evolution

The quality of hydrological data has a significant impact on hydrological models, where stable and anomaly-free hydrological time series typically yield more valuable patterns. In this paper, we conduct data analysis and propose an online hydrological data quality control method based on an adaptive differential evolution algorithm according to the characteristics of hydrological data. Taking into account the characteristics of continuity, periodicity, and seasonality, we develop a Periodic Temporal Long Short-Term Memory (PT-LSTM) predictive control model. Building upon the real-time nature of the data, we apply the Adaptive Differential Evolution algorithm to optimize PT-LSTM, creating an Online Composite Predictive Control Model (OCPT-LSTM) that provides confidence intervals and recommended values for control and replacement. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed data quality control method effectively manages data quality; detects data anomalies; provides suggested values; reduces reliance on manual intervention; provides a solid data foundation for hydrological data analysis work; and helps hydrological personnel in water resource scheduling, flood control, and other related tasks. Meanwhile, the proposed method can also be applied to the analysis of time series data in other industries.