Hydrographic Network Research Articles

Geoheritage Management in Areas with Multicultural Interest Contexts

Sites of geo-cultural interest are often included in areas where multicultural contexts (geo and non geo) are present. Cultural heritage dissemination is sometimes mono-contextual, paying little attention to the possibility of inclusion in a wider multicultural context. When these different contexts are linkable to each other following a specific theme, multicultural heritage dissemination will be possible, and often the geo context can represent a fulcrum, a resilient tool in doing that. A portion of the Sinni river’s catchment area (Basilicata region, Southern Italy) has been chosen to test and verify the multi-level/disciplinary approach applicability. The area is located on the southeastern edge of the Pliocene to Pleistocene Sant’Arcangelo basin in the Southern Apennines chain of Italy. Here, both basic observations on the physical geography landscape evolution and specialized observations on river dynamics and on the hydrographic network have been carried out. Educational routes will be proposed with different educational levels along a path that will include the San Giorgio Lucano hypogea. This paper represents the results of a qualitative study providing an overview of the possibility, in a multicultural context, about whether, when, and how the geo context may act as a link between the different disciplines and what is the best way to make it. A relational database, organized in contexts, areas, and themes, is planned at different levels of detail, and is currently being developed in order to make final products easily available. Each level will be provided with basic concepts, territorial contextualization, and of activities/itineraries. The goal is to provide a versatile tool that enhances the territorial multi-cultural heritage to reach a greater number of end users interested in both geo and non geo contexts.

THE ANALYSIS OF THE DNIESTER RIVER HIGH WATER REGIME (WITHIN THE IVANO-FRANKIVSK AND TERNOPIL REGIONS)

The Dniester is one of the main cross-border rivers of Eastern Europe. It originates from a source in a forest located in the Ukrainian Carpathians and flows into the Black Sea. The total length of the Dniester River is 1,350 kilometers, and the area of the basin is more than 72,000 square kilometers.
 The geological structure of the Dniester basin is complex. In some sections, the channel cuts through rocks of different ages and origins.
 One of the characteristic features of the Dniester hydrographic network is the absence of large tributaries and the presence of a significant number of small ones. More than 14 thousand tributaries up to 10 km long. There are also 65 reservoirs and more than three thousand ponds in the Dniester basin. In Ukraine, a hydropower complex has been created from the main and buffer reservoirs and a bulk reservoir on the Dniester. The construction of reservoirs in the Dniester hydropower complex significantly changed the ecological situation in the basin, acting as a barrier to the entry of pollutants in the lower reaches of the river.
 The average flow of water in the lower reaches of the Dniester is 311 cubic meters per second, and the average volume of annual runoff is about 10 cubic kilometers. About 60% of the river's annual runoff falls on the summer-autumn period, 25% on the spring period due to snow melting, and 15% on the winter period, which forms mainly through the soil nourishment of the river.
 The Dniester belongs to the number of rivers whose water regime is well studied. Observations of the river's water level began as early as 1850. At different times, up to 30 hydrological stations functioned on the Dniester.
 A characteristic feature of the Dniester is the high water regime. Every year, up to 5 high waters are observed on the river, during which the water level can rise by 3-4 meters, and sometimes even more. The largest amplitude of the water level fluctuations – up to 9–10 meters – can be observed at the Zalischyky post above the Dniester Reservoir. Maximum water flows pass through the Dniester in both spring and summer, but high water flows are much higher than flood flows.
 Floods and high waters are not uncommon in the Ukrainian Carpathians, where the Dniester River originates. Catastrophic high waters in the Carpathians occur once every 30-40 years. Since the beginning of systematic hydrological observations on the Dniester, such high waters have been recorded in 1941, 1969 and 2008. For example, at the Zalischyky post in the Dniester basin, the maximum water flow was 8040 m3/s in September 1941, 5450 m3/s in June 1969, and 5410 m3/s in July 2008. However, at many hydrological stations (Strilky, Sambir, Halych, Nyzhniv, Mohyliv-Podilskyi), it was the last high water that was the highest.
 A comparison of the characteristics of high waters in June 1969 and July 2008 allows us to conclude that they were formed under similar synoptic conditions, in the presence of a stationary cyclone over the central and southern regions of the Carpathians, which was characterized by high moisture saturation and a developed system of fronts.
 In both cases, a few days before the beginning of the high water formation, intense precipitation was observed, which reduced the water-regulating capabilities of the forest.
 Thus, it can be argued that the high water of 2008 is comparable to the high water of 1969.
 However, there are some differences. In particular, the feature of the high water in 2008 was not only a significant rise in the water level, but also the high speed of its formation. In three and a half days, the water level in the Dniester rose by more than 6 m.
 The 2008 high water caused significant flooding, which could have been even greater without the Dniester Reservoir, which acted as flood control.
 For the period of 2010-2021, the years 2010 and 2020 can be noted for their high water level. In these years, high waters due to rainfall were observed on the Dniester, which caused significant material damage, which makes high water forecasting important.
 Key words: high water, high water regime, natural hydrological phenomenon, maximum water level values.

Processing the Gregorian Cadastre and the historical cartography to reconstruct the ancient hydrographic network of the Rieti Plain

Historical cartography is a pivotal factor to reconstruct land use. The Gregorian Cadastre is the first attempt at a geometric-parcel cadastre of the Papal State (realised since 1820 but in force from 1835). The comparison between the Gregorian Cadastre, the first edition of the Topographic Map of Italy (1875- 1903), and its later edition (1940) allowed us to reconstruct many useful details for understanding the spatial planning of intensively anthropised lands during the 19th and 20th century.The study case is the Rieti plain, occupied mainly by the Lacus Velinus in ancient times. Large-scale hydraulic works were made to drain the plain since Roman times, starting from the work of the Consul Curio Dentato in 271 B.C., with works that have continued up to our times. Despite these continuous reclamations, the plain is subject to high hydro-geological risk. Reconstructing the recent evolution of the hydrographic network of the Rieti plain is a potential tool to mitigate the flood risk and better understand the geology of Rieti's urban area.

Correlations between the hydrological regime and the morphodynamic processes in the Gilort river basin

This study highlights the relationship between the dynamics of the hydrological regime in a river basin and the morphodynamic potential that appears in the context of increasing frequency and intensity of current climatic phenomena. Climate change characterized by the high frequency and intensity of torrential rains and floods, especially in the last decade, with a maximum amplitude in the summer months (June-July), alternating with periods of drought have brought to a series of geomorphological changes in the Gilort river basin. These processes are amplified by the high degree of fragmentation of the relief, by the presence of springs that feed the hydrographic network and by the important rainfall contribution to the formation of river flows. In the high mountainous area of the basin, there are a series of debris flows that have been triggered in the last ten years, during torrential rains and exceptional floods, by major changes in the land cover and by the transport of materials in the drainage section. At the exit of the mountain, the longitudinal profile of the river changes radically with the decrease of the slope, so that most of the coarse alluvium is deposited in the riverbed in the sectors of the contact depressions at the foot of the mountain. At the contact between the mountains and the Subcarpathian Depression, due to a pronounced decrease of the riverbed slope, the phenomenon of bed aggradation occurs. In this study, all these geomorphological processes are explained from the perspective of hydrological and climatic influence combined with changes in land cover.

Hydrography90m: a new high-resolution global hydrographic dataset

Abstract. The geographic distribution of streams and rivers drives a multitude of patterns and processes in hydrology, geomorphology, geography, and ecology. Therefore, a hydrographic network that accurately delineates both small streams and large rivers, along with their topographic and topological properties, with equal precision would be indispensable in the earth sciences. Currently, available global hydrographies do not feature small headwater streams in great detail. However, these headwaters are vital because they are estimated to contribute to more than 70 % of overall stream length. We aimed to fill this gap by using the MERIT Hydro digital elevation model at 3 arcsec (∼90 m at the Equator) to derive a globally seamless, standardised hydrographic network, the “Hydrography90m”, with corresponding stream topographic and topological information. A central feature of the network is the minimal upstream contributing area, i.e. flow accumulation, of 0.05 km2 (or 5 ha) to initiate a stream channel, which allowed us to extract headwater stream channels in great detail. By employing a suite of GRASS GIS hydrological modules, we calculated the range-wide upstream flow accumulation and flow direction to delineate a total of 1.6 million drainage basins and extracted globally a total of 726 million unique stream segments with their corresponding sub-catchments. In addition, we computed stream topographic variables comprising stream slope, gradient, length, and curvature attributes as well as stream topological variables to allow for network routing and various stream order classifications. We validated the spatial accuracy and flow accumulation of Hydrography90m against NHDPlus HR, an independent, national high-resolution hydrographic network dataset of the United States. Our validation shows that the newly developed Hydrography90m has the highest spatial precision and contains more headwater stream channels compared to three other global hydrographic datasets. This comprehensive approach provides a vital and long-overdue baseline for assessing actual streamflow in headwaters and opens new research avenues for high-resolution studies of surface water worldwide. Hydrography90m thus offers significant potential to facilitate the assessment of freshwater quantity and quality, inundation risk, biodiversity, conservation, and resource management objectives in a globally comprehensive and standardised manner. The Hydrography90m layers are available at https://doi.org/10.18728/igb-fred-762.1 (Amatulli et al., 2022a), and while they can be used directly in standard GIS applications, we recommend the seamless integration with hydrological modules in open-source QGIS and GRASS GIS software to further customise the data and derive optimal utility from it.

Back-Analysis of the Abbadia San Salvatore (Mt. Amiata, Italy) Debris Flow of 27–28 July 2019: An Integrated Multidisciplinary Approach to a Challenging Case Study

On 27–28 July 2019, in a catchment of the Mt. Amiata area (Italy), an extreme rainfall induced a debris flow, which caused a channeled erosive process just upstream of the Abbadia San Salvatore village, the obstruction of a culvert at the entrance to the urban area, and the subsequent flooding of the village. In this paper, we present the back analysis of this event. The complexity of this case study is due to several peculiar characteristics, but above all, to the clogging of the culvert, a phenomenon difficult to simulate numerically. The methodology used for the reconstruction of the event is based on a multidisciplinary approach. A geological field investigation was carried out to characterize the catchment and assess the availability of debris. Then, a cascade of numerical models was employed to reconstruct the debris flow: the FLO-2D software was used to model the runoff along the hydrographic network while the mobile-bed debris flow TRENT2D model, available through the WEEZARD system, was used to quantify both the erosion and deposition processes that occurred during the event. To simulate the culvert clogging, a novel modelling procedure was developed and applied. Despite the challenging framework, the results, in terms of debris volume, erosion rates, deposition area, and timing of the culvert obstruction, agree reasonably well with the observed data. It is worth noticing that these results were obtained mainly using parameters set a priori, namely calibrated on a physical basis. This proves that the proposed methodology is robust and effective, with good predictive capability. Therefore, it may be considered, according to the European Union (EU) Flood Directive, an “appropriate practice and the best available technology that does not imply excessive costs” to support predictive hazard mapping of situations as the one here considered.

Evaluation of factors of origin and intensity of erosion processes in Novosilskaya agro-forest reclaim station

The materials of scientific research provide information about the processes of the origin of ravines on sloping lands. During the snowmelt period, water flows from the plowed fields into the hydrographic network. There are washouts, which cause the erosion processes. The level of soil erosion during snowmelt increases in direct proportion to the length of the slope. There are two sets of factors that have a decisive influence on the formation of erosion processes – natural and anthropogenic. Degradation processes usually appear when the factors of these two complexes are combined. According to the long-term experimental data of the Novosilskaya agro-forest reclaim station, the increase in coastal erosion in length is 1.6 m, and bottom erosion is 2.1 m (on average per year). To protect agricultural landscapes from negative processes of soil erosion, the anti-erosion measures should be applied.

Impacts of climate change on the dysfunction of Mediterranean wetlands: Case of Aguelmam Afennourir - Ramsar Site - the Middle Atlas – Morocco.

The water is a limiting factor for wetlands, especially for those with shallow deep. They are more vulnerable to precipitation disturbance. However, most of these wetlands are suffering from repetitive natural droughts. Example Aguelmam Afennourir wetland classified Ramsar site since 1980. After calculating the Normal Difference Water Index (NDWI), it has undergone severe and repeatedly drying and we have noticed four total dry-outs between 1981 and 2016. It is completely dried in July 1995, July 2000, June 2008, and in November 2016. While its largest extension, 100 % (122 ha) occurred in May 2009, the one before analyzing the historic precipitation for 1981 to 2016 and open water area evolution in the site we have brought that the drying of Aguelmam is closely linked to the irregularity of precipitation. Their drying up causes an ecological disequilibrium and has negative impacts on biodiversity since it has lost water which constitutes the defense of its habitats and biodiversity. Meanwhile, the fauna must leave the site and live the migration risks of searching the living habitat. The analysis of the hydrographic network of the sub-basin in the site reveals the possibility of diverting neighbouring streams toward the Afennourir wetland for heightening its water volume. As a preventive measure to protect the biodiversity of the site and to reduce the anthropogenic action, we propose strengthening the dyke with local materials, to increase the volume and the level of water in the wetland.

The Role of Hydrographic Mapping in the Study of Emerging Aquatic Insects on the Landscape Scale

Emerging aquatic insects constitute one of the main biological flows connecting aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In a landscape, there are many sources of emergence, which vary in space and time. Thus, they must be clearly defined when studying the inland dispersal of aquatic insects. In this study, we defined five types of hydrographic networks (including or not including ponds and ditches) on the basis of cartographic data of varying degrees of detail (from OpenStreetMap to field map) in order to explain the abundance of aquatic insects. We sampled Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Megaloptera (ETPM) with 64 sticky traps homogeneously covering a 75 ha agricultural landscape. The abundance of aquatic insects is logically better explained by the hydrographic networks recorded directly in the field than by the reference network, which is incomplete (OpenStreetMap). The results show that, depending on the sampling period, not all water bodies in the landscape are necessarily sources of emergence. To our knowledge, the issue of defining the sources of emerging aquatic insects has never been raised. Based on a practical example, this short note shows that, by refining the hydrographic network to better match the sources of emergence, the explanatory power of inland aquatic insect abundance can be greatly improved.

Research of Models of Topological Relations of Spatial Objects

In map production it is necessary to keep the spatial relationships between map objects. Generalization is the simplification performed on geographical data when decreasing its representation scale. It is a common practice to simplify each type of spatial objects independently (administrative boundaries first, then road network, hydrographic network, etc.). During the process some spatial conflicts, which require manual correction, arise inevitably. The generalization automation still remains an open issue for data producers and users. Many researchers are working to achieve a higher level of automation. In order to detect the spatial conflicts a refined description of spatial relationships is needed.The paper analyzes models of describing topological relationships of spatial objects: the nine intersections model, the topological chain model and the E-WID model. Each considered model allows to take into account some relations between objects, but does not allow to transfer them exactly. As a result, the task of developing a model of relations preserving topology is relevant. We have proposed an improved model of nine intersections, which takes into account the topological conflict that occurs when a point object is located next to a simplified line. Line simplification is one of the most requested actions in map production and generalization. When the mesh covered the map inside the cell there can be points, line segments and polygonal topological objects, which, if the cell is rather small, are polyline objects. Thus, the issue of simplification of topological objects within a cell is reduced to the issue of simplification of linear objects (polylines). The developed algorithm is planned to be used to solve the problem of consistent generalization of spatial data. The ideas outlined in this article will form the basis of a new index of spatial data that preserves their topological relationships.

Evaluation of Shallow Groundwater Quality at Regional Scales Using Adaptive Water Quality Indices.

Groundwater, which is the main source of water for human consumption in many rural areas, has its quality determined by the complex interaction of environmental factors and anthropogenic activities. The present study evaluated the quality of shallow groundwater (1 to 25 m depth) in the rural area of the Târgovişte Plain, a densely populated area (200 inhabitants/km2) using 80 water samples collected from public wells. In order to explain the spatial distribution of the concentrations of the 19 physicochemical parameters considered (including heavy metals), the evaluation of groundwater quality for human consumption and potential impact on human health was conducted using the Water Quality Index (WQI), Integrated Weight Water Quality Index (IwWQI), Total Hazard Index (THI), and cumulative carcinogenic risk (CCR). For the WQI/IwWQI the comparative analysis of the two indices showed that for the WQI, it is important to select an optimal set of parameters, because use of a large number of physicochemical parameters can eclipse the values that exceed WHO guideline limits. In contrast, the use of entropy in the calculation of the IwWQI did not lead to eclipsing of exceedance, no matter the number of parameters used. Areas with poor and very poor groundwater quality according to the WQI/IwWQI overlapped, with a moderate risk to human health (THI > 1) for noncarcinogenic contaminants and also a risk of developing cancer according to the CCR average value (1.15 × 10−2). The health of 43% of the rural population in the Târgovişte Plain can be affected if they drink contaminated groundwater, and it is estimated that about 600 people can develop cancer during their lifetime. If the risk of developing cancer is reduced only in the rural population that does not have access to a water source from a centralized and verified network, the results suggest that 385 people (1.15%) can develop cancer as a result of consuming groundwater contaminated with heavy metals based on the average value of CCR. This value is lower than the general mortality rate in areas with high CCR and below the average number of cancer patients in Romania (2.65%). The quality of groundwater and the risk of developing diseases and cancer due to water consumption is directly proportional to the intensity of agricultural land use and inversely proportional to the depth of the groundwater layer, the distance from the main hydrographic network and the reservoirs, and the distance from the main city, Târgovişte. The complex and integrated analysis of groundwater quality using quality indices and indicators of health risk for the population, validated by hot-spot analysis and compared to the mortality rate, is an approach with practical applicability. This integrated approach allows public authorities, policymakers, and health services to implement an efficient monitoring program and optimize anthropogenic activities in order to prevent groundwater contamination and finally improve the quality of life for the residents in the area of this study.

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Phytoplankton and Water Quality of Some Rivers of Haute Sanaga Department (Central Africa)

In Cameroon, rivers are subjected to physicochemical disturbances, which increase the degradation of water quality. The aim of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal diversity of the phytoplankton groups and to evaluate the environmental parameters of the sampling sites in order to assess the quality of water in two hydrographic networks. Physicochemicals analyzes were carried out according to the standard methods while phytoplankton organisms were harvested by direct sampling and analyzed by the Utermöhl method. The analysis of Ammonia Nitrogen, Dissolved Oxygen, Electric Conductivity, Nitrates, Orthophosphates, pH, Temperature, and Turbidity.of water revealed the poor state of health of the water. Data from the Long Dry Season differed significantly (p < 0.05) from those recorded in other seasons. The phytoplankton communities were made up of Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, Cyanophyta, and Euglenophyta with 11 classes dominated by Bacilliarophyceae (12 210 Ind/mL) and Cyanophyceae (6 208 Ind/mL). Phytoplankton densities were higher the Long Rainy Season and much lower in the Small Dry Season than in the Long Dry Season. Station near NODISCAM indicated significant organic pollution under the effect of agro-industrial discharges operating upstream of this company. For this station, the different values showed significant differences (p < 0.05) from one station to another. Finally, spatio-seasonal variations of phytoplankton densities showed logical responses to changes of physicochemical conditions in the environment. This work highlights the need to treat wastewater from collection channels before its dump into the natural environment, to prevent progressive eutrophication of the receiving aquatic environment, and poisoning by water consumption.

Automatic vectorization of fluvial corridor features on historical maps to assess riverscape changes

ABSTRACT The vectorization of historical maps is an important scientific issue for understanding the dynamics of change recorded by territories. Historical maps are potentially an excellent source of data for characterizing river changes at large scales. The use of vectorized data is essential for such characterization, as well as for highlighting changes in the planform alignment of such reaches over time. At a regional network scale of several thousand kilometers of river, such work requires the vectorization of several hundred or even thousands of maps. This work proposes an automated vectorization procedure for the hydrographic network detailed in the cartographic resources of the IGN (the French National Mapping Agency). The ultimate goal is to use these historical maps to track the planform evolution of the elementary landscape units (water, bare banks, and riparian vegetation) that constitute river corridors at the basin network scale. The Historical Maps Vectorization Toolbox was developed to automatically vectorize river corridor objects (sediment banks, water surfaces, and vegetation polygons) with a high level of accuracy. The toolbox works with a 2-step process: first it classifies the colors detected on the map, then it reconstructs the objects of the fluvial corridor. We also demonstrate a practical use of the toolbox through measuring changes in the surface area of river networks of several hundred kilometers.

The status and role of genetic diversity of trees for the conservation and management of riparian ecosystems: A European experts' perspective

Abstract Riparian vegetation supports high biodiversity providing many services and is, therefore, an important landscape element. Riparian ecosystems are subject to numerous pressures leading to population decline and genetic erosion of riparian plants. This may have cascading effects at various ecosystem levels, including decreasing ecosystem services, so identifying the current status of genetic diversity of riparian tree species is vital to improve the effectiveness of restoration efforts. We aimed to elicit expert views on the status and importance of genetic diversity of tree species, and conservation needs across European riparian ecosystems. Sharing of such information among researchers, managers and policymakers has the potential to enhance ecological restoration and management of riparian ecosystems. We identified experts in riparian genetic resources conservation and management across Europe. These included stakeholders with different perspectives, ranging from researchers to practitioners. We designed a set of questionnaires where our identified experts were asked to answer questions related to the status and conservation of genetic diversity of riparian tree species in their respective countries. Specifically, we asked about societal awareness, legislative tools, good practices and conservation or restoration projects accounting for intraspecific genetic diversity and differentiation of tree species in riparian ecosystems. Questionnaire responses were analysed and discussed in light of the scientific literature to define needs and priorities related to the management and conservation of genetic diversity of riparian tree species. The experts recognized that a combination of in situ and ex situ measures and/or integrative conservation of riparian ecosystems is the most appropriate option for conserving the genetic diversity of riparian tree species. Simultaneous application of conservation measures at the level of priority species, identified by experts, and protection of riparian areas are required. Synthesis and applications. This study revealed the importance of recognizing the ecological processes that shape the genetic diversity of riparian tree species in hydrographic networks (dendritic spatial configuration, specific patterns of gene flow among riparian populations, fragmentation of river by dams) but also the need to overcome socio‐economic barriers, such as lack of policy priority, deficiency in funding and weak legislation framework.

Preliminary geomorphological and hydrographical characterization of a circular structure in the Marche Region (Central Italy) and its possible origin

The study of Google Earth images of an area located in a southern part of the Marche Region in Central Italy, has revealed a circular feature consisting of a ring system of hills and valleys, both concentric with a central elevation. This morphology was also characterized by different colors of vegetation in cultivated land, and by its hydrographic network. Maps and geological data of the Marche Region were investigated, and a morphometric study showed its main rim to be elliptical, with the long axes oriented about SW-NE. Specifically, the main rim is 373 m high on average, with an average diameter of 3.75 km, and an internal area of 10.5 km2. Four possible processes which could have generated this morphology are investigated: impact cratering, hydrographic organization, brachyanticline, and diapirism. A morphological analysis was performed from the shape indices. The hydrographic parameters do not satisfy Hack's law, excluding a hydrographical origin. Likewise, the available geophysical surveys are not in agreement with the origins from an impact crater and a brachyanticline. The presence of mud extrusions in the area suggests some evidence of a clayey diapiric origin of the structure.

Impacts of road and hydrographic networks in the conditions of the Raut river basin environment

Road infrastructure in the Republic of Moldova represents the totality of road networks classified in express, republican and regional, including a complex of objects that ensure the efficiency of road traffic, such as bridges, gas stations, pedestrian crossings, street lighting, etc. Road construction and maintenance also require changes in geographical systems, including within river basins. The research highlights the impact of the river network on road infrastructure construction and maintenance projects and at the same time the impact of the road network on the river network in the environmental conditions within the Răut river basin. Therefore, the most frequent environmental impressions are left by the relief levelling and geological settlement works, by the extraction and displacement of mineral substances (gravel, sand) according to construction or repair projects, river valley modelling for bridge construction, landscaping of the space adjacent to the roads by deforestation of trees, irradiation of the soil layer, by modification of surface runoff and environmental pollution.

Geospatial modelling of the future urban expansion map using AHP and GIS in Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria

The study aimed to determine the areas of future urban expansion in Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria, by using multi-criteria analysis for decision-making. First, the future population was estimated to calculate the area we would need for the horizon of 2041AD. Second, criteria that contribute to determining the best areas for future expansion were selected based on recent research literature. Six factors were adopted: (industrial areas, agricultural lands, urban areas, road network, slopes, and hydrographic network). Third, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to make a comparison of the previous standards and to extract the weights. Fourth, translating the results obtained in the (QGIS) program and extracting a digital map showing areas suitable for future urban expansion according to three classifications (high spatial suitability, acceptable, and low). The results showed that the areas with high spatial suitability it densely distributed in the northeastern and western directions with an area of 12.42 km² or 23%. It is considered an insufficient area to meet the future need of 2041 AD, which amounted to 14.20 km². Followed by areas with acceptable suitability distributed in four geographical directions, occupying an area of 15.67 km² or 35%, which is a sufficient area and can be placed as a balance to fill the deficit. While the areas with low suitability densely distributed in the east-west sides, with an area of 16.26 km² or 37%. The research proved that the integration between (AHP) and (GIS) technologies have an important role in helping decision-makers identify suitable areas for future expansion, reduce the problems of random urbanization and create a homogeneous sustainable environment. Urban development in the future.

Применение ГИС-технологий для создания пространственных предикторов в целях картографирования экосистемных функций лесов на локальном уровне

The article presents the experience of using GIS technologies to prepare predictors of regression models of carbon stocks created using the random forest machine learning method. The study was conducted on the territory of the Dankovsky district forestry, located in the south of the Moscow region. GIS analysis of spatial data containing information about the relief and hydrographic network of the study area was performed. As a result, morphometric values describing the surface runoff and altitude zonality of the study area have been created, which will be considered as predictors of carbon stock modeling. The article describes GIS tools that allow you to create thematic geospatial products: exposure, slope steepness and curvature; direction, distance and length of the flow line, total flow; average altitude above sea level and distance to the river. In addition, the boundaries of river catchment basins have been identified by means of GIS analysis, within which it is also planned to perform carbon stock modeling.

Quality and potential use of the hydrographic network of north-central Sinaloa, Mexico

Quality and potential use of the hydrographic network of north-central Sinaloa, Mexico

Dynamic surface water maps of Canada from 1984 to 2019 Landsat satellite imagery

Knowledge of the location of surface water in time and space is critical to inform policy on the environment, wildlife, and human welfare. Dynamic surface water maps have been created at continental to global scales from medium and coarse resolution satellite image archives, most notably by Pekel et al. (2016), who mapped global water dynamics from 1984 to 2015 Landsat data. Their occurrence layer, depicting the percentage of time that water was observed in each 30 m resolution cell, has been relied upon heavily by Natural Resources Canada's (NRCan) Emergency Geomatics Service (EGS) to map surface water during flood events. To generate dynamic surface water maps that are optimized for Canada's unique geography, the fully automated EGS surface water mapping methodology was applied in a cloud environment to the 1984–2019 Landsat archive over Canada. National-scale surface water maps and derived inundation frequency akin to Pekel's occurrence, as well as inter-annual wetting and drying trends calculated using per-pixel logistic regression, were produced to form the complete dataset. Separate comparisons of our frequency layer with Pekel's occurrence layer and Canada's water base layer from the National Hydrographic Network (NHN) were conducted. The comparison with Pekel's occurrence showed that our product contains a large number of unique water objects, the majority of which are correct when assessed against Google Earth (GE) imagery. Comparison with the NHN indicated that the NHN contained a large number of permanent water objects that were mapped as ephemeral water objects in our product, with the majority of these being verified in GE as true ephemeral water objects such as floodplains and wetlands. Wetting trends were found to be more than five times greater than drying trends across Canada, with notable wetting in the Prairie Pothole region and Low Arctic verified with examples of statistically significant wetting and drying features. The dataset will enhance EGS flood and river ice mapping operations, provide information on floodplain location and extent, and give insight into the effects of climate change on surface water availability.