Hydrogen Tank Research Articles

Thermal performance of cylindrical and spherical liquid hydrogen tanks

In liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks, the temperature difference between LH2 and the environment leads to the inevitable heat ingress into the storage tanks. Understanding the details of the thermal performance in LH2 storage tanks is necessary to minimize or avoid boil-off gas losses. This paper presents a thermodynamic non-equilibrium model to study the thermal differences between cylindrical and spherical LH2 tanks with the same volumetric capacity. The accuracy of the model is validated with experimental data obtained from cylindrical and spherical tanks. The numerical results show that, in self-pressurized tanks, a spherical geometry results in the lowest pressure increase rate. The pressure increase in horizontal, cylindrical tanks is slower than the corresponding increase in cylindrical tanks oriented vertically. The difference can be related to more effective heat transfer between the vapor and liquid phases in the horizontal cylindrical tanks. A higher initial liquid level increases the thermal mass of the liquid, which suppresses the evaporation rates due to larger heat requirements to warm and evaporate the liquid hydrogen. For tanks under atmospheric pressure, the boil-off gas rate is lowest in the spherical tank while the boil-off gas rates in the horizontal and vertical cylindrical tanks are almost the same. Under these conditions, and quasi-steady state, the total heat absorbed by the tanks is used to evaporate LH2. The spherical tank has the smallest surface area and thus the lowest evaporation rate and the lowest heat transfer from the environment. The evaporation rate is not affected by initial liquid levels.

Towards Sustainable Integration: Techno-Economic Analysis and Future Perspectives of Co-Located Wind and Hydrogen Energy Systems

Abstract This article presents a comprehensive study that focuses on the techno-economic analysis of co-located wind and hydrogen energy integration within an integrated energy system (IES). The research investigates four distinct cases, each exploring various configurations of wind farms, electrolyzers, batteries, hydrogen storage tanks, and fuel cells. To obtain optimal results, the study employs a sophisticated mathematical optimization model formulated as a mixed-integer linear program. This model helps determine the most suitable component sizes and hourly energy scheduling patterns. The research utilizes historical meteorological data and wholesale market prices from diverse regions as inputs, enhancing the study’s applicability and relevance across different geographical locations. Moreover, sensitivity analyses are conducted to assess the impact of hydrogen prices, regional wind profiles, and potential future fluctuations in component prices. These analyses provide valuable insights into the robustness and flexibility of the proposed IES configurations under varying market conditions and uncertainties. The findings reveal cost-effective system configurations, strategic component selections, and implications of future energy scenarios. Specifically comparing to configurations that only have wind and battery combinations, we find that incorporating an electrolyzer results in a 7% reduction in the total cost of the IES, and utilizing hydrogen as the storage medium for fuel cells leads to a 26% cost reduction. Additionally, the IES with hybrid hydrogen and battery energy storage achieves even higher and stable power output. This research facilitates decision-making, risk mitigation, and optimized investment strategies, fostering sustainable planning for a resilient and environmentally friendly energy future.

Preliminary Design of a Cryogenic System with GM Cryocooler for Testing the Hydrogen Condensers of the Distillation Columns

The Experimental Pilot Plant for Tritium and Duterium Separation has been designed and built at the Rm. Valcea National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies to separate deuterium and tritium from deuterated and tritiated water based on two combined processes: catalytic isotope exchange and cryogenic distillation. For this, additional experimental stands were developed for testing different components of the columns, such as the cold box, heat exchangers, condensers, and boilers. This paper presents the design of a new generation of fin condensers that avoids film condensation and allows the dropwise condensation mode. A small-scale cryogenic system equipped with a hydrogen liquefaction unit is presented as an alternative for condenser conductivity testing. The condenser is fixed on a hydrogen tank that is protected by a radiation shield and mounted inside a vacuum chamber. The proposed method is to continuously liquefy hydrogen using a two-stage Gifford McMahon 4K cycle cryocooler. A method for estimating the liquefaction rate was proposed and confirmed by the test results.

Design, modeling, and analysis of a PV/T and PEM fuel cell based hybrid energy system for an off-grid house

Net-zero emission targets have imposed the transition to clean and efficient energy technologies, considering the problems arising from the discontinuous and variable nature of renewable energy resources. Integrated energy systems based on solar and hydrogen energy are becoming essential to obtain uninterrupted power, especially for off-grid applications. This study focuses on the design, modeling, and evaluation of such a system that meets the energy consumption of a residence in Türkiye. The framework basically consists of photovoltaic/thermal panels (PV/Ts), batteries, a PEM electrolyzer (PEM-El), hydrogen (H2) storage tanks, and PEM fuel cells (PEM-FC). A zero-dimensional mathematical model was developed for each of the components of the system. Yearly analyses were conducted with a new control strategy based on power balancing, and dynamic variations in power generated by the PV/T panel, the SOCs of batteries, the power consumption of the PEM-El, the power generated by the PEM-FC and the amount of hydrogen in the tank were examined. The results showed that the electricity requirement of a 100 m2 house can be met continuously for a year with 20 PV/T panels (total area of 32.71 m2) with a total capacity of 62 kW, 8 batteries with a total capacity of 192 kWh, and 7 H2 storage tanks with a total capacity of 29.4 kg. It was also shown that the electricity needs of the house is met by stored hydrogen between December and April. Furthermore, the hybrid system’s economic evaluation was carried out and the investment cost of the system was calculated.

Novel custom-made design and analysis of hydrogen PEM fuel cell for high endurance small UAV applications.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new methodology to devise a custom-made hydrogen-based proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system for a class of experimental fixed-wing small unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs). The proposed fuel cell provides three times higher flight endurance than the conventional battery-based powertrain. The chosen SUAV represents a class of high-altitude UAVs, having an operational altitude of 4500m (14,760ft), cruising speed of 12-20m/s (39.4-65.6 ft/s), take-off weight of 4kg, wing-span of 1.61 m (5.28 ft) and battery-powered flight endurance of 1 h. The characteristic parameters and design configurations of the fuel cell are determined by employing the first principles of electrochemistry and thermodynamics. Corresponding simulations are performed using popular development tools like MATLAB/Simulink. The vital results in the form of - polarization and power curves for fuel cells, against the current density are obtained, which are further narrowed down to meet the target power requirements for determining the size of the hydrogen storage tank. The paper also comments on the auxiliary systems and fuel cell powertrain for SUAVs. Finally, the design efficiency of 54% for the fuel cell is achieved with respect to equivalent voltage for heating value with the calculated hydrogen storage tank size of 5.688ls. This yields three times higher flight endurance as compared to the flight time found in literature for the same class of SUAVs.

Techno-economic analysis of type III and IV composite hydrogen storage tanks for fuel cell vehicles

The hydrogen gas storage tank market includes passenger cars and heavy-duty trucks. However, there is insufficient economic analysis of these tanks, which is the key element for achieving market expansion. Theoretical studies have investigated the cost of carbon composites in automotive and aerospace applications and hydrogen storage tanks. However, there is insufficient analysis based on actual technological and cost data. Moreover, there is limited analysis of the material, labor, and expense costs and equipment investments based on production quantities. The objective of this study is to analyze the costs related to hydrogen tanks in passenger cars and heavy-duty trucks on the basis of the manufacturing technologies, tank volume, type, and annual production. Furthermore, this study uses a cost – profit modeling approach to identify the cost, price, investment, and key cost drivers and provide target costs, effective manufacturing technologies, and strategies to meet the demands of the hydrogen tank market.

Energy analysis of a hydrogen integrated system in the residential sector

Nowadays, buildings are responsible for almost 40% of global energy consumption, which is addressed by thermal (e.g., heating, cooling, and hot water) and electric (e.g., lighting and household appliances) loads. To meet the residential energy demand and, at the same time, ensure the decarbonisation of the energy infrastructure, hydrogen-based cogeneration systems might represent a viable solution. This work aims at evaluating the performance of a green hydrogen integrated system consisting of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyser, hydrogen storage tanks, and a PEM fuel cell to meet both the electricity and, partially, the thermal energy demands of a condominium located in the center of Italy. The analysis considers a single energy scenario in which a Photovoltaic (PV) plant installed on the roof is directly connected with the hydrogen integrated system without any withdrawal from the national grid (e.g., off-grid operation mode). Results showed that, during the year, the user is completely self-sufficient from the electricity demand point of view. Furthermore, 22% of the thermal need can be satisfied through the fuel cell cogeneration system.

Preliminary analysis of refilling cold-adsorbed hydrogen tanks

The effective storage of hydrogen is a critical challenge that needs to be overcome for it to become a widely used and clean energy source. Various methods exist for storing hydrogen, including compression at high pressures, liquefaction through extreme cooling (i.e. -253 °C), and storage with chemical compounds. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. MAST3RBoost (Maturing the Production Standards of Ultraporous Structures for High Density Hydrogen Storage Bank Operating on Swinging Temperatures and Low Compression) is a European funded Project aiming to establish a reliable benchmark for cold-adsorbed H2 storage (CAH2) at low compression levels (100 bar or below). This is achieved through the development of advanced ultraporous materials suitable for mobility applications, such as hydrogen-powered vehicles used in road, railway, air, and water transportation. The MAST3RBoost Project utilizes cutting-edge materials, including Activated Carbons (ACs) and high-density MOFs (Metal-organic Frameworks), which are enhanced by Machine Learning techniques. By harnessing these materials, the project seeks to create a groundbreaking path towards meeting industry goals. The project aims to develop the world’s first adsorption-based demonstrator at a significant kg-scale. To support the design of the storage tank, the project employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, which allows for numerical investigations. In this paper, a preliminary analysis of the tank refilling process is presented, with a focus on the impact of the effect of the tank and hydrogen temperatures on quantity of hydrogen adsorbed.

Techno-economic optimization of hydrogen generation through hybrid energy system: A step towards sustainable development

The present study aims to design and optimize a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) to facilitate a remote community's electricity and hydrogen load demand at Dungri, Uttarakhand, India. The methodology includes an assessment of energy demand, local resource availability, and the nature of the inhabitant. The findings shows techno-economically an optimal HRES, consisting of 90 kW PV, 25 kW Bio-generator, 30 kW electrolyser, 15 kW hydrogen tank, 10 kWh storage and a 30 kW converter with Net present value (NPV) of Rs. 78.4 lakhs, cost of energy (COE) as Rs. 7.61/kWh and cost of hydrogen (COH) Rs. 330/kg. Annual electricity generation is of 250641 kWh/year and yearly average hydrogen generation of 1838 kg through electricity consumption of 80462 kWh/year and can be utilized for 26280 km/year of operation of hydrogen fuelled buses. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis reveals that, rise in the hydrogen load, boost up the system's NPV and COE, whereas,the COH reduces. Amount of annual CO2 emission and avoided are 53.9 kg, 209.12 t, respectively. Moreover, it infers that the proposed system serves isolated rural communities with high-quality energy and satisfies local hydrogen fuel demand in the transportation sector in economically viable manner and achieves the SDG 7 & 8.

Hybrid solar energy systems with hydrogen and electrical energy storage for a single house and a midrise apartment in North America

Allowing deeper penetration of renewable energy technologies through the adaptation of hybrid systems is unanimously considered critical for decarbonizing the building sector. The objective of this research is to analyze and contrast different renewable energy systems utilizing PV panels, an electrolyzer, and a fuel cell (FC) in a single-house and a midrise apartment located in North America. The study uses HOMER software to simulate and optimize three types of systems: PV/battery bank, PV/hydrogen, and PV/battery bank/hydrogen. The findings indicate that larger batteries can be utilized in place of the electrolyzer and fuel cell, but they incur a higher net present cost (NPC) due to their expensive initial investment. Therefore, a combination of PV arrays, hydrogen, and smaller battery banks can significantly reduce the net present cost of the system while also achieving efficient performance. After conducting an economic analysis of various setups for a single house, the research indicates that a configuration of 522 kW photovoltaic (PV) panels, 150 kW electrolyzer, 20 kW fuel cell, 200 kg hydrogen tank, 18.6 kW converter, and 159 batteries offers the most favorable results in Toronto, Canada. This configuration achieves lower NPC and levelized cost of energy (COE) than the PV/hydrogen system. In addition, according to the optimum design of the hydrogen system for the midrise apartment, the PV/battery bank/hydrogen configuration has a lower NPC and COE than the PV/hydrogen system, which shows that adding the battery to the system lowers the cost and offer short and long-term energy storage. The optimum design was then verified by implementing a sensitivity analysis to evaluate different solar radiation, electric load, derating factor and tilt angle of the PV array.

Stability and Failure Mechanisms of Al2O3|Al Bilayer Coatings Exposed to 300 Bar Hydrogen at 673 K

Hydrogen barrier coatings are important for future hydrogen economy to enable materials for applications in hydrogen tanks. In the present study, coatings consisting of amorphous Al2O3 (≈100 nm) synthesized by plasma ion‐assisted deposition on top of crystalline metallic Al (≈100 nm) are exposed to 300 bar hydrogen pressure at 673 K for 6 days. This is done to mimic and accelerate conditions in hydrogen storage containers for metallic hydrides. They remain intact after such harsh conditions, although changes do occur. Blister‐like features are observed consisting of a buckled oxide layer while the metallic Al layer underneath is retracted. As these features are also found for coatings annealed under 1 bar Ar atmosphere it is concluded that they are not related to the formation of gas bubbles but they form due to solid‐state dewetting. This is different to literature observation where H2 bubbles are reported as a consequence of interface diffusion of H/H+ species present due to the initial precursor used for film deposition. The mechanical properties of the coatings, which are evaluated from nanoindentation load–displacement curves, change only moderately. Overall, the study shows that Al2O3|Al coatings are suitable candidates to prevent hydrogen ingress, but dewetting due to long‐term exposure at elevated temperatures must be prevented.

Modeling and simulation of dynamic characteristics of a green ammonia synthesis system

Green ammonia production system driven by renewable electricity will be under frequent dynamic operation due to the fluctuation of renewable energy. The nonlinear dynamic model of a green ammonia synthesis system is developed and the dynamic responses of PEM (proton exchange membrane) electrolysis subsystem, PSA (Pressure swing adsorption) subsystem and ammonia synthesis subsystem during the start-up process and under the fluctuation of renewable electrical current are analyzed. The start-up dynamic results show that the hydrogen production rate of PEM electrolysis system is positively correlated to the current. The nitrogen output of PSA system is affected by the adsorption time, adsorption pressure, bed length, and air velocity. A start-up period of 300 min from the warmed-up state to the design state can maintain the temperature rise rate of the ammonia synthesis reactor at approximately 40 K/h. The dynamic results under step fluctuations of electrical current show that the PEM electrolysis subsystem and the PSA subsystem response fast compared to the ammonia synthesis reactor and buffer tanks. Using large buffer tanks to smooth the fluctuation allows the system to slide with the variation of renewable current to some extent, resulting in a higher outlet ammonia fraction when the current increases. Different volume ratios of the hydrogen tank to the nitrogen tank volume can lead to different variations of the hydrogen/nitrogen ratio. PID controllers can effectively maintain the bed temperatures, hydrogen/nitrogen ratio, and pressure of the ammonia synthesis reactor at their set points despite fluctuations in renewable electrical current. Buffer tanks are necessary to compensate for the imbalance between the flow rate fluctuation caused by current change and the flow rate regulation caused by PID controllers.

Numerical simulation and optimization analysis of low temperature adsorption hydrogen storage

In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric hydrogen storage tank model is established based on the D-A model using software to simulate the activated carbon adsorption hydrogen storage filling process numerically. The distribution of pressure inside the tank under the boundary conditions of 0.5 atm–1 atm is obtained, and the trends and rates of pressure changes inside the tank under different boundary conditions are compared. The temperature distribution inside the tank is investigated under the initial temperature of 293.15 K, the external condition of 77 K, and the convective heat transfer coefficient inside and outside the tank is 20 W/(m2·K), and the influence of adsorption materials on the temperature distribution inside the tank is compared with that of different thermal conductivity coefficients, and the general trend is that the temperature is higher and then lower, the temperature inside the tank is relatively high near the center axis, and the temperature near the tank wall is relatively low, and the addition of ribs can The addition of ribs can reduce the temperature inside the tank. This paper also calculates the adsorption amount of hydrogen at different pressures (0–7 MPa) and temperatures (80 K–260 K), and finds that the adsorption amount is the largest at 80 K and 7 MPa, with a value of 39.3 mol/kg. The novelty of this study is the coupling of many different physical fields to bring the results closer to reality and to give directions for optimization.

Numerical approach to analyze fluid flow in a type C tank for liquefied hydrogen carrier (part 2: Thermal flow)

The present study aimed to analyze and compare vacuum insulation systems suitable for a type C liquid hydrogen storage tank. Multiphase thermal analysis was conducted via computational fluid dynamics, and experimental results for the boil-off rate (BOR) of a type C liquid nitrogen storage tank were obtained to verify the simulation technique. The simulation results showed a maximum error of 0.941 % compared to experimental results. Three insulation systems with superior thermal performance were selected and compared in a 3D system. The Vacuum+MLI Mylar-net insulation system showed the best thermal performance, with a result of 0.189 %/day. An analysis of the parts vulnerable to heat loss was conducted. These findings contribute to the development of high-performance insulation systems for the safe and economic transportation of liquid hydrogen. The study is an important resource for assessing insulation performance during the design phase and preventing local heat loss during operation.

Modeling, optimization, and economic analysis of a comprehensive CCHP system with fuel cells, reverse osmosis, batteries, and hydrogen storage subsystems Powered by renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources are gaining significant interest due to their potential to decrease pollution resulting from the utilization of fossil fuels for generating electricity that is environmentally friendly. In this study, an innovative combined cooling, heating, and power cycle that makes use of geothermal, solar, and wind energy was examined. The 100 residential units are investigated throughout the year by a number of different subsystems, including photovoltaic-thermal panel, Wind Turbine, Steam Turbines, Fuel Cells, Heat pumps, Reverse Osmosis, Electrolyzer, batteries, and a hydrogen storage tank. The model of six European cities "Marseille, Monaco, Montpellier, Naples, Perpignan and Rome" located in Italy and France was the subject of this research. Transient assessment and the response surface method were employed in this study's optimization in TRNSYS. With the help of design of experiments, a few simulation scenarios were created, and response surface method was then utilized to examine the outcomes. Based on the findings, the optimal system greatly decreased the yearly life cycle costs of the boiler, the thermal comfort rating, the overall cost of consuming electricity, and the cost of natural gas consumption. The results demonstrate that the suggested system efficiency is increased by the addition of hydrogen storage and battery, and that the employment of fuel cells and WTs stabilizes the system's power output at all times of the day and night. According to the findings, Montpellier was the best city in terms of electricity generation, cost, and natural gas usage. The total amount of energy generated by the urban system over the course of a year is 425690.937 kWh/year, of which 121217.314 kWh/year are sold to the grid and the remainder is used to power homes. The annual use of natural gas is 47547.706 m3/year, while the annual production of freshwater is 3756.07 m3/year. The findings of the optimization showed that Montpellier's system, which includes 185 solar panels and 6 wind turbines, performs better than other systems.

Exploring fatigue characteristics of metallic boss-polymer liner adhesion in hydrogen storage tanks: Experimental insights post surface treatment

Progress in hydrogen fuel powered systems has been propelled by the implementation of secure, reliable, and cost-effective hydrogen storage and transportation technologies. The fourth category, distinguished by a polymer liner serving as a hydrogen diffusion barrier, fully encapsulated within a fiber-reinforced composite to bestow structural integrity, has garnered substantial attention from the automotive industry due to its lightweight nature and rational manufacturing process. The method of rotomolding has sparked interest among manufacturers due to its capability to directly bond the metallic component to the polymer substrate, specifically the liner, thus negating the need for welding and its attendant imperfections. In fact, a pivotal facet of fourth-generation hydrogen storage systems revolves around the interface connection between the polymer liner and the metallic boss, posing as a structural Achilles' heel. For the study's purposes, a scaled-down demonstrator was fabricated using rotomolding in which a nozzle-liner interface mimics the boss-liner interface of the actual system. This demonstrator was designed to facilitate the mechanical characterization of the interface under quasi-static and fatigue loading. The thermal cycling phases of rotational molding and the surface treatments undertaken have been optimized in order to enhance direct adhesion within the metal-polymer interface. This study commences by assessing the efficacy of two treatments (sandblasting and flaming) applied to the aluminum nozzle surface. Subsequently, we explore the adhesion microstructural and mechanical characteristics of the treated nozzle onto a medium-density polyethylene polymer (liner). Lastly, we delve into an exploration of the damage and fatigue behaviors endemic to the metal-polymer interface region. The obtained Wöhler curves disclose a linear trend for the metal-polymer interface. Moreover, the metal-polymer interface evinces heightened resilience against damage and fracture for sandblasted interfaces. This inquiry underscores the potency of innovative polymer-metal interfaces treatment in amplifying the reliability and robustness of hydrogen storage technology.

Thermal Study of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites Using Multiscale Modeling.

The layered fibers of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites exhibit low thermal conductivity (TC) throughout their thickness due to the poor TC of the polymeric resin. Improved heat transmission inside the hydrogen storage tank during the filling process can reduce further compression work, and improved heat insulation can minimize energy loss. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the thermal properties of composites. This paper reports the thermal behavior of plain-woven CFRP composite using simulation at the micro-, meso-, and macro-scales. The TC was predicted numerically and compared to experimental findings and analytical models. Good results were found. Using the approach of multi-scale modeling, a parametric study was carried out to analyze in depth the influence of certain variables on thermal properties. The study revealed that both fiber volume fraction and temperature significantly influenced the TC of the composite, with the interphase fiber/matrix thickness following closely in terms of impact. The matrix porosity was found to have a relatively slighter impact, particularly within the porosity range of 5 to 15%.

Stochastic optimal dispatch of offshore-onshore regional integrated energy system based on improved state-space approximate dynamic programming

The offshore-onshore regional integrated energy system (OORIES), which includes offshore gas production platforms and wind farms, along with the onshore gas-fired combined cooling, heating, and power supply campus, can effectively improve economic and environmental benefits by the complementary and coupling operation of multiple energies. In this paper, multi-energy coupling elements and multiple energy networks in the OORIES are modeled in detail. Considering the stochastic fluctuation of the offshore gas source and wind power output, a stochastic optimal dispatch (SOD) model of OORIES with multiple energy storages, including associated gas storage, hydrogen and heat storage tanks is proposed. Furthermore, a carbon trading mechanism is introduced to ensure the environmental benefits. An improved state-space approximate dynamic programming (SSADP) algorithm is proposed to solve the SOD model. By using the approximate value functions, the multi-period SOD model is decoupled into a series of single-period optimization models which are recursively solved period by period. The approximate analytical expression of the value function concerning states of each period is obtained based on the polynomial approximation, and combined with the transition probability matrices of stochastic quantities, an accurate and efficient solution for each single-period optimization model is obtained. A case study on an OORIES, and compared with the scenario-based algorithm, chance-constrained programming algorithm and traditional SSADP algorithm, demonstrates the effectiveness and high efficiency of the proposed method.

Evaluation of the Dynamic Stability of Underground Structures Assuming a Hydrogen Gas Explosion Disaster in a Shallow Underground Hydrogen Storage Facility

Amid the ongoing global warming crisis, there has been growing interest in hydrogen energy as an environmentally friendly energy source to achieve carbon neutrality. A stable and large-scale hydrogen storage infrastructure is essential to satisfy the increasing demand for hydrogen energy. Particularly for hydrogen refueling stations located in urban areas, technological solutions are required to ensure the stability of adjacent civil structures in the event of hydrogen storage tank explosions. In this study, a numerical analysis using equivalent trinitrotoluene (TNT) and Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) models was employed to analyze the dynamic behavior of the ground in response to hydrogen gas explosions in shallow underground hydrogen storage facilities and to assess the stability of nearby structures against explosion effects. According to the simulation results, it was possible to ensure the structural stability of nearby buildings and tunnel structures by maintaining a minimum separation distance. In the case of nearby building structures, a distance of at least 6 to 7 m is needed to be maintained from the underground hydrogen storage facility to prevent explosion damage from a hydrogen gas explosion. For nearby tunnel structures, a distance of at least 10 m is required to ensure structural stability.

Cooperative scheduling and trading in sustainable water-integrated and networked energy systems incorporating power-to-gas

This paper presents a stochastic and cooperative approach for the operation of a cluster of interconnected multi-energy systems. The proposed model investigates the interaction among energy systems with the upstream grid and neighbor energy systems. In this model, the hydrogen systems (consisting of fuel cell, electrolyzer, and hydrogen storage tank) and water system (water well, desalination unit, and water storage tank) are integrated into the electrical, heating, and cooling systems to provide an efficient and reliable structure for the energy systems. The proposed model studies the performance of energy system agents in both decentralized and cooperative scheduling. In the decentralized framework, each agent is responsible for locally supplying different energy demands with their resources and trading energy with the main grid. In the decentralized framework, peer-to-peer energy trading between neighbor energy systems is impossible. Also, each agent can trade energy with the upstream grid and other neighbor energy systems in the cooperative framework. The simulation result shows that the proposed cooperative model decreases the operation cost of the system by $ 56.9. Also, the water storage system reduces the operation cost by 5.78 % (86.23 $) and 3.28 % (49.61 $) in the cooperative and decentralized modes, respectively.