Hydrogen Peroxide Radical Scavenging Assays Research Articles

A Folk Medicine: <i>Passiflora incarnata</i> L. Phytochemical Profile with Antioxidant Potency

Passiflora incarnata L., commonly called folk medicine declaredly used for an enormous range of therapeutic purposes, one such is antioxidant potency. The study prioritized to determine the phytochemical analysis of total phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins contents as well as the antioxidant properties through 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) quenching assay, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation decolorization test, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays of ethanol extract of P. incarnata leaves.The organoleptic characteristics such as color, odor, appearance, taste, and other characters such as drying range and fiber contents were analyzed as preliminary data. Analytical parameters like total phenolic content, total tannins, total alkaloid content, and total flavonoid with multiple antiradical scavenging activity (DPPH, ABTS, superoxide and H2O2 scavenging assays) with IC50 (μg/mL) in terms of inhibition percentage with various concentrations of the ethanolic extract studied.P. incarnata possessed a high radical scavenging activity with a phenolic content of 2.48 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract in leaves, whereas the total flavonoid content was 2.1, respectively.High antioxidant activity was noticed in P. incarnata extract, in which might be of higher levels of flavonoids and phenols. Findings in the studies revealed that P. incarnata is a veritable source for antioxidant drug bioprospecting in scientific research and pharmaceutical industries.

The Effect of Substituents and Functional Groups on Enhancing the Antioxidant Activity of Benzoin Derivatives

Background: 2-phenyl hydrazine-1-hydroxy, 1-[2-chlorophenyl] -2-4’-methoxyphenyl] ethane and 2-oxime-1-hydroxy, 1-[2-chlorophenyl] -2-4’-methoxyphenyl] ethane derivatives of benzoin have been synthesized from 2’chloro-4-methoxy benzoin by addition reaction. Structural elucidation of the synthesized compounds was carried out through FT-IR, FT-NMR studies. The presence of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups enhanced the antioxidant activity, which was analyzed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay methods. The effect of functional groups and substituents in the core structure was studied and compared with its parent compound. Aim and Objective: In this manuscript, two derivatives of benzoin viz. 2-phenyl hydrazine-1-hydroxy, 1-[2-chlorophenyl] -2-[4’-methoxyphenyl] ethane and 2-oxime-1-hydroxy, 1-[2-chlorophenyl]-2-[4’- methoxyphenyl] ethane (HA) derivatives were synthesized by benzoin condensation and followed by addition reaction to find a potential anti-oxidant agent. Materials and Methods: Qualitative analyses were determined by FT-IR and FT-NMR studies. Antioxidant activities were tested by DPPH assay, ABTS assay, and FRAP assay H2O2 methods. Results: From the obtained results, it is confirmed that the effect of withdrawing and electron releasing groups as a substituent in the core structure of parent compounds enhances the activity of antioxidant. The role of substituents is discussed in detail. Conclusion: The results of the biochemical assay reveal that the synthesized compounds serve as good free radical inhibitors and scavengers, which inhibit the oxidative reactions, and are responsible for cell damage, food spoilage, etc. The promising anti-oxidant activities are because of the effective substituents which play a prominent role in the drug industries.

In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Costus igneus leaf fractions

Costus igneus Nak is an ethnobotanical plant used in the management of several inflammatory and oxidative stress-related disorders. There is a need to scientifically validate its use in ethnomedicine. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of fractions from ethanol extract of C. igneus leaf using in vitro methods. Crude ethanol extract of C. igneus leaf was successively partitioned to obtain hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions. The fractions were screened for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity using erythrocyte membrane stabilization and inhibition of protein denaturation assays. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried out using 1-1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 6.0 and p value was set at 0.05. The percentage yield of the crude ethanol extract of C. igneus leaf was 25.40%. The aqueous fraction (37.05%) had the highest percentage yield, followed by butanol fraction (34.33%), hexane fraction (16.58%) and the ethyl acetate fraction (12.04%). Anti-inflammatory studies showed that C. igneus butanol fraction (CIBF) had the highest erythrocyte membrane stabilizing effect (IC50 = 140.61 µg/mL) and highest percentage inhibition of protein denaturation (IC50 = 20.40 µg/mL) when compared to the hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. Antioxidant study also showed that CIBF had the highest percentage inhibition of DPPH radicals (IC50 = 18.36 µg/mL), highest nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 67.26 µg/mL) and highest hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 160.50 µg/mL) when compared to the hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. The findings showed that CIBF demonstrated remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro. Key words: Costus igneus, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, In vitro, Butanol fraction.

In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Parangipattai Rasayanam (PRM)- A Siddha Polyherbal Formulation

Background: The Siddha system of medicine uses a interesting combination of herbs, minerals and metals to promote good health and longevity. Parangipattai Rasayanam is a polyherbal formulation mentioned in the Siddha literature and is indicated for Soolai (Pain), Viranam (Various ulcers), Kiranthi (Venereal diseases), Kuttam (Skin diseases), Gunmam (peptic ulcer) and Moorchai.
 Aim: Evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant activity of Parangipattai Rasayanam.
 Materials & Methods: The antioxidant activity of Parangipattai Rasayanam was evaluated by using various assays such as DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl) Assay, Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Assay, ABTS Assay, Hydrogen Peroxide Radical Scavenging Assay.
 Result: Parangipattai Rasayanam has promising anti-oxidant activity in the estimated assays.

Investigation of Antioxidant Activity and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds of some Asteraceae Plants by HPLC: A Comparison Between Methanol and Ethanol Extracts

Background: Medicinal and healing plants have been used in treating human diseases for centuries because of their therapeutic effects. They may assist in curing common ailments such as a multitude of skin problems, various disorders from muscle spasms to cuts and wounds. They can be used to relieve symptoms of different illnesses from cold to some forms of arthritis or some allergies as well. The Asteraceae plant is a strong source of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents and this paper focuses on its specifications. Objectives: The specific aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant potential and radical scavenging of different solvents (Methanol and Ethanol) of five species i.e.Artemisia absinthium L., Arctium lappa L., Centaurea cyanus L., Silybum marianum L., and Echinops ritro L. belonging to the Asteraceae family. Methods: Methanol and ethanol extracts of the above plants were prepared. The obtained extracts were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), chain-breaking activity (CBA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Also, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging and Superoxide (O2 -) radical inhibition assay were measured. Phenolic compounds were determined and measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well. Results: The collected and analyzed data showed that the highest values for the TPC, TFC, TBA, and DPPH were related to methanol extract of A. lappa L. Moreover, maximum values for the CBA, H2O2 and O2 - were observed in the ethanol extract of E. ritro L., while methanol extract of E. ritro L. showed the highest amount of FRAP and NO. Eventually, the highest value for TAC was related to A. absintium L. and it was also realized that methanol compared to ethanol solvent was more successful in the extraction procedure. Conclusions: These findings suggest that A. lappa L. and E. ritro L. extracts can be considered as excellent natural antioxidant agents and the type of the solvent can affect the extraction of phenolic compounds. Sinapic acid as the highest level of phenolic acid was found in S. marianum L.

An Anti-radical, Cytoprotective, Anti-proliferative, Anti-inflammatory and Toxicological Assessment of Metallo-porphyrins Isolated from Fresh Leaves of Spinacia oleracea L.

Aim: Synthetic lead molecules are associated with host of adverse effects while medicinal molecules isolated from natural sources are blessed with both safety as well as efficacy. The ancient doctrine of Ayurveda ardently advocates the therapeutic virtues contained in green leaves of Spinacia oleracea L. The principal constituent of the leaves is the class of metalloporphyrin chlorophyll, which is also the floral counterpart of faunal heme. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and chlorophyll-b (Chl-b) are the cardinal members of the chlorophyll family.
 Study design: Herein, we have explored the anti-radical, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative efficacy of Chl-a and Chl-b in reference to standard drug and crude extract of Spinacia leaves. The current study is aimed to establish, naturally mined metaloporphyrins as safe and efficacious replacement of synthetic leads that are associated with a wide range of toxicological issues.
 Methodology: Using a combination of Silica Gel-G column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography, the two principal green metallo-porphyrins (Chl-a and Chl-b) were sequentially extracted and isolated from crude extract of Spinacia oleracea L leaves. Antiradical efficacy, of the isolated green porphyrins was quantified by DPPH and Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay. Cytoprotective efficacy was evaluated using ex-vivo hemolysis assay and anti-inflammatory potency was attested employing carrageenan induced paw edema bioassay. To enumerate on the anti-proliferative potency, MTT assay was employed, while toxicology of the isolates was evaluated employing OECD 420 acute toxicity guidelines.
 Findings: The study confirmed that isolated green porphyrins Chl-a and Chl-b as well as crude extract all exerts significant anti-radical, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative efficacy however while potency of Chl-a was at par with that of reference standard and superior to the crude extract, Chl-b clocked in a value inferior to both. Furthermore, acute toxicity study indicated that even at p.o. dose of 2000mg/Kg b.w, no toxicity was manifested in either of the metalloporpyrin treated groups thus ascertaining the safe nature of the naturally mined metalloporphyrin entities. Also naturally mined Chl-a is not only a safer alternative to synthetic medicine but it is more potent and safe than its parent extract popularly used in herbal medicine.
 Conclusion: The results of the study indicates that Chl-a having a more profound structural resemblance to heme than Chl-b can be further modulated as a cost-effective and safe anti-radical alternative to synthetic leads in inhibiting inflammation and untoward cell proliferative while extending cyto-protection from pathological ROS generated in diseased states.

Antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase inhibition and acute oral toxicity of Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe (Dilleniaceae) leaf extract

Context: Hyperuricemia is a metabolic syndrome characterized by a high serum uric acid level with an increased risk of gout, diabetes, cardiovascular and renal disease. Allopurinol is a widely known xanthine oxidase inhibitor that lowers serum uric acid production. Documented adverse effects of the drug raise the need for a natural alternative for xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is safe and effective. This research is driven to address the need by capitalizing on previous studies made on the Dillenia species showing nephroprotective and antihyperuricemic activity. Aims: To evaluate the antioxidant capacity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and acute toxicity of Dillenia philippinensis; a plant locally known as Katmon and endemic to the Philippines. Methods: The D. philippinensis ethanolic leaf extract (DPELE) was partitioned using solvents of different polarities, hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol. The antioxidant activity of the DPELE and the sub-extracts was assessed using nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays against ascorbic acid, while the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was examined against allopurinol as a standard. The acute toxicity was performed using Sprague-Dawley rats following OECD 425 guidelines. Results: The D. philippinensis ethyl acetate fraction (DPEAF) had the highest scavenging activity of nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl (IC50 = 210.00, 70.92 and 59.88 µg/mL) free radicals, respectively. Also, the xanthine oxidase dose-dependent inhibitory activity was observed to be highest in the DPEAF with an IC50 = 23.09 µg/mL. Lastly, neither toxicity nor mortalities were observed in rats treated with the DPELE and the DPEAF for 14 days. The approximate lethal dose for DPELE and DPEAF was higher than 2000 mg/kg BW. Conclusions: This study shows that the DPELE and DPEAF are potential sources of natural antioxidants and xanthine oxidase inhibitors, which may be used in the treatment of hyperuricemia and are presumed safe to be used orally.

Antioxidant Activities of Resveratrol Loaded Poloxamer 407: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Resveratrol (RES) is a bioactive molecule with potent antioxidant properties, and it constitutes an essential component of herbal medicine. This study was designed to use a nano-syntheses approach to encapsulate RES in Poloxamer 407 nanoparticles. This type of nano-construction has been employed in a variety of biological applications, both in vitro and in vivo. The contribution of this nano-construct is to increase antioxidant activity over the pure RES was investigate. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays were utilized in vitro. RES-loaded poloxamer 407 showed concentration-dependent scavenging action in the range of 20-80 µg.ml-1, with a maximum activity of 80.1% at 80 µg.ml-1. Whereas pure RES had a decrement of 61.7%. While the activity of positive control (Vit. C) was 93.2%. The magnitude of blood hemolysis examination was 3.9% at 80 µg.ml-1. That may indicate RES-loaded poloxamer 407 provide significant red blood cell protection. The pure RES did not prevent the appearance of abnormal cells (echinocytes), and that was cured by RES-loaded poloxamer 407. Finally, the safety of RES-loaded poloxamer 407 was assessed in vivo. Male mice were invested to detect the functions of their liver and kidney. A histopathological study was included as well. The findings showed that RES-loaded poloxamer 407 might have superior characters as a drug delivery system, nutritional supplements, and may be used in pharmaceutical products.

Promoting Wheat Growth by Priming Grains with Water Extracts of Nostoc muscorum and Arthrospira platensis

This study was conducted to evaluate different priming treatments for wheat grains with Nostoc muscorum, and Arthrospira platensis water extracts for different periods (2, 6, and 12 h). The results showed that priming treatments for 12 h induced growth parameters of the emerging wheat seedlings (lengths of shoot and root, and their fresh and dry weights). Also, pigments, carbohydrates, and proteins content were improved in response to different priming treatments. The highest estimates of all measured parameters are recorded for A. platensis water extract followed by N. muscorum water extract and finally for tryptophan (as a synthetic growth stimulator). Biochemical analyses of A. platensis water extract showed the presence of secondary metabolites as phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Such compounds may be responsible for the antioxidant activity of A. platensis water extract which was determined by using DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and phosphomolybdenum radical scavenging assays. Furthermore, A. platensis water extract was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyses which indicates the presence of different bioactive compounds in this extract, mainly 2-Pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecane-1-ol, and 3-Amino-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid. These components, in addition to other detected ones, may be acted synergistically to promote the growth of the wheat seedlings compared to the tested controls.

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF RHUS JAVANICA LINN.

Objective: The present work presents determination of physicochemical parameters of the leaves and the antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of leaves, fruits and bark of Rhus javanica L.
 Methods: The leaves of Rhus javanica L. was used for the determination of physicochemical parameters using standard protocol. The leaves, fruits and bark of the plant were extracted successively with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. The methanolic extracts were used to determine the antioxidant properties. The radical scavenging activity was determined with different methods like DPPH, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. The reducing power was determined by reduction of ferric cyanide complex (Fe3+) to the ferrous cyanide form (Fe2+). Total phenols and flavonoids concentrations were analysed using Folin-Ciocalteu’s and aluminium chloride methods.
 Results: The moisture content, extractive value (alcohol and water), total ash, acid insoluble ash and water-soluble ash were 0.29%, 24.502%, 19.314%, 8.2%, 0.45% and 4.75% respectively. The fruit extract exhibits the highest scavenging activity presented as percentage inhibition, 75.00±0.89% (100 μg/ml) for DPPH free radical and 74.7±0.68% (100 μg/ml) for hydrogen peroxide radical. The standard BHT (100 μg/ml) shows 78.5±0.43% inhibition for DPPH free radical and 82.5±0.50% inhibition for hydrogen peroxide free radical. The leaves show the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, 65.00±0.40% (100 μg/ml) while the standard Ascorbic acid exhibit 73.81±0.61% (100 μg/ml) inhibition. The highest reducing power was shown by the bark extract but lower than the standard Ascorbic acid. The bark extract shows the highest phenolic and flavonoid content 49.86 mg GAE/g and 19.38 mg QE/g respectively of the dry weight of the extract.
 Conclusion: The results of quantitative pharmacognostic parameters in this study is expected to be useful for setting standards for correct identification of the plant. The radical scavenging properties, total phenolic and flavonoid content also suggest that the extracts provide substantial antioxidant activities.

Phytochemical Screening, in vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory activity of Freeze-dried Borassus flabellifer L. Seed Powder

Palmyra palm tree, native to Tamil Nadu bears seasonal summer fruits (Nungu) with numerous health benefits. Preserving the fruit throughout the year is essential to enjoy its goodness and health benefits. With this focus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Borassus flabellifer seed and seed coat in the freeze-dried form. Aqueous seed powder extract was used in this study. Phytochemicals were quantified using standard methods. Bioactive compounds were identified using GC-MS. Radical scavenging potential was evaluated using DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. Anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated using Albumin denaturation assay. Statistical significance of mean values was tested using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test and IC50 value was calculated by non-linear regression analysis using GraphPad. Saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and phenols were present in the sample. The aqueous seed powder extract exhibited potent radical scavenging activity in a dose dependent manner and the IC50 value of DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay was 415.91, 1080.19 and 13.489 μg/mL respectively. The aqueous extract also exhibited potent protein denaturation inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 1174.9 μg/mL. Results indicate that the phytochemical compounds present in the seed powder could have largely contributed to its good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibiofilm, Cytotoxic and AntimicrobialActivities of Calligonum Comosum

Objective: Calligonum Comosum is a native omani medicinal plants used traditionally by the locals to treat inflammation, toothache, gum sores and ulcer. As antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat on global scale by rendering many currently available antibiotics ineffective. This demands the need to look for novel therapeutic agents and there has been an expanded interest in natural products as sources of pharmacologically active principles. The present study was thus initiated to corroborate the therapeutic uses of this medicinal species by evaluating, the phyto-constituents, antibacterial, anti-biofilm and antioxidant activities of C. comosum. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis was done, using standard protocols. The antioxidant activity was assessed applying DPPH free radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay and the total antioxidant capacity. Biofilm inhibition activity was evaluated using micro titer plate assay and well diffusion method was employed to determine the antibacterial activity. Cytotoxity was assessed in terms of LC50 value using brine shrimp lethality assay. Results: The methanolic extracts of C. comosum showed significant antibacterial activity against all the five tested bacterial strains, with MIC values for all observed to be 1.25 mg/ml except for E. coli. Substantial reduction of the biofilm formation was observed for all bacterial species treated with C. comosum leaf and stem extracts and the extracts also displayed significant cytotoxicity against brine shrimp nauplii, exhibiting LC50 value of 56.797 μg/ml. The total phenolic content and flavonoid content was observed to be 56.6 ± 1.66 mg GAE/g and 49.33 ± 1.34 mg of QE/g of dry extract respectively. C. comosum exhibited potent DPPH scavenging activity, with IC50 value of 44.90 μg/ml and the total antioxidant capacity was 130 ± 2.04 mg AAE/g. Conclusion: The result validates its ethno-medicinal use and suggests that the C. comosum can be exploited for its antibiofilm, antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

Evaluation of free radical scavenging with in vitro antiproliferative properties of different extracts of pluchea lanceolata (dc.) oliv. and hiern in cancer cell lines

Background: Traditional medicinal plants have gained attention as a repository of pharmacologically active molecules. Extracts derived from Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. and Hiern are reported to be antimalarial and can protect against chemical-induced neurotoxicity. There is limited research on solvents for extraction of metabolites from stem of P. lanceolata and their anti-cancer potential, which needs to be investigated. Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate potency of stem powder, extracted in ethanol, methanol, aqueous, and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solvents, for their phytochemical content, antioxidant potential, and in vitro antiproliferative nature in human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The stem extracts of P. lanceolata were evaluated by phytochemical assays, antioxidant assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant capacity, and assay of reducing power), and antiproliferative potential against cervical (ME-180 and HeLa) and hepatic (HepG2) carcinoma cell lines by MTT assay. Results: Quantification studies showed that the total phenolic content was in the range 7.44–38.91 mg GAE/g of stem extract, while the flavonoids were present in the range 29.05–109.62 mg QE/g of stem extract. Aqueous (DPPH antioxidant capacity assay±PVPP, H2O2 free radical scavenging method-PVPP, assay of reducing power+PVPP, and total antioxidant capacity-PVPP), methanol (H2O2 free radical scavenging method+PVPP, NO radical scavenging assay+PVPP, total antioxidant capacity-PVPP), and ethanol (NO radical scavenging assay-PVPP, assay of reducing power-PVPP) extracts had the highest antioxidant potential in respective assays. MTT findings demonstrated that the aqueous extract was more potent in ME-180 and HepG2 cell lines while the PBS extract caused maximal cytotoxicity in HeLa cells. HepG2 cells were more susceptible than ME-180 and HeLa cells for any of the extract or standard drug evaluated. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of P. lanceolata stem is the most promising extract for further cancer-cell toxicity.

Invitro Efficacy of antioxidant activity in ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees and Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz

Plants are adundantly and are very promisive to be used as source of drugs in many diseases or infections and also it is a main agents of antioxidants which prevents the oxidative stress that are caused by the free radicals. There are numerous studies based on the pharmaceutical and classification of medicinal plants throughout the world. Leaves, fruits, roots are most frequently plant parts used in many research and studies. Here the present study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees and Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz. Antioxidant is a substance which is used to prevent some types of cell damage in the body. Determination of their in vitro antioxidant activity were carried out by using methods such as DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl assay), ABTS (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazolin 6-sulfonic acid assay), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) and SOD (super oxide anion scavenging) assay, H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging) assay. Moreover the ethanolic leaf extracts showed best antioxidant activity than the aqueous leaf extracts. Experimental results reveals that the leaves of A. paniculata have potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity than R. nasutus. Further investigation must be done for these two medicinal plants for the discovery of the bioactive compounds.

Antioxidant and DNA damage protecting activities of newly synthesized thiol bridged bis‐benzimidazole derivative and its dicationic analogue

AbstractTwo new types of bis‐benzimidazole derivatives containing thiol group have been prepared and characterized. The compounds contain sulfur with imidazole ring show promising biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial and etc. The aim of this study was synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives which not only show antioxidant activity but also protect DNA from oxidative damage. Antioxidant activities of the synthesized compounds were investigated with DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays. DNA nicking assay was applied to establish activity of compounds to protect plasmid DNA from Fenton's reagent radicals. Both compounds had antioxidant activity, however, activity of dicationic analogue was greater than well‐known antioxidant Vit C. IC50 values calculated according to DPPH method were 14.5 μM for dicationic analogue (2) and 57.5 μM for 1,2‐bis(1‐methyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐ylthio)ethane (1). In hydrogen peroxide scavenge assay IC50 values of compounds were 638.6 μg/mL for 1,2‐bis(1‐methyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐ylthio)ethane (1), 398.9 μg/mL for dicationic analogue (2). Furthermore, dicationic analogue promised an effective DNA protection due to its positive charge interacting with negatively charged DNA. Also the high solubility of the dicationic analogue in water due to its positive charge could provide a great advantage in biological applications.

Phytochemical and chromatographic characterization of Mimosa diplotricha Wright ex. Sauvalle ethanolic leaf extract and assessment of antioxidant potential and anti-proliferative effect on colorectal cancer (HCT-116) cell lines

Present study aims to evaluate phytochemical and chromatographic profile, along with antioxidant and anti proliferative properties of Mimosa diplotricha ethanolic leaf extract. Qualitative screening of phytoconstituents by consecutive solvent extraction in increased polarity basis and standardization of potential extract based on phytochemical elution profile was done. Selected secondary metabolites like phenols, flavanoids, tannins and alkaloids were quantified in ethanolic extract. Chromatographic profile was determined by HPTLC and GC-MS analysis. In vitro antioxidant potential was assessed by DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and reducing potential of the respective extract were also determined. Anticancer potential was confirmed by cytotoxic screening in colorectal (HCT-116) cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Qualitative phytochemical analysis and chromatographic profile reveal a phytoconstituent rich profile for the ethanolic leaf extract. The amount of, phenols (56 ± 0.57 mg/g), flavanoids (27 ± 0.76 mg/g), tannins (33 ± 0.15 mg/g) were quantified as equivalent of gallic acid, quercetin and tannic acid standards respectively and alkaloids (2.51 ± 0.47 mg/g of extracted plant material) were expressed based on respective analysis. Results also reveal convincing antioxidant potential for respective extract. In vitro cytotoxicity confirmed by MTT assay represents an IC50 value of 97.82 µg/ml. From the above results it can be concluded that M.diplotricha has got pharmacologically significant phytoconstituents and therapeutic active ingredients as evident in HPTLC and GC-MS analysis. This is further supported by considerable antioxidant and anti proliferative properties observed in respective assays.

Protective effect of leaf extract of Abutilon indicum on DNA damage and peripheral blood lymphocytes in combating the oxidative stress

The current research explores in vitro antioxidant characteristics, radiation-induced DNA damage protection and quenching effects of the oxidative stress by the ethanolic leaf extract of Abutilon indicum (EEAI) on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). PBLs were incubated with various concentrations of EEAI accompanied by pre- and post-treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Cell viability was investigated by MTT assay. In addition, quenching of free radicals were measured in vitro using DPPH, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, reducing power and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. These activities were compared with ascorbic acid as standard antioxidants. Furthermore, inhibition of UV radiation-induced strand break formation in plasmid pBR322 DNA and anti-Fenton reactions in calf thymus DNA was evaluated. Cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide on PBLs were significantly reduced with EEAI pre-treatment compared to post-treatment in a dose-dependent manner comparable with similar cytoprotective effects of ascorbic acid (p > 0.05). EEAI has shown strong antioxidant effects in the scavenging of DPPH, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide. EEAI also has a strong protective effect of UV-induced plasmid pBR322 DNA cleavage and Fenton-induced DNA damage. Overall, the results revealed that Abutilon indicum has a cytoprotective, potent antioxidant and DNA protective effect that provide pharmacological credence to justify its overall biological activity. Furthermore, future studies to identifying bioactive molecules and its molecular mechanisms responsible for promising therapeutic applications in the rescue of disease-induced cellular oxidative damage.

Rapid Green Synthesis of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Using Cinnamomum tamala Leaf Extract and its Potential Antimicrobial Application Against Clinically Isolated Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strains.

Cinnamomum tamala is Indian bay leaves also known as Tej patta commonly used in the preparation of delicious food for its sweet aroma and tremendous medicinal values. In this study, the significant concentration-dependent free radical scavenging and antioxidant efficacy of the aqueous extracts of bay leaves has been determined using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, ferric ion-reducing power assay, and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay. The leaf extract has also been utilized in the rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) under mild conditions (30min reaction time at 70°C) without the addition of extra stabilizing or capping agents. Mostly spherical shaped particles were formed with diameter ranging from 10 to 12nm as evident by HRTEM imaging. The silver nanoparticles were also characterized using FTIR, XRD, and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques. The antibacterial effect of the synthesized AgNPs was studied against three clinically isolated multidrug-resistant bacterial strains (Escherichia coli (EC-1), Klebsiella pneumonia (KP-1), and Staphylococcus aureus (SA-1)). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of AgNPs against EC-1 were 12.5 and 15μg/mL and in SA-1 were 10 and 50μg/mL, and in the case of KP-1, both values were 12.5μg/mL. It was also noted that 8h treatment duration using AgNPs was sufficient to eliminate all types of bacterial growth as evidenced by time-dependent killing kinetic assays. The biocompatibilities of AgNPs were also tested against human health RBCs, and it was observed that it did not show any significant toxicity up to 50μg/mL concentration.

Phytochemical characteristics of aerial part of Cissus quadrangularis (L) and its in-vitro inhibitory activity against leukemic cells and antioxidant properties.

Background and ObjectivesCissus quadrangularis Linn, is a rich bioresource for folk and traditional medicines from ancient times till date. The present study aimed to investigate the free radical scavenging and anticancer efficacy in vitro of the ethanolic and methanolic extract from the aerial parts of Cissus quadrangularis (L).Material and MethodsIn vitro cell-free antioxidant analyses were performed for the ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis (L). (EECQ) and methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis (L). (MECQ) using different free radical scavenging assays includes DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide, metal chelation, and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays. In vitro leukemic cytotoxic assessment by MTT assay was performed both EECQ and MECQ extract against HL-60 cell lines.ResultsStrong antioxidant effects were recorded in EECQ and MECQ in all the cell-free models. The ethanolic extract exhibited a significant dose-dependent free radical activity in comparison with methanolic extracts. The EECQ and MECQ possess pronounced anticancer efficacy against leukemic cells HL-60 with an IC50 value of 36 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL respectively.ConclusionPresent data indicates the presence of marked antioxidant and anticancer behaviors in the extracts of aerial portions of Cissus quadrangularis (L). extracts. Thus, Cissus quadrangularis (L). poses as a promising safe chemopreventive plant to combat cancer.

Deciphering the in vitro antioxidant potential and mineral analysis of Fagopyrum species from Kashmir and Ladakh regions

Context: The Kashmir and Ladakh Himalayan regions are having a rich diversity of buckwheat germplasm, which is an excellent source of nutrition and functional food. The objective of this study was based on comparative in vitro flavonoid, antioxidant, and mineral analyses of Fagopyrum species grown in these regions. Materials and Methods: To achieve this goal, leaf samples from the four buckwheat species were subjected to antioxidant analysis. Besides, the mineral analysis of the groat samples of different buckwheat species was carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results: Results indicated that the methanolic extract shows higher total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in the samples of Fagopyrum sagittatum followed by Fagopyrum tataricum, Fagopyrum kashmirianum, and Fagopyrum esculentum. Total reducing power (TRP), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion radical (SOR), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging assays indicated excellent results from the leaf extracts of F. sagittatum. The results suggested that the crude methanolic extract of buckwheat species had effective reducing power, radical scavenging activity, and metal-chelating ability compared to other standard antioxidants. AAS analysis revealed that calcium content was higher in F. sagittatum (21,600 ppm), whereas the iron and zinc contents were higher in F. kashmirianum (1,122.5 ppm) and F. sagittatum (166.75 ppm), respectively. Conclusion: Our study suggested that methanolic extracts of Fagopyrum species could act as a potent source of natural antioxidants to the pharmaceutical and food industry. In addition, the study also revealed that the rich elemental profiles of buckwheat species specify their therapeutic value and thus could be used as a potential biofortification crop.