Percentage Of Hydrogen Research Articles

Response surface methodology approach for optimizing the gasification of spent pot lining (SPL) waste materials.

This paper presents new results on the gasification of spent pot lining (SPL) waste material generated in the primary aluminium smelting industry. The main objective is to test the performance of the gasification process of treated SPL materials and to develop an optimization method to maximize the quality of syngas fuel. The novelty of this study is the development of statistical models to predict the syngas composition and the gasification performance indicators during the SPL waste materials thermal conversion process. Modelling and simulation analysis are performed to convert the SPL solid materials to syngas fuel. The percentage of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the syngas fuel, the cold gasification efficiency (CGE) and the carbon conversion (CC) are determined. The response surface methodology (RSM) is used for the optimization of the performance of the gasification process. The effects of the input factors such as the temperature, the equivalence ratio and the steam to fuel ratio on the output variables (H2 and CO in the syngas, the CGE and the CC) are determined. The optimization results show that the optimized operating parameters to maximize the H2, CO, CGE and CC were T = 1200°C, ER = 0.1 and SFR = 1.29, respectively. The optimum values for the H2, CO, CGE and CC were 37.2%, 22.2%, 79.75% and 97.7%, respectively. New correlations for the variation of the output variables versus the input factors are also presented.

Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and theoretical studies of bis(substituted benzylidene)ethan-1,2-diamines

In the present work, two novel diamine-based benzylidine were synthesized via conventional reaction. The structures of the resulting N,N'-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis[1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methanimine] (I) and N,N'-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis{1-[4-(diethoxymethyl) phenyl]methanimine} (II) were established with the help of spectral-analytical techniques like; FTIR, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectrometry. The compounds were further characterized by TG/DSC. The structures were further confirmed by single-crystal XRD. Compounds I and II were analysed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) through the B3LYP method with 6–31G(d,p), as basis sets to determine bond lengths, bond angles, dihedral angles, Mulliken atomic charges and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of compounds. The MEP analysis revealed that electronegative elements in the structure possess the maximum electronic cloud. The distributions of the various atoms were probed by Mulliken population analysis. Hirshfeld surface analysis gives an idea about the close contacts associated with molecular interactions. Fingerprint plots of the Hirshfeld surfaces were used to locate and analyse the percentage of hydrogen bonding interactions.

Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and third-order nonlinear optical properties of supramolecular complexes of 18-crown-6 with 6-hydrazinonicotinichydrazide and p-phenylenediamine

The crystal structures of the host-guest supramolecular complexes [2(6-HPCH)2+.3(18C6)].4[ClO4¯].2(H2O) (I) and [(PDA)2+.2(18C6)].2[Cl¯].10(H2O) (II) (18C6 = 18-crown-6; 6HPCH = 6-hydrazinylpyridine-1-ium-3-carbohydrazinium; PDA = p-phenylenediaminium) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Supramolecular assembly is constructed by NH···O, OH···O and C-H···O interactions. Both crystallize in the monoclinic system with centrosymmetric space group P21/n. The vibrational patterns in FT–IR are used to identify the functional groups. Direct band gap energy estimated by diffuse reflectance spectrum are, 3.42 eV for (I) and 4.78 eV for (II). Molecular interactions are analyzed by Hirshfeld surfaces, derived from single-crystal XRD data. Fingerprint plots of Hirshfeld surfaces were used to locate and analyze the percentage of hydrogen bonding interactions. A z-scan study was used to determine the third-order NLO response.

Numerical simulation of nitric oxide (NO) emission for HCNG fueled SI engine by Zeldovich’, prompt (HCN) and nitrous oxide (N2O) mechanisms along with the error reduction novel sub-models and their classification through machine learning algorithms

The zero-carbon emission can be achieved with utilization of hydrogen fuel in transportation sector but NOx emission rises. The experiments have been conducted at different operating conditions: engine speed (700 to 2000 RPM), load (25 to 75 %), MAPs = 65 to 178 kPa, spark timings (0 to 60°CA bTDC), EGR ratios, (0 to 0.33), hydrogen percentages 0 to 40 % in CNG fuel at stoichiometric operating condition to measure the in-cylinder pressure and NOx emission. The in-cylinder temperatures have been obtained through calibrated quasi-dimensional combustion model of HCNG engine. The in-cylinder pressure and temperature have been applied in simulation of NO mechanisms such as: thermal, prompt, and nitrous oxide mechanisms. Furthermore, the parametric properties of in-cylinder temperature, pressure, and nitric oxide mechanisms have been studied at different operating conditions.In second part, the traces of nitric oxide mechanisms have been transformed into positive real number with inclusion of six different sub-models that are: arithmetic mean, trapezoid integration, and author’ established three zone models (TD = 50, 100, 150 and 200 K). The three zone sub-model (TD = 100 K) has better prediction accuracy as compared to other sub-models, but it is still quite high. The prediction accuracy is improved with combination of different sub-models: 6C2, 6C3, 6C4, 6C5 and 6C6 iterations. The optimized MAPE is 24.9471 % corresponding to the four combinations of sub-models: arithmetic mean, trapezoid integration, three zone models (TD = 50 & 100 K). The best of each combination has been trained through machine learning classifier with total 6-algorithims that are Tree, Discriminant, Naïve Bayes, Support vector machine, KNN & Ensemble along with 24-functions to identify the range of different sub-models in a specific combination. The best prediction accuracy is corresponding to Ensemble with sub-space KNN classifier.

Hydrogen blending in the Italian scenario: Effects on a real distribution network considering natural gas origin

Blending hydrogen into the natural gas network can help decarbonize the energy sector by supporting the penetration of renewables. Italy is an importer of natural gas whose composition and properties depend on its origin. Previous literature simulates gas networks using a set of hydrogen molar fractions regardless of the natural gas composition variability. Instead, this paper defines the maximum mixable percentage of hydrogen as a function of the gas composition underlining the importance of not adopting a single hydrogen limit. Furthermore, the paper investigates whether guaranteeing gas quality also guarantees compliance with fluid dynamic constraints on a real network. The test case consists of seven gases imported in Italy in 2019 and an urban distribution network, meshed and consisting of more than 2000 elements with medium and several low-pressure levels. A steady-state simulation of the network is performed using each of the seven gases for a winter day in the case of pure natural gas and natural gas blended with hydrogen. The results show that the highest hydrogen molar fraction mixable in these gases can range between 5.3% and 14.8% and considering the lowest percentage can reduce the decarbonization potential of the network by 1463 kg of CO2,eq. The simulations show that fluid-dynamic standards are not always met in the low-pressure networks and safety limits on pressure and velocity are exceeded at peak demand. The results also lead the authors to suggest that a modulation of pressure setpoints as a function of gas composition should be investigated.

Hydrogen Co-Firing Characteristics in a Single Swirl Burner: A Numerical Analysis

Hydrogen is gaining traction as an energy carrier in the decarbonisation and net-zero-emissions agenda. Because hydrogen is a clean energy carrier, increasing the percentage of hydrogen in natural gas mixtures aids in the decarbonisation initiatives. Hence, the flame characteristics of the natural gas mixtures, together with hydrogen are explored in the current study through a numerical assessment of a single swirl burner (swirl number, SN 0.78) since the said burner is widely used in gas turbine (GT) combustors. The baseline CFD and experimental cases referred to natural gas compositions primarily composed of methane (CH4). The results reveal that the CFD model can effectively represent the swirling component of the flame as seen in the experiment. A 5% hydrogen addition had virtually no effect on the swirling flame structure, as shown by qualitative evaluation of hydroxyl (OH) behaviour and flame temperature in comparison to the baseline methane flame. Despite this, the addition of hydrogen has increased the OH radical pool during combustion, causing a small change in flame temperature. Overall, the novelty of the current research is the opportunity to fire 5% hydrogen in a CH4-dominated GT combustor without any major retrofitting operations, as the study discovered that 5% hydrogen in a pure CH4 stream has a minor affect. However, more research is needed to properly capture the flame structure and strain for assessing transient-related phenomena like flashback and blow off by increasing the hydrogen proportion and using a higher accuracy turbulence model.

Numerical Modelling and Design Experiment of a Model Gas Turbine Petro with Combination of Natural Gas, Hydrogen

Abstract: In this study, we are constructing an analytical model to evaluate the energy performance of a Micro Gas Turbine (MGT) utilizing H2 NG mixes as fuel. During the experimental campaign, the model findings were verified in the real working conditions of the Micro Gas Turbine. It was during the spring and summer of this year that a model validation experiment was carried out. Fueled by H2 NG, MGT performance has been shown to increase from zero to 10 percent hydrogen content, with a 2 percent volume step. Fuel usage has been considerably decreased, according to the data. Heat recovery and electrical reliability increase marginally even if environmental conditions have an influence on the system. A MATLAB-Simulink numerical model was built to depict the MGT's operation. As a consequence, the relative standard errors of the major output parameters have been determined.

Competitive removal mechanism to simultaneously incarcerate bisphenol A, triclosan and 4-tert-octylphenol within beta-cyclodextrin crosslinked citric acid used for encapsulation in polypropylene membrane protected-micro-solid-phase extraction

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are extensively found in the environment and severely impacting human health. In addressing this issue, the beta-cyclodextrin crosslinked citric acid (BCD-CA) had been previously employed in membrane-protected micro-solid phase extraction for sequestering EDCs from water medium; and the findings revealed that BCD-CA possessed a selectivity property. On that account, the potential of BCD-CA towards competitive adsorption of selected EDCs was investigated in terms of adsorption mechanism and selectivity property. Factors that affected the removal efficiencies such as sample pH, sorbent dosage, contact time and initial concentration were evaluated. The characterization results revealed that the carbon percentage of BCD-CA had increased by 2.04%, while the hydrogen percentage had reduced by 1.83%, signifying the successful crosslinking of BCD-CA. Besides, the amount of active BCD was calculated to be 3.2 × 10−7 mol, while the amount of carboxyl group was 2.48 × 10−5 mol per 4 mg of BCD-CA. Moreover, BCD-CA was stable in an aqueous medium with the zeta potential obtained at −36.5 mV and had a high-water retention capacity (∼150%). The competitive adsorption mechanism by BCD-CA with EDCs followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm, suggesting that the adsorption process was dominated by chemisorption on the heterogeneous surface of the adsorbent. Thermodynamic results revealed that adsorption of 4-tert-octylphenol had the most negative ΔG value, indicating most favorable to be adsorbed by BCD-CA as opposed to triclosan and bisphenol A, which was coherent with the apparent formation constant results. These unique properties manifested the practicality of BCD-CA as a selective adsorbent to detect and remove EDCs from the water medium.

Hydrogen rich Syngas by Steam gasification of Waste Lignocellulosic Biomass

The depleting petroleum reserve, as well as increasing demand for crude oil, has attracted the research interest for alternative sources of energy. The surplus lignocellulosic biomass such as forest residues, crop residues, and weeds may be a potential source to derive biofuel by the thermochemical route. Gasification is an established technology for the utilization of biomass to obtain producer gas containing mainly H2 and CO as combustibles. The air-blown biomass gasifiers are widely installed where the resulting producer gas contains 55-60 per cent nitrogen and a lower percentage of H2 and CO with an H2/CO ratio of less than one. Gasification of lignocellulosic biomass using steam as an oxidant produces syn-gas with a lower amount of nitrogen, a higher percentage of hydrogen, and H2/CO > 2.1. Steam as an oxidant favors water gas shift reaction with the formation of hydrogen and enhances the H2/CO ratio. The ratio of steam to biomass was 1.20-1.25 so the water gas shift reaction and steam reforming of methane occur. The percentage of hydrogen in the syngas obtained by gascification of pine needles, camelina straw and Lantana biomass was 56.8, 68.7, and 72.8 per cent respectively. The present article describes the steam gasification of pine needle biomass, crop residue from Camelina sativa, and biomass from weed i.e. Lantana camara to produce syngas with a higher H2/CO ratio along with a high calorific value compared to the one with air-blown gasification.

Structural insights, spectral, flourescence, Z-scan, C-H…O/N-H…O hydrogen bonding and AIM, RDG, ELF, LOL, FUKUI analysis, NLO activity of N-2(Methoxy phenyl) acetamide

Quantum chemical calculations of geometries and vibrational wavenumbers of N-2(methoxy phenyl)acetamide(N2MPA) in the ground state were carried out by using density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-31G (d,p) basis set. The scaled harmonic vibrational frequencies have been compared with experimental FT-IR spectra. Theoretical vibrational spectra of the title compound were interpreted by means of potential energy distributions (PEDs) using MOLVIB program. The experimental 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts were investigated and then compared with computed NMR data using the gauge – invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method. The optical nature of the grown crystal was evaluated by using the UV-Vis optical transmittance spectrum. The lower wavelength absorption range and various optical constant for instance, energy band gap, absorption and extinction coefficient, refractive index, susceptibility and Urbach energy values were evaluated. The colourless crystal of N2MPA was grown by slow-evaporation technique. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of N2MPA have been investigated using Z-scan technique. The emission behavior of N2MPA was analyzed by fluorescence spectral analysis. Thermal stability of N2MPA was studied by TG-DTA analysis. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels are constructed and the corresponding frontier energy gaps are determined to realize the charge transfer within the molecule. The molecular electrostatic potential(MESP), natural bond orbital(NBO) analysis and topological analysis such as electron localization function(ELF), reduced density gradient(RDG), localized orbital locator(LOL), atoms in molecule(AIM) and FUKUI function analysis have been used to evaluate the intermolecular interaction, especially the hydrogen bonds. Fingerprint plots of Hirshfeld surfaces were used to locate and analyze the percentage of hydrogen bonding interactions.

Effect of Diesel-Ignited Ammonia/Hydrogen mixture fuel combustion on engine combustion and emission performance

To reach zero carbon emissions and meet carbon neutrality targets, ammonia is one of the most promising zero-carbon fuels. However, ammonia escapes significantly when too much ammonia is blended. Therefore, a certain percentage of hydrogen is blended with the ammonia, which can promote in-cylinder combustion reactions. This paper aims to study the effect of varying ammonia blending hydrogen ratio on in-cylinder explosion pressure, temperature, power, fuel consumption rate, CA50, ammonia escape ratio, hydrogen escape ratio, NOx, CO2 and soot emissions under two ignition modes when the diesel engine speed of 1800 r/min at rated operating conditions in a high-pressure common rail diesel engine, and set nine groups of hydrogen blending ratios from 10% to 90% for diesel ignition. The results show that: when the hydrogen blending ratio is 30% compared to 0, the in-cylinder explosion pressure increases by 10.7%, the power increases by 1.8%, the fuel consumption rate decreases by 0.3%, the ammonia escape ratio decreases by 99.1%, the NOx emissions increase by 58.8%, the CO2 increases by zero, the soot and HC emissions improvements, and the overall performance of the diesel engine is improved after hydrogen blending combustion. To achieve the net-zero carbon emission goal of carbon neutralization, a small amount of diesel ignition direct injection ammonia blended with 30% hydrogen is the better solution.

The impact of hydrogen addition to natural gas on flame stability

Injecting hydrogen into existing natural gas networks is a promising step to mitigate global warming. However there is little evidence showing that how much degree of hydrogen admixture can be accepted. Experiments on populations of gas appliances are not available at present, thus a unified estimation method is required. First, a single-port burner was experimentally evaluated using methane-hydrogen mixtures (hydrogen percentage: 0–50%vol, unburned mixture temperature:373–573K, equivalence ratio:0.8–2). Mathematical formulae of the critical boundary velocity gradient, which quantitatively depict the relationships between flashback, lifting and hydrogen percentage, temperature were provided. A multi-ports burner was subsequently assessed, and the results of the two burners showed good agreement. An analysis method for changes in the flame stability region and gas source replacement decision was proposed based on curves of the flashback and lifting limits. This work provides an important basis for introducing hydrogen into gas networks and the design and adjustment of gas appliances.

Comparative ballistic efficiency of solid composite propellants: which plasticizer/polymer combination is the energetically preferred binder?

The relative efficacy of real energetic plasticizers and polymers for model solid composite propellants comprising 25% aluminum hydride, 50% dinitramide ammonium salt and 25% binder (20% a plasticizer and 5% a polymer) has been estimated. The quantitative dependence of the efficiency of plasticizers on the value of their enthalpy of formation ΔHt0, the oxygen coefficient α, percentage of hydrogen %H and density d has been revealed. 3,4-Dinitrofurazan tested as a plasticizer for the binder provides effective impulse values at the 3rd stage up to ∼2 s higher than those for other plasticizers.

Study of Blast Mitigation Performance and Fracture Mechanism of Polyurea under Contact Explosion.

In order to further study the blast mitigation performance of polyurea and to investigate the protection mechanism and damage characteristics of polyurea-protected structures under contact explosion loads, based on earlier work, this paper investigated the response and energy absorption performance of polyurea under various frequency loads. Qtech T26 blast mitigation polyurea (T26 polyurea) was adopted to protect the reinforced concrete (RC) slab and damage analysis of the post-explosion specimens was carried out at micro and macro levels. The response and energy absorption capacity of the material towards different frequency loads were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Protective performance of T26 polyurea on RC slab was examined with a 10 kg TNT contact explosion test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze the microscopic fracture morphology of the typical areas of the coating after the explosion. The chemical structure changes of the blast-face coating before and after the explosion were compared by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the glass transition region of T26 polyurea is −40 °C to 10 °C, which is a large temperature range, and the microphase separation of T26 polyurea is low. It is significantly influenced by the ambient temperature and loading frequency. The energy absorption of T26 polyurea is realized through the interaction between the hard and soft segments. When the frequency is between 102 Hz and 106 Hz, the loss factor of T26 polyurea is between 0.20 and 0.31, which exhibits a good energy dissipation performance. In the contact explosion of 10 kg TNT, the fragmentation rate of the coated specimen decreased significantly compared with that of the unprotected specimen, realizing the zero fragmentation protection effect on the back-blast face. The maximum deformation area and the main energy absorption area of T26 polyurea under contact explosion is the ring area outside the longitudinal deformation area. The chemical structure of T26 polyurea changed significantly after the explosion; typically the N-H bonds, etc., were broken and the percentage of hydrogen bonding was reduced. T26 polyurea has realized the protection effect of zero fragmentation of large-equivalent contact explosion, which has a high application value for blast mitigation and blast-fragmentation prevention in actual engineering.

Athabasca Toe-to-Heel Air Injection Pilot: Evaluation of the Spontaneous Ignition Based on Apparent Atomic Hydrogen-Carbon Ratio Variation

Summary An in-depth analysis was performed to determine the ignition delay via the enhanced spontaneous ignition (ESI) method on three well pairs (each pair constituted by one vertical injector and one horizontal producer) belonging to the Toe-To-Heel Air Injection (THAI) pilot in Athabasca. ESI consisted of preheating of the surroundings of injection wells by injecting a steam slug for 3 to 4 months just before starting air injection. At first, the ignition delay had been determined based on both the oil production and on the bottomhole temperatures (BHTs) recorded in the observation wells as well as at the toe of the horizontal producer. For the purposes of this paper, a more rigorous evaluation was carried out based on the variation in time of the apparent atomic hydrogen-carbon ratio (AAHCR) calculated from detailed gas analyses for a long period of time. AAHCR is a very strong synthetic parameter giving a direct indication of the peak temperature value before, during, and after the in-situ combustion (ISC) front is generated. Therefore, it provides complete information on the occurrence of high-temperature oxidation and low-temperature oxidation (LTO) reactions. Using the variation of the AAHCR, it was found that the ignition time was shorter than those determined by the previously mentioned methods. In the case of first well pair, ignition took 3 weeks as compared to the 1 month determined by the previous methods. The second well pair ignited in 1 month as compared to the previously calculated 2 months, and for the third well pair, ignition time was approximately 2 months in both cases. As an additional and complementary approach, estimation of the ignition time was also based on the variation of individual components of the produced gas. This allowed for the discovery of a new method for ignition time determination. This was possible in the THAI process, unlike conventional ISC processes, significant concentrations of hydrogen (H2) are produced, and the interpretation of its variation can give an indication of the ignition time. The new method is very simple to use, as the percentage of hydrogen in the produced gas starts to take off only after the full establishment of an ISC front, as hydrogen production is associated with high-temperature bond scission reactions in the ISC front. In general, the ignition delay is overestimated to some degree when using this method.

Tracking global invasion pathways of the spongy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) to the United States using stable isotopes as endogenous biomarkers.

The spread of invasive insect species causes enormous ecological damage and economic losses worldwide. A reliable method that tracks back an invaded insect's origin would be of great use to entomologists, phytopathologists, and pest managers. The spongy moth (Lymantria dispar, Linnaeus 1758) is a persistent invasive pest in the Northeastern United States and periodically causes major defoliations in temperate forests. We analyzed field‐captured (Europe, Asia, United States) and laboratory‐reared L. dispar specimens for their natal isotopic hydrogen and nitrogen signatures imprinted in their biological tissues (δ2H and δ15N) and compared these values to the long‐term mean δ2H of regional precipitation (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) and δ15N of regional plants at the capture site. We established the percentage of hydrogen–deuterium exchange for L. dispar tissue (Pex = 8.2%) using the comparative equilibration method and two‐source mixing models, which allowed the extraction of the moth's natal δ2H value. We confirmed that the natal δ2H and δ15N values of our specimens are related to the environmental signatures at their geographic origins. With our regression models, we were able to isolate potentially invasive individuals and give estimations of their geographic origin. To enable the application of these methods on eggs, we established an egg‐to‐adult fraction factor for L. dispar (Δegg‐adult = 16.3 ± 4.3‰). Our models suggested that around 25% of the field‐captured spongy moths worldwide were not native in the investigated capture sites. East Asia was the most frequently identified location of probable origin. Furthermore, our data suggested that eggs found on cargo ships in the United States harbors in Alaska, California, and Louisiana most probably originated from Asian L. dispar in East Russia. These findings show that stable isotope biomarkers give a unique insight into invasive insect species pathways, and thus, can be an effective tool to monitor the spread of insect pest epidemics.

Optimizing the operating conditions for hydrogen-rich syngas production in a plasma co-gasification process of municipal solid waste and coal using Aspen Plus

The plasma gasification process is one of the newest and most innovative approaches to meet the needs of waste management but requires assessment and research on operational conditions prior to installation. In this work, a model based on Gibbs free energy minimization was developed and implemented in Aspen Plus®. A combination of municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal has been used as feedstocks. The model's performance was compared with the results of the literature and found to be in good agreement. The effect of various parameters such as temperature, equivalence ratio, MSW/coal blending ratio, and steam-to-feedstock ratio on the composition of syngas and hydrogen production were assessed. Very interesting results were obtained concerning the mixture of the feedstocks that maximize the hydrogen production besides that using steam as a gasifying agent allows higher hydrogen production than using air. When using high amounts of coal in the feedstock mixture, low steam ratios are preferred. When using high amounts of MSW in the feedstock mixture high steam ratios are preferred. The use of pure oxygen as the gasifying agent increases the hydrogen percentage but requires an air separation unit to be included in the process. The results obtained in this study are particularly relevant for countries with coal reserves.

Pseudo-Binary Phase Diagram of LiNH2-MH (M = Na, K) Eutectic Mixture.

The hunt for a cleaner energy carrier leads us to consider a source that produces no toxic byproducts. One of the targeted alternatives in this approach is hydrogen energy, which, unfortunately, suffers from a lack of efficient storage media. Solid-state hydrogen absorption systems, such as lithium amide (LiNH2) systems, may store up to 6.5 weight percent hydrogen. However, the temperature of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation is too high for practical use. Various molar ratios of LiNH2 with sodium hydride (NaH) and potassium hydride (KH) have been explored in this paper. The temperature of hydrogenation for LiNH2 combined with KH and NaH was found to be substantially lower than the temperature of individual LiNH2. This lower temperature operation of both LiNH2-NaH and LiNH2-KH systems was investigated in depth, and the eutectic melting phenomenon was observed. Systematic thermal studies of this amide-hydride system in different compositions were carried out, which enabled the plotting of a pseudo-binary phase diagram. The occurrence of eutectic interaction increased atomic mobility, which resulted in the kinetic modification followed by an increase in the reactivity of two materials. For these eutectic compositions, i.e., 0.15LiNH2-0.85NaH and 0.25LiNH2-0.75KH, the lowest melting temperature was found to be 307 °C and 235 °C, respectively. Morphological studies were used to investigate and present the detailed mechanism linked with this phenomenon.

Unity of the Universe: New and Global Theory Correlating the Ratio of Hydrogen - Helium to Dark Energy – Matter: Sayed`s Golden Formula (SGF)

Singularity and unity is the glorified Creator of the universe. This article went deeply through hydrogen and helium percentages in the universe to explain and correlate their existence with dark energy and matter. Our finding indicates that the hydrogen to helium (H/He) ratio in the universe should be and equal to π. Our previous work predicted that the dark energy to dark matter (DE/DM) ratio is also equal π. It was deduced that the ratio of hydrogen and helium to dark energy and matter {(H/He)/(DE/DM)} is correlated. This ratio, which is called S-ratio, was simply estimated and found to be unity. It was also observed that the iron of mass number 56 is also in correlation with hydrogen and helium content; the ratio is specifically equal √π. This work is uniquely correlated the estimated {(H/He)/(DE/DM)} ratio with the Golden ratio to produce a new global formula to be defined as Sayed Golden formula (SGF). The value of SGF is 1.71347. The results of H/He were compared with many of the other published works.

The effect of EGR and hydrogen addition to natural gas on performance and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine by AVL fire multi-domain simulation, GPR model, and multi-objective genetic algorithm

In this study, the effect of adding hydrogen to natural gas and EGR ratio was conducted on a diesel engine to investigate the engine performance and exhaust gases by AVL Fire multi-domain simulation software.For this investigation, a mixture of hydrogen fuel and natural gas replaced diesel fuel. The percentage of hydrogen in blend fuel changed from 0% to 40%. The compression ratio converted from 17:1 to 15:1. The EGR ratios were in three steps of 5%, 10%, and 15%, with different engine speeds from 1000 to 1800 RPM. The Gaussian process regression (GPR) was developed to model engine performance and exhaust emissions. The optimal values of EGR and the percentage of hydrogen in the blend of HCNG were extracted using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA).The results showed that by increasing EGR, thermal efficiency, the engine power, and specific fuel consumption decreased due to prolongation of combustion length while cumulative heat release increased but, its effect on cylinder pressure is insignificant. Adding hydrogen to natural gas increased the combustion temperature and, consequently NOx. While the amount of CO and HC decreased. The results of GPR and MOGA illustrated that at different engine speeds, the optimum values of EGR and HCNG were 6.35% and 31%, respectively.