Hydrogen Energy Storage System Research Articles

Optimal Allocation Method of Source and Storage Capacity of PV-Hydrogen Zero Carbon Emission Microgrid Considering the Usage Cost of Energy Storage Equipment

Aiming to meet the low-carbon demands of power generation in the process of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization, this paper proposes an optimal PV-hydrogen zero carbon emission microgrid. The light–electricity–hydrogen coupling utilization mode is adopted. The hydrogen-based energy system replaces the carbon-based energy system to realize zero carbon emissions. Firstly, the mathematical models of photovoltaic, hydrogen and electric energy storage systems in a microgrid are built. Then, the optimal allocation model of the microgrid source storage capacity is established, and a scheduling strategy considering the minimum operational cost of energy storage equipment is proposed. The priority of equipment output is determined by comparing the operational costs of the hydrogen energy storage system and the electric energy storage system. Finally, the proposed scheme is compared with the scheduling scheme of the battery priority and the hydrogen energy system priority in an actual microgrid. It is verified that the scheme can ensure stable power-generating, zero carbon operation of a microgrid system while reducing the total annual power costs by 9.8% and 25.1%, respectively.

Modeling analysis and design of Solar PV based hydrogen energy storage system for residential applications

Modeling analysis and design of Solar PV based hydrogen energy storage system for residential applications

Comprehensive assessments of a novel aluminum-fueled energy storage system

A new aluminum-fueled energy storage system based on aluminum-air combustion is proposed. A thermodynamic evaluation model is established using Aspen plus, and comprehensive assessments of the system are conducted, including thermodynamic performance and detailed comparations with hydrogen and ammonia energy storage systems and coal-fired power plants. In addition, the carbon emission analysis and future challenges of the proposed system are analyzed. The proposed aluminum-fueled energy storage system has a higher roundtrip efficiency than the other two energy storage systems based on hydrogen and ammonia. The cost of electricity of the aluminum-fueled energy storage power generation system is comparable to that of coal-fired power plant. Reducing the fuel loss ratio and lowering the price of discarded renewable electricity are effective ways to decreasing the cost of electricity of aluminum-fueled energy storage power system. Compared to an oxy-fuel combustion CO2 capture and storage technique, the proposed aluminum-fueled energy storage system is feasible and economically advantageous.

Research on comprehensive benefit of hydrogen storage in microgrid system

Although the installed capacity of renewable-energy power generation continues to increase in China, wind, light, and water resources are still being abandoned. In addition, the volatility of renewable-energy power generation decreases the reliability of power supply. In this study, a novel “wind–light–water–hydrogen” power system is developed by introducing hydrogen storage into a microgrid system. To optimize the reliability and economic and environmental benefits of the power system, a multi-objective operation model is established, and the twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm (TD3) is used to optimize the model. Further, the power system with hydrogen storage is compared with a system without energy storage and a system with lithium batteries. Notably, the hydrogen energy storage system affords stable power supply and maximum renewable energy consumption and are thus more desirable than lithium batteries. Furthermore, the economic benefits can be increased through the sale of hydrogen and waste-heat recovery and the consumption of surplus hydrogen in transportation, which can also help reduce carbon emissions.

A new multigenerational solar energy system integrated with near-zero energy building including energy storage–A dynamic energy, exergy, and economic-environmental analyses

The main objective of this study is to propose and analyze a multi-generation system to cover heating, electricity, and water demands of a building in St. Petersburg (Russia). The main energy source of the system is solar energy to integrate with hydrogen energy storage system (HESS), and multi-effect desalination (MED). Hot water storage tank, and hydrogen energy storage system are used to store solar energy as heating and electricity, respectively at peak solar radiation. The stored energy will be used at off-peak hours to supply the demands of the building. Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collectors are used to cover heating load of the building and parabolic trough collectors (PTC) are suitable for providing heat demand of MED and HESS. In order to supply whole demands, auxiliary systems such as a heater for heating load and grid for electricity load are used whenever even storing systems are unable to cover them. The tools used for analyzing the proposed system dynamically are a comprehensive approach of energetic, exergetic, and economic-environmental under fixed conditions. Results of the transient analysis show that the proposed system can cover up to 70% and 57.9% of the electricity and heat demands, respectively, without any auxiliary system. At the same time, all the annual demand of the required freshwater of the building and the HESS is supplied by the proposed system. Moreover, the energy and exergy efficiencies of the integrated system with constant input parameters are obtained equal to 20% and 7%, respectively. Finally, by economic analysis, it is found that the net present value (NPV) of the proposed system, assuming an interest rate of 3%, becomes positive after 9 years.

Dynamic simulation of hydrogen-based off-grid zero energy buildings with hydrogen storage considering Fanger model thermal comfort

In this study, some locations with different climates, off-grid zero energy buildings with hydrogen energy storage systems are designed, and transient analysis is conducted. These considered buildings supply their electricity consumption without using the electrical grid and PV panels or wind turbines. Also, they supply thermal comfort to occupants by using a vapor compression chiller and humidifier. Domestic hot water of occupants is supplied using solar collectors. For analyzing building's performance and objectives achievement, TRNSYS software is used. Also, for evaluating occupant thermal comfort, the Fanger model is used. The considered building is a one-story building with a 150 m2 area. Four occupants are considered. Both of them are seated at rest, and another is seated with light working such as typing. Using the Fanger model equation and MATLAB software, the thermal comfort of occupants is determined. For domestic hot water consumption, verified profiles that vary during 24 h of the day are considered. Achieved results show that for humid and cold cities, PV panels with an area of 73 and 76 m2 can be supplied the required electricity of considered building with four occupants and battery state of charge is higher than 50% and 10%, respectively. Moreover, with a suitable air conditioner system, the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) can be lower than 12% and 8% for humid and cold cities. Therefore, the building can be converted to a zero-energy building using its rooftop area.

Stable power supply of an independent power source for a remote island using a Hybrid Energy Storage System composed of electric and hydrogen energy storage systems

We propose a self-sustaining power supply system consisting of a “Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS)” and renewable energy sources to ensure a stable supply of high-quality power in remote islands. The configuration of the self-sustaining power supply system that can utilize renewable energy sources effectively on remote islands where the installation area is limited is investigated. It is found that it is important to select renewable energy sources whose output power curve is close to the load curve to improve the efficiency of the system. The operation methods that can increase the cost-effectiveness of the self-sustaining power supply system are also investigated. It is clarified that it is important for increasing the cost effectiveness of the self-sustaining power supply system to operate the HESS with a smaller capacity of its components by setting upper limits on the output power of the renewable energy sources and cutting the infrequent generated power. • Self-sustaining power supply system with renewable energy source and HESS is proposed. • Proposed power system enables stable supply of high-quality power to remote islands. • Selecting renewable energy source according to power consumption trend is important. • We get optimal ratios of capacity and output suppression of renewable energy sources. • These optimal ratios are important for efficient and stable long-term power supply.

A combined methodology based on Z-fuzzy numbers for sustainability assessment of hydrogen energy storage systems

One of the most significant ways of providing supply security in energy and effective utilization of energy sources is energy storage. Hydrogen, which is a crucial energy carrier, has received more attention in recent years due to its importance for a carbon-free economy and society. There are various physical and material-based storage methods for hydrogen storage. When examined in terms of factors that may affect the storage decision, each storage alternative has positive and negative features. In this regard, determining the most suitable hydrogen energy storage alternative by considering economic, technological, environmental, and social factors is a decision-making problem which is needed to be handled carefully to benefit from this technology in the most effective way. Since this problem requires the consideration of many criteria, some of which have dependencies among themselves or conflict with each other, and experts' judgments including uncertainty along with different degrees of reliability, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach based on z-fuzzy numbers will be an appropriate tool to make an efficient investment decision. Through that, in this study, a novel combined methodology consisting of Decision-MAking Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), cognitive mapping, and VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) methods under z-fuzzy environment has been introduced. In the study, after the proposed z-fuzzy DEMATEL method is used to identify the dependencies among energy storage technologies’ assessment criteria, z-fuzzy cognitive mapping is employed to determine the importance degrees of criteria. Finally, the most suitable hydrogen energy storage alternative is selected by utilizing the z-fuzzy VIKOR technique. As a result of applying this methodology, storage capacity and response time have been determined as the most and the least important criteria with the weights of “0.0649” and “0.0447” respectively, and the alternative “carbon nanotubes” has been determined as the most appropriate option for Turkey. Comparative and sensitivity analyses have also been carried out to validate the proposed methodology and demonstrate the flexibility and robustness of decisions. As a result, we aimed to present a beneficial road map for researchers and policymakers studying hydrogen storage.

Carbon Value Assessment of Hydrogen Energy Connected to the Power Grid

Hydrogen energy plays a fundamental role during the decarbonization transition of electricity systems. However, there is still a lack of a systematic framework analyzing the carbon-reduction capability of integrating a hydrogen-energy storage system (HESS) into a power grid. This research combines the grid dispatch model and storage-control model to define the metric and formulate a framework for assessing the HESS’s value of reducing carbon emissions in a power system. A dynamic programming algorithm is developed to estimate the maximal carbon-reduction value of HESS, which is a nonconvex optimization problem. We apply our model to assess the carbon value of HESS in the ERCOT market and discover the tradeoff between using HESS to reduce carbon and fuel costs. Using the HESS can even cause an increase in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$CO_2$</tex-math></inline-formula> emissions in ERCOT if the charging strategy is designed only to reduce the economic cost. We further identify the factors determining the carbon value of the HESS. The wind energy penetration level decisively determines how much carbon emissions the HESS can reduce. The technical characteristics of HESS also affect its carbon value.

Hydrogen Energy Storage System for Demand Forecast Error Mitigation and Voltage Stabilization in a Fast-Charging Station

Hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) has attracted tremendous interest due to its low emissions and high storage efficiency. In this article, the HESS is considered as an essential tool in hydrogen-integrated transportation and power systems to alleviate EV charging demand forecast error in a fast-charging station (FCS) and to solve voltage deviation problem due to the huge uptake of fast chargers on the utility grid. First, the wavelet transform (WT) method and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network are combined to precisely predict the nonstationary traffic flow (TF). Then, a queueing theory-based model is developed to convert the predicted TF to the expected EV charging demand in FCS by considering charging service limitations and driver behaviors. Third, the charging demand prediction error is used to schedule the components in a HESS by considering their inherent properties and operational limits. As a result, the HESS configuration can be determined by analyzing the tradeoff between the investment cost and the monetary penalty due to charging demand forecast error and voltage deviation. The proposed solution is validated through a case study with mathematical justifications and simulation results.

An efficient multi-agent negotiation algorithm for multi-period photovoltaic array reconfiguration with a hydrogen energy storage system

Since the partial shading conditions easily bring a significant energy loss for a photovoltaic system, various array reconfiguration techniques have been proposed to improve the power generation efficiency. The existing studies of photovoltaic array reconfiguration mainly attempted to maximize the power output, which easily leads to a low total profit since they did not take the multi-period power fluctuation into account. In general, a large power fluctuation will result in a high regulation cost in a frequency regulation market, which can be smoothed by a hydrogen energy storage system. Consequently, this paper constructs a new multi-period photovoltaic array reconfiguration with a hydrogen energy storage system under partial shading conditions. It aims to maximize the total profit of photovoltaic system instead of only the power output by simultaneously consider the electricity selling profit in an electricity market, the hydrogen selling profit in a hydrogen market, and the regulation cost in a frequency regulation market. To address this problem, a novel efficient multi-agent negotiation algorithm with an auctioneer and multiple bidders is designed with the multi-round negotiation and the random re-initialization. The comprehensive case studies with a 10 × 10 total-cross-tied photovoltaic array shows that the proposed algorithm can acquire the higher total profit compared to five centralized meta-heuristic algorithms, in which the total profit can be increased from negative to positive against that without optimization under a discrete varying partial shading condition. Based on the simulation results, it can be concluded that the multi-period photovoltaic array reconfiguration can dramatically increase the total profit under a multi-market environment, while the proposed algorithm can achieve an efficient and distributed optimization under different partial shading conditions.

Thermal analysis and optimization of stand-alone microgrids with metal hydride based hydrogen storage

Stand-alone microgrids, also known as remote area power supply systems, are crucial towards providing electricity access to off-the-grid locations/buildings and for communities trying to become 100% dependent on renewables. Design and development of efficient energy storage system remains a key challenge for the stand-alone microgrid technology. Metal hydride based hydrogen-energy storage system, offering long term energy storage at near ambient conditions and additional benefits of thermal and green hydrogen output, have attracted researchers and industrialists worldwide. In this work, LaNi5 (Lanthanum Penta-nickel) based hydrogen-energy storage system for stand-alone microgrid application is studied. An optimization study is performed to find the optimal sizes of hybrid (solar + wind) and wind microgrid components for the requirements of typical Indian village/UK community of 50 households located at various geographical locations, having diverse solar and wind resources availability. The study ensures that the microgrid satisfies the required electric load but is not over-designed, which is achieved by limiting the two performance parameters i.e., unmet load fraction and excess electricity fraction, below 10%. The optimization study is done based on an hourly analysis for a year using the simulation software HOMER. A thermal analysis is carried out to quantify the additional benefit of thermal output from the energy storage system. Comparisons between the performance and thermal output of optimized hybrid and wind microgrids are carried out for the selected locations. Also, green hydrogen produced for energy storage and available for use at the end of the year is quantified. Upon comparing hybrid (solar PV + wind turbine) and wind energy based microgrids, it is observed that hydrogen storage requirement decreases by up to 97% while using hybrid energy source depending on the location. Besides serving electrical load, the microgrid delivers thermal outputs of about 1kWh and 5kWh for Indian and UK locations respectively.

A Constant Current Control Method With Improved Dynamic Performance for CLLC Converters

The capacitor–inductor–inductor–capacitor ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CLLC</i> ) converter is a promising topology for bidirectional power conversion applications, such as hydrogen or battery energy storage systems and bidirectional pulsing current charging or heating for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. For these applications, high dynamic constant current control is required. In this article, a novel constant current control method with improved dynamic performance over the conventional proportional–integral (PI) method is proposed for the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CLLC</i> converter. In constant current control, the charging and discharging process of the output capacitor determines the dynamic performance. A state trajectory model is proposed for the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CLLC</i> converter and is employed to analyze the transient process in the resonant tank. Based on the analysis, a novel dead-band-based control method for the constant current control is proposed. The proposed method can directly and effectively control the charging and the discharging process of the output capacitor, which the conventional PI control method cannot do. As a result, the dynamic performance is improved. The correctness of the proposed state trajectory model, the state trajectory analysis, and the effectiveness of the proposed constant current control method are verified by experiments. Experimental results show that the response time of the proposed method is reduced by more than 50% compared with that of the conventional PI method, with no overshoot.

Hydrogen energy storage systems to improve wind power plant efficiency considering electricity tariff dynamics

One of the limitations of the efficiency of renewable energy sources is the stochastic nature of generation; consequently, it is necessary to use high-capacity energy storage systems such as hydrogen storage for its integration into existing power networks. At the same time, electricity market tariffs for large enterprises change during the day. Therefore, it can be assumed that storing energy during cheaper hours and usage in more expensive hours allows increasing the efficiency of renewable energy sources. Evaluation of the economic efficiency of an energy storage system requires simulation with a step of at least 1 h for several years since the use of averaged production volume and averaged electricity tariffs will not allow obtaining an adequate to the task accuracy. A simulation model and software have been implemented to perform simulations and calculate the economic efficiency of a wind turbine with and without a hydrogen storage device. The methodology has been approved on three-year real data of wind speeds and electricity tariffs in the Novosibirsk region and Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation).

A Swarm Based Double Q-Learning for Optimal Pv Array Reconfiguration with a Coordinated Control of Hydrogen Energy Storage System

A Swarm Based Double Q-Learning for Optimal Pv Array Reconfiguration with a Coordinated Control of Hydrogen Energy Storage System

Challenges of integrating hydrogen energy storage systems into nearly zero-energy ports

Sustainable development is the primary global goal for port authorities to maintain and improve their commercial activity and attractiveness. The need to diminish their environmental impact ought to be accomplished by reckoning economic and social euphoria sectors. This research aims to convert a traditional port to a sustainable one while eliminating its carbon footprint emissions. The incorporation of cold ironing technology is investigated to reduce the emissions caused by the operation of berthing vessels' auxiliary engines and to set the ground for future legislation. After studying and evaluating the current strategies, and technologies, thirteen scenarios were conceptualised, simulated, and evaluated using the HOMER PRO software. For each scenario, the port's autonomy is ensured by generating renewable energy and storing excess energy in a hydrogen storage system. The optimal solutions were chosen, utilising the actual area's data. In particular, zero carbon footprint emissions for the port's operation were achieved, and the Levelised Cost of Energy was reduced by 51.8% and 41.2%, respectively, by incorporating or not the cold-ironing technique. Also, the port is capable of operating autonomously for a whole day. Finally, this study proves that small-sized ports can implement cold-ironing technology and enhance their energy efficiency via a renewable hydrogen system.

Modeling the Heat-Hydrogen Balance Characteristic of Hydrogen Energy Storage and Cooperative Dispatch of Wind-Hydrogen Hybrid System

The heat and hydrogen balance of the hydrogen energy storage system’s intermittent operation becomes a key factor affecting the performance of the wind-hydrogen hybrid system (W-HHS). This work designed a hydrogen energy storage system (HESS), including waste heat utilization. Then, a dual state of charge (SOC) model is established, in which hydrogen and heat storage is considered. Furthermore, based on the distributionally robust method, an optimal dispatch method of W-HHS is proposed to reduce the operation cost of conventional units in the grid and increase the revenue of the W-HHS. The previously proposed dual SOC model of heat-hydrogen balance is regarded as a constraint in this cooperative dispatch. The effectiveness and efficiency of the dual SOC model were verified on the IEEE 30-bus system with an actual wind plant data set. The results show that the hydrogen-heat dual SOC model can fully reflect the influence of heat and hydrogen balance on the operation of the W-HHS. The cooperative dispatch method improves the reliability of the W-HHS operation under the premise of ensuring the heat-hydrogen balance. When the constraints of hydrogen balance SOC and heat balance SOC are met simultaneously, the available power of the wind plant is 6–8% lower than the ideal situation. Parameter analysis indicates that reducing the heat dissipation coefficient can reduce the influence of the SOC constraint of heat balance on the dispatch strategy and increase the power output of the wind plant. When the heat dissipation coefficient is less than 1/1,200, the heat balance SOC constraint fails.

Optimization scheduling control strategy of wind-hydrogen system considering hydrogen production efficiency

Because the efficiency of the hydrogen production is closely related to the optimal scheduling strategy and economy of the wind-hydrogen coupling system, an optimal scheduling method for the wind-hydrogen system considering the efficiency of the wind power hydrogen production is proposed in this paper. Taking hydrogen production from alkaline electrolysers as an example, a method to improve the efficiency of electrolyser arrays based on the segmented fuzzy control is proposed. An optimization scheduling model of wind-hydrogen system considering the efficiency of the wind power hydrogen production is built, and the optimal hydrogen production power is solved by the Artificial Bee Colony algorithm. The sensitivity analysis of the factors that affect the efficiency of wind-hydrogen system is carried out. The validity and correctness of the proposed method is verified by the simulation analysis of the actual operation data of the power grid. Compared with the traditional simple start-stop scheme, the control strategy proposed in this paper can produce more hydrogen of 6.18 tons and improve the hydrogen production efficiency by 4.8%, which can provide a theoretical basis for the large-scale application of hydrogen energy storage systems in the power grid.

A hybrid model of energy scheduling for integrated multi-energy microgrid with hydrogen and heat storage system

To increase the energy utilization efficiency, it becomes fairly promising to convert the surplus electricity from renewable generation to other forms of energy for multi-dimensional consumption. In this paper, we propose a hybrid energy scheduling model for a multi-energy microgrid with the integration of the hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) and the heat storage system (HSS). In our study, the operational uncertainties induced by renewables and loads (including electrical, hydrogen, and heat demand) are comprehensively considered. We investigate such an operating regime that HESS stores the surplus electricity in case of abundant renewable generation and generates electricity through hydrogen fuel cells otherwise. Further, heat units including HESS, combined heat and power (CHP), and external heat suppliers are modeled in this paper. We split the decision-makings of energy scheduling for both the day-ahead stage and real-time stage to tackle the power balancing issues. To effectively solve the aforementioned optimization model, a flexible weighted Model Predictive Control (weighted-MPC) strategy is proposed, in which the receding horizon can be suitably adjusted according to the forecasting accuracy of system uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed hybrid model for microgrid energy scheduling is comprehensively verified through extensive case studies.

Transform from gasoline stations to electric-hydrogen hybrid refueling stations: An islanding DC microgrid with electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage system and its control strategy

Hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) will proliferate in the near future as they are prerequisites for the fast developing hydrogen-powered vehicles. The electric-hydrogen hybrid refueling stations based on DC microgrid is a promising way. The HRSs can utilize renewable energy to generate and store hydrogen on site locally. DC bus voltage stability and reliable operation become significant control issues of HRSs based on DC microgrid. In order to solve the problem of power allocation and coordinated operation of lithium battery energy storage system (BESS) and hydrogen energy storage system (HESS), a fuzzy power allocation strategy and control method is proposed for islanding DC microgrid with electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage system. The operation modes of DC microgrid are analyzed, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is designed, and the control methods of different interface converters are given under different operating modes. Finally, simulation model and hardware-in-the-loop experimental platform based on RT-LAB are built, the proposed algorithm and traditional method are carried out in simulation model and experimental platform. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can use the fuzzy logic controller to dynamically adjust the allocation factors according to the state-of-charge (SOC) of battery and state-of-charge (SOCH) of hydrogen storage tank, so that the SOC and SOCH gradually tend to a reasonable working range, improve the service life of the battery and hydrogen safety, and reduce the number of control mode switching.