Hydrogen Battery Research Articles

Resilient operation of multi-energy industrial park based on integrated hydrogen-electricity-heat microgrids

The hydrogen-based clean energy infrastructure provides a viable option for resilience improvement against extreme events, e.g., natural disaster and malicious attacks. This paper presents a resilience-oriented operation model for industrial parks energized by integrated hydrogen-electricity-heat microgrids, which aims to improve the load survivability under contingency status. The synergies of multi-type distributed energy resources (e.g., fuel cells, hydrogen storage tanks, battery storage and heat storage unit) and the sequential operation of the industrial distribution network are analytically represented by a mixed-integer second-order conic program (SOCP) formulation. Moreover, by leveraging the information of probabilistic disaster prediction, a risk-averse receding horizon method is developed to handle the uncertainty of network contingencies, and supports the optimal decision of proactive and emergency scheduling. Numerical results on a 26-node industrial energy system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and resilient scheduling method. The synergetic operation of hydrogen-based microgrids could significantly reduce the risks of load interruption.

Techno-economic design of energy systems for airport electrification: A hydrogen-solar-storage integrated microgrid solution

Can aviation really become less polluting? The electrification of airport energy system as a micro-grid is a promising solution to achieve zero emission airport operation, however such electrification approach presents the engineering challenge of integrating new energy resources, such as hydrogen supply and solar energy as attractive options to decarbonize the present system. This paper explores the techno-economic benefits of integrating hydrogen supply, electric auxiliary power unit (APU) of aircraft, electric vehicles, photovoltaic energy (PV), and battery storage system into electrified airport energy system. The hydrogen fuel cell generation provides great flexibility to supply aircraft at remote stands, and reduces the carbon emissions caused by traditional fuel-powered APU. A mixed integer linear programming optimization method based on life cycle theory is developed for capacity sizing of hydrogen energy system, PV and battery storage, with optimization objective of minimizing the total economic costs as well as considering environmental benefits of the proposed airport microgrid system. Case studies are conducted by five different energy integration scenarios with techno-economic and environmental assessments to quantify the benefits of integrating hydrogen and renewable energy into airport. Compared with the benchmark scenarios, the integration of hydrogen energy system reduced the total annual costs and carbon emissions of airport energy system by 41.6% and 67.29%, respectively. Finally, sensitivity analysis of key system parameters such as solar irradiance, grid emission factor, elctricity price, carbon tax, unit investment cost of hydrogen energy system have been investigated to inform the design of hydrogen-solar-storage integrated energy system for future airport electrification.

Renewables exploitation via hydrogen production in gas turbine test facilities: the ZEHTC Project

In order to pursue the goals of de-carbonization and renewable sources exploitation, an efficient, cost-effective and environmental friendly employment of energy systems is mandatory. In this context, the ERA-Net funded Project ZEHTC (Zero Emission Hydrogen Turbine Center) has been developed, aimed at the realization of a pilot plant consisting in the world first gas turbine test facility making use of the power produced during turbine tests – along with renewables (solar in particular) – for hydrogen production and batteries storage. The produced hydrogen will be locally used to run the gas turbine, thus reducing its environmental impact. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the first steps of the project, consisting in the definition of an optimized grid and in the development of a calculation model for the optimal energy systems design. To this respect, the typology of energy systems to be included into the grid (in addition to the current set-up of the existing turbine test center) will be presented. In addition, the mathematical models specifically developed for each component, as well as the developed operational logic of the entire grid, will be presented and discussed in order to set the optimal size of each systems.

Study on electrochemical principle and characteristic curve of nickel hydrogen battery for mine

As a kind of high-energy secondary battery, mining Ni MH battery is very suitable for mine backup power because of its advantages of high capacity, high power, no pollution, long cycle life, strong charging and discharging ability and high safety. This paper mainly introduces the electrochemical reaction of Ni MH battery under normal operation, overcharge and over discharge, introduces the types and components of Ni MH battery, describes the change curve of charging and discharging terminal voltage with time under different conditions, analyzes the self discharge situation of Ni MH battery under different conditions, and analyzes the cycle life and safety of Ni MH battery. The software and hardware design of battery intelligent management and SOC estimation analysis provide the basic basis.

New route to hydrogen and graphene-based battery materials funded by UK Government.

Herein, two new organometallic triprisms catalytic systems, 1, 2 were successfully constructed by the reaction of edge arm units E1, E2 and a tridentate ligand 4, 4′, 4''-(1H-imidazole-2, 4, 5-triyl) tripyridine (L1), respectively through the coordination-driven self-assembly strategy at room temperature. The structural configuration of triprisms 1 and 2 were determined by X-ray crystallography in combination with NMR spectroscopy. And a carefully structural analysis shows that there exists an obvious and ordered supramolecular pockets based on accumulation effect of these discrete triprisms, which could accommodate appropriate guest molecules by space effect and supramolecular interactions including hydrgen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Interestingly, anthracene (ANT) molecules could be wrapped in the confined pockets to form stable [email protected]1 complex in solution, which could be confirmed forcefully by UV–vis and 1H NMR spectra. Notably, when the [email protected]1 was irradiated in methanol under UV light of 365 ​nm, a new set of NMR peaks appeared, well matching these signals of di-paraanthracene, clearly demonstrating the occurrence of [4 ​+ ​4] cycloaddition reaction. This research provides a new idea for photodimerization of ANT into di-paraanthracene.

A three-stage intelligent coordinated operation for grouped hydrogen-based hybrid storage systems considering the degradation and the future impacts based on multi-criteria decision making

Hybrid storage is often integrated to tackle the uncertainty of renewable energy sources. To face a variety of ancillary services, hybrid storage systems are often grouped together forming a larger energy and power densities storage system. However, to healthily coordinated schedule the grouped hybrid storages is still a problem. In this paper, a three-stage combined algorithm is proposed to cooperate the grouped hybrid storage systems: first, multi-criteria decision making is adopted to allocate expected power to each hybrid storage system; second, model predictive control (MPC) associated with support vector machine and Kalman filter is used to dispatch the allocated power to hydrogen storage and battery; third, a PID controller is deployed for reference tracking. Simulation results show that prediction errors in MPC cause the increases of operation cost and degradation index. For the operation cost, the combined fuzzy membership and MPC-Kalman filter algorithm has a better performance. The PID controller has a good ability to track reference signals.

Reconstruction and revitalization in Fukushima a decade after the “triple disaster” struck: Striving for sustainability and a new future vision

While disasters occur relatively frequently almost none are of a scale as serious or complex as the triple disaster that devastated coastal regions of Tohoku, Japan. How can a region recover from a disaster as horrific as that triggered by the earthquake, tsunami and radioactive contamination linked to the explosions and reactor meltdowns at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant? Recovery and reconstruction in cases of large-scale disasters involves multiple activities which extend over long periods of time. This article focuses on one aspect of this -- the efforts that are being made to bring about deeper transformative changes that aim to make the region in and around Fukushima both more sustainable and resilient. The region is betting on becoming a leader of global significance in several areas: tsunami disaster management and recovery, nuclear disaster recovery know-how (technological, scientific, and social), renewable energy development, and hydrogen fuels and battery storage technologies. This effort is made difficult, however, by many evacuees’ reluctance to return to the region and the complex challenges associated with dealing with the aftermath of the nuclear accident.

The potential of hydrogen hydrate as a future hydrogen storage medium.

SummaryHydrogen is recognized as the “future fuel” and the most promising alternative of fossil fuels due to its remarkable properties including exceptionally high energy content per unit mass (142 ), low mass density, and massive environmental and economical upsides. A wide spectrum of methods in production, especially carbon-free approaches, purification, and storage have been investigated to bring this energy source closer to the technological deployment. Hydrogen hydrates are among the most intriguing material paradigms for storage due to their appealing properties such as low energy consumption for charge and discharge, safety, cost-effectiveness, and favorable environmental features. Here, we comprehensively discuss the progress in understanding of hydrogen clathrate hydrates with an emphasis on charging/discharging rate of (i.e. hydrate formation and dissociation rates) and the storage capacity. A thorough understanding on phase equilibrium of the hydrates and its variation through different materials is provided. The path toward ambient temperature and pressure hydrogen batteries with high storage capacity is elucidated. We suggest that the charging rate of in this storage medium and long cyclic performance are more immediate challenges than storage capacity for technological translation of this storage medium. This review and provided outlook establish a groundwork for further innovation on hydrogen hydrate systems for promising future of hydrogen fuel.

A three-layer coordinated operation methodology for multiple hydrogen-based hybrid storage systems

Multiple hybrid storage systems are commonly grouped together forming as a larger energy and power density storage system, which can better satisfy different demands and situations. However, efficiently and healthily cooperating these multiple hybrid storage systems is still a tactical problem, especially considering various storage numbers, complex electrochemical reactions, multiplex physical and healthy operation conditions. In this paper, both the hydrogen and battery storage are formed as a single hybrid storage, where the hydrogen storage is composed of the fuel cell, hydrogen tanks, and the electrolyzer. Temperature effects are considered to build a two-dimension model of hybrid storage. A three-layer algorithm is then proposed to cooperate the grouped hybrid storage systems: first, an Entropy-fuzzy membership method is adopted to allocate the energy to each hybrid storage system; second, a model predictive control associated with the Kalman filter prediction method is used to dispatch the allocated power to hydrogen storage and battery; third, a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller is used to achieve the reference signals tracking. The simulation results indicate that the proposed three-layer algorithm can efficiently and orderly dispatch power to each storage, and can extend the lifetime of the storage system. Featuring the hydrogen storage, the invisible spare power can be stored in tanks, and can be further utilized at any time in the future.

Design of hybrid power-to-power systems for continuous clean PV-based energy supply

The increasing penetration of intermittent renewable sources, fostering power sector decarbonization, calls for the adoption of energy storage systems as an essential mean to improve local electricity exploitation, reducing the impact of distributed power generation on the electric grid. This work compares the use of hydrogen-based Power-to-Power systems, battery systems and hybrid hydrogen-battery systems to supply a constant 1 MWel load with electricity locally generated by a photovoltaic plant. A techno-economic optimization model is set up that optimizes the size and annual operation of the system components (photovoltaic field, electrolyzer, hydrogen storage tanks, fuel cell and batteries) with the objective of minimizing the annual average cost of electricity, while guaranteeing an imposed share of local renewable self-generation. Results show that, with the present values of investment costs and grid electricity prices, the installation of an energy storage system is not economically attractive by itself, whereas the installation of PV panels is beneficial in terms of costs, so that the baseline optimal solution consists of a 4.2 MWp solar field capable to self-generate 33% of the load annually. For imposed shares of self-generation above 40%, decoupling generation and consumption becomes necessary. The use of batteries is slightly less expensive than the use of hydrogen storage systems up to a 92% self-generation rate. Above this threshold, seasonal storage becomes predominant and hybrid storage becomes cheaper than batteries. The sale of excess electricity is always important to support the plant economics, and a sale price reduction sensibly impacts the results. Hydrogen storage becomes more competitive when the need for medium and long terms energy shift increases, e.g. in case of having a cap on the available PV capacity.

Enhancing the operation of fuel cell-photovoltaic-battery-supercapacitor renewable system through a hybrid energy management strategy

It is necessary to have an energy management system based on one or more control strategies to sense, monitor, and control the behavior of the hybrid energy sources. In renewable hybrid power systems containing fuel cells and batteries, the hydrogen consumption reduction and battery state of charge (SOC) utilizing are the main objectives. These parameters are essential to get the maximum befits of cost reduction as well as battery and hydrogen storage lifetime increasing. In this paper, a novel hybrid energy management system (HEMS) was designed to achieve these objectives. A renewable hybrid power system combines: PV, PEMFC, SC, and Battery was designed to supply a predetermined load with its needed power. This (REHPS) depends on the PV power as a master source during the daylight. It uses the FC to support as a secondary source in the night or shading time. The battery is helping the FC when the load power is high. The supercapacitor (SC) is working at the load transient or load fast change. The proposed energy management system uses fuzzy logic and frequency decoupling and state machine control strategies working together as a hybrid strategy where the switching over between both strategies done automatically based on predetermined values to obtain the minimum value of hydrogen consumption and the maximum value of SOC at the same time. The proposed HEMS achieves 19.6% Hydrogen consumption saving and 5.4% increase in SOC value compared to the results of the same two strategies when working as a stand-alone. The load is designed to show a surplus power when the PV power is at its maximum value. This surplus power is used to charge the battery. To validate the system, the results were compared with the results of each strategy if working separately. The comparison confirms the achievement of the hybrid energy management system goal.

Blue Energy Collection toward All‐Hours Self‐Powered Chemical Energy Conversion

AbstractThe conversion and transmission of blue energy in the ocean are critical issues. By employing triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), blue energy can be harvested but the corresponding electricity transmission and storage are still great challenges. In this work, an automatic high‐efficiency self‐powered energy collection and conversion system is proposed that converts blue energy to chemical energy. A gear‐driven unidirectional acceleration TENG is designed to convert disordered and low‐frequency water wave energy to low voltage and high current DC output. The output bias from the TENG can be used to drive a Ti–Fe2O3/FeNiOOH based photoelectrochemical cell under sunlight to produce hydrogen. Moreover, under the situation without sunlight, the self‐powered system can be automatically switched to another working state to charge a Co3O4 based lithium‐ion battery. The hydrogen production rate reaches to 4.65 µL min‐1 under sunlight at the rotation speed of 120 rpm. The conversion efficiency of the whole system is calculated to be 2.29%. The system triggered by photoswitches can automatically switch between two working states with or without sunlight and convert the blue energy to either hydrogen energy or battery energy for easy storage and transmission, which widens the future applications for blue energy.

A sensitivity analysis on large-scale electrical energy storage requirements in Europe under consideration of innovative storage technologies

As the share of variable renewable energies in the power system increases, so does the need for flexibility options. These include, inter alia, energy storage, network optimization and expansion, and demand side management. In this paper, a broad sensitivity analysis is carried out to assess the potential role of innovative electrical energy storage technologies in comparison to well-established ones. The innovative technologies considered include compressed heat energy storage, adiabatic compressed air energy storage, power-to-heat-to-power storage, and reversible solid oxide fuel cells storage. To this aim, the cost-optimizing energy system model REMix has been applied to analyze the impact of main techno-economic parameters of electrical energy storages on their role in the future European power supply system. Two main studies have been calculated. The first one deals with a cost sensitivity analysis on a generic storage technology. Among the main findings is that – beside cost – the ratio between photovoltaics and wind power potentials in a particular region have a relevant impact on the capacity as well as on the energy to power ratio of the installed storages. In addition, a strong competition has been observed between energy storages and gas turbines. The second scenario evaluates the competition between well-established and innovative energy storage technologies. The results show that while some of the regions – namely southern Europe, alpine regions and Scandinavia – mainly rely on pumped hydro storage, in most of Central European regions and United Kingdom the cost optimal solution consists of a mix of pumped hydro storage (totaling 64.2 TWh/y of discharged energy in Europe), hydrogen underground storage (45.1 TWh/y) and batteries (27.1 TWh/y), with an additional small share of power-to-heat-to-power storages (0.1 TWh/y). In line with earlier studies, hydrogen storage is found mostly in regions with high wind power supply, while the distribution of batteries is more spread overall in Europe. The model results underline the high sensitivity of the economic efficiency of storage facilities to the investment costs and their components.

Performance analysis of nickel metal hydride (NiMH) rechargeable battery using Matlab/Simulink

This research presents the performance analysis of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) rechargeable battery using MATLAB/Simulink. Nickel Metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are used as hydrogen storage material with high hydrogen volumetric capacity and reversible hydrogen absorption/desorption reactions. The study helps contribute to the lingering research gap regarding the NiMH battery. Recent research works conducted on NiMH battery cover areas such as the battery capacity and its memory effect. This research work addresses the charge/discharge characteristics and the battery voltage. The methodology employs the use of a generic battery model which is modeled using the Simulink library materials. Simulation using nickel hydrogen battery model thus makes it possible to analyze the characteristics of chargeability and discharge ability. The result showed that the battery has a nominal voltage of 200 volt. The machine runs at 120 rad/s and the charge and discharge characteristics showed that the battery is least affected by its memory.

A High-Rate Lithium Manganese Oxide-Hydrogen Battery.

Rechargeable hydrogen gas batteries show promises for the integration of renewable yet intermittent solar and wind electricity into the grid energy storage. Here, we describe a rechargeable, high-rate, and long-life hydrogen gas battery that exploits a nanostructured lithium manganese oxide cathode and a hydrogen gas anode in an aqueous electrolyte. The proposed lithium manganese oxide-hydrogen battery shows a discharge potential of ∼1.3 V, a remarkable rate of 50 C with Coulombic efficiency of ∼99.8%, and a robust cycle life. A systematic electrochemical study demonstrates the significance of the electrocatalytic hydrogen gas anode and reveals the charge storage mechanism of the lithium manganese oxide-hydrogen battery. This work provides opportunities for the development of new rechargeable hydrogen batteries for the future grid-scale energy storage.

An Optimal Sizing of Stand-Alone Hybrid PV-Fuel Cell-Battery to Desalinate Seawater at Saudi NEOM City

NEOM City in Saudi Arabia is planned to be the first environmentally friendly city in the world that is powered by renewable energy sources minimizing CO2 emissions to reduce the effect of global warming according to Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030. In recent years, Saudi Arabia has had a problem with water scarcity. The main factors affecting water security are unequal water distribution, wrong use of water resources and using bad or less efficient irrigation techniques. This paper is aimed to provide a detailed feasibility and techno-economic evaluation of using several scenarios of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system to satisfy the electrical energy needs for an environmentally friendly seawater desalination plant which feeds 150 m−3 day−1 of freshwater to 1000 people in NEOM City, Saudi Arabia. The first scenario is based on hybrid solar photovoltaic PV, fuel cells (FC) with a hydrogen storage system and batteries system (BS), while the second and third scenarios are based on hybrid PV/BS and PV/FC with a hydrogen storage system, respectively. HOMER® software was used to obtain the optimal configuration based on techno-economic analysis of each component of the hybrid renewable energy systems and an economic and environmental point of view based on the values of net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). Based on the obtained results, the best configuration is PV/FC/BS. The optimal size and related costs for the optimal size are 235 kW PV array, 30 kW FC, 144 batteries, 30 kW converter, 130 kW electrolyzer, and 25 kg hydrogen tank is considered the best option for powering a 150 m3 reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant. The values of net present cost (NPC) and the cost of energy (COE) are $438,657 and $0.117/kWh, respectively. From the authors’ point view, the proposed system is one among the foremost environmentally friendly systems to provide electric energy to the seawater desalination plant, especially when connecting to the utility grid, because it is ready to reduce a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions due to using oil/nature gas in utility generation stations to reduce the effect of global warming.

Hypotheses for Primary Energy Use, Electricity Use and CΟ2 Emissions of Global Computing and Its Shares of the Total Between 2020 and 2030

There is no doubt that the economic and computing activity related to the digital sector will ramp up faster in the present decade than in the last. Moreover, computing infrastructure is one of three major drivers of new electricity use alongsidefuture and current hydrogen production and battery electric vehicles charging. Here is proposed a trajectory in this decade for CO2 emissions associated with this digitalization and its share of electricity and energy generation as a whole. The roadmap for major sources of primary energy and electricity and associated CO2 emissions areprojected and connected to the probable power use of the digital industry. The truncation error for manufacturing related CO2 emissions may be 0.8 Gt or more indicating a larger share of manufacturing and absolute digital CO2 emissions.While remaining at a moderate share of global CO2 emissions (4-5%), the resulting digital CO2 emissions will likely rise from 2020 to 2030. The opposite may only happen if the electricity used to run especially data centers and production plants is produced locally (next to the data centers and plants) from renewable sources and data intensity metrics grow slower than expected.

Research status of MoSe2 and its composites: A review

MoSe2 hold great performance potential because of its large specific surface area, quantum confinement effect and Graphene-like structure. In this review, the research progress of different preparation methods (including Mechanical stripping, Intercalation stripping, Chemical vapor deposition, Hydrothermal) of MoSe2 and its composites have been discussed. Its application status in many fields have also been covered, such as photoelectric, hydrogen evolution reaction, battery and capacitor. In addition, in the application of biology, water decomposition and low thermal conductivity materials were briefly introduced.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Batteries for Electric-Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aircraft

The primary drawbacks of battery-powered vertical takeoff and landing [electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL)] aircraft are their poor range and endurance with practical payloads. The objective of this paper is to examine the potential of hydrogen fuel cells to overcome this drawback. The paper develops steady-state and transient models of fuel cells and batteries, and it validates the models experimentally. It demonstrates fuel cell and battery power sharing in a regulated parallel configuration to achieve a reduction in powerplant weight. Finally, the paper outlines the weight models of motors, batteries, and fuel cells needed for eVTOL sizing, and it carries out a sizing analysis for on-demand urban air-taxi missions. This revealed that, for ranges within 75 miles, a lightweight (5000–6000 lb gross weight) all-electric tilting proprotor configuration is feasible with current levels of battery specific energy () if high C-rate batteries are available (4–10 C for 2.5 min). For any mission beyond 50 miles, fuel cells appear to be a compelling candidate. Although fuel cells alone do not offer significant improvements to batteries, the two electric power sources can be combined for significant payload gains. In the combined powerplant, the fuel cell is sized to the low-power cruise mode and the battery supplements during higher power. For missions of less than 50 miles, the combination provides no advantage with current technology, and battery specific energy is the principal driver.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Battery Hybrid Architecture for Range Extension of Electric VTOL (eVTOL) Aircraft

The objective of this paper is to study the impact of combining hydrogen fuel cells with lithium-ion batteries through an ideal power-sharing architecture to mitigate the poor range and endurance of battery powered electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. The benefits of combining the two sources is first illustrated by a conceptual sizing of an electric tiltrotor for an urban air taxi mission of 75 mi cruise and 5 min hover. It is shown that an aircraft of 5000–6000 lb gross weight can carry a practical payload of 500 lb (two to three seats) with present levels of battery specific energy (150 Wh/kg) if only a battery–fuel cell hybrid power plant is used, combined in an ideal power-sharing manner, as long as high burst C-rate batteries are available (4–10 C). A power plant using batteries alone can carry less than half the payload; use of fuel cells alone cannot lift off the ground. Next, the operation of such a system is demonstrated using systematic hardware testing. The concepts of unregulated and regulated power-sharing architectures are described. A regulated architecture that can implement ideal power sharing is built up in a step-by-step manner. It is found only two switches and three DC-to-DC converters are necessary, and if placed appropriately, are sufficient to achieve the desired power flow. Finally, a simple power system model is developed, validated with test data and used to gain fundamental understanding of power sharing.