Abstract
SummaryHydrogen is recognized as the “future fuel” and the most promising alternative of fossil fuels due to its remarkable properties including exceptionally high energy content per unit mass (142 ), low mass density, and massive environmental and economical upsides. A wide spectrum of methods in production, especially carbon-free approaches, purification, and storage have been investigated to bring this energy source closer to the technological deployment. Hydrogen hydrates are among the most intriguing material paradigms for storage due to their appealing properties such as low energy consumption for charge and discharge, safety, cost-effectiveness, and favorable environmental features. Here, we comprehensively discuss the progress in understanding of hydrogen clathrate hydrates with an emphasis on charging/discharging rate of (i.e. hydrate formation and dissociation rates) and the storage capacity. A thorough understanding on phase equilibrium of the hydrates and its variation through different materials is provided. The path toward ambient temperature and pressure hydrogen batteries with high storage capacity is elucidated. We suggest that the charging rate of in this storage medium and long cyclic performance are more immediate challenges than storage capacity for technological translation of this storage medium. This review and provided outlook establish a groundwork for further innovation on hydrogen hydrate systems for promising future of hydrogen fuel.
Highlights
Energy availability is an absolutely essential factor for economic growth and plays a vital role in quality of human life
The results indicated the superiority of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) for hydrate formation: when TBAB was used as the promoter, they were able to form hydrate at 286 K and 6 MPa, whereas, with THF, hydrate formed at 280 K and 8.3 MPa
The results showed that THF/SDS promotor significantly facilitates hydrogen storage by allowing hydrate formation to take place at more moderate conditions compared with those required when CH4 is used
Summary
Energy availability is an absolutely essential factor for economic growth and plays a vital role in quality of human life. The extremely high pressures and low temperatures required to form the carbon dioxide hydrate structure present a challenge for the application of hydrate formation as a separation technology. Once water and H2 are mixed, the guest molecules incorporate into the polyhedral cages of the host framework and form hydrogen hydrate, a process that typically requires low temperatures and elevated pressures to take place (Mao et al, 2002). Mao et al (Mao et al, 2002) investigated hydrogen hydrate formation, which was synthesized as a liquid at pressure of 200 MPa and temperature of À24C Their results indicated that four and two H2 molecules were stored in a large and a small hydrate cage, respectively.
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