Hydrodistilled Oil Research Articles

Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and Antiproliferative activities of essential oil of Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) from Algerian Saharan atlas

BackgroundMentha spicata (M. spicata) is a member of Lamiaceae that spreads mainly in the temperate and sub-temperate zones of the world. It is considered as a rich source of essential oils, which is widely used in pharmaceutical industries and food production. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities associated with the essential oil of M. spicata cultivated in Algerian Saharan Atlas.MethodsThe aerial parts of M. spicata were subjected to hydrodistillation to produce the oil. Chemical identification of the oil composition was conducted by GC and GC-MS analyses. The antioxidant activity of the hydrodistilled oil was studied using DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging and ferric-reducing power assay. Antimicrobial potential was characterized against two microorganisms, signifying Gram positive, and Gram negative bacteria, and one Candida species. The microdilution method was employed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The oil’s antiproliferative effects against three human tumor cell lines were also investigated using the MTT assay, and the toxic doses that yielded 50% reduction of cell viability (LD50) were reported.ResultsChemical analysis of the essential oil composition revealed 44 unique compounds with oxygenated monoterpenes (67.2%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (20.8%), as the most abundant chemical components. Essential oil of M. spicata demonstrated moderate antioxidant activities as well as moderate to weak antimicrobial activities with best susceptibility observed for Gram positive bacteria towards the oil. In addition, anticancer activities that are associated with the oil against three human cancer cell lines were observed with LD50 values of 324 μg/mL, 279 μg/mL, 975 μg/mL against T47D, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively.ConclusionThe results suggest that M. spicata essential oil may have potential value as a bioactive oil, for nutraceutical and medical applications, with its antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities.

Volatiles of Tanacetum macrophyllum Obtained by Different Extraction Methods

Terpene compounds of Tanacetum macrophyllum as 1) essential oils, obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), 2) essential oil extracts, obtained by simultaneous hydrodistillation and extraction (SDE) and 3) volatiles, obtained by Static Headspace GC-MS analysis (HS) were processed. Monoterpenes were the most dominant (49.2%, 49.5% and 90.4%, respectively). Profiles of essential oils obtained by HD and SD were quite similar, with oxygenated monoterpenes (39.3% and 39.4%) being the most abundant. In HS volatiles oxygenated monoterpenes also dominated (57.4%). Total sesquiterpenes were abundant in HD and SDE volatiles (38.2% and 39.2%, resp.), where sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were prevalent (27.3% and 28.7%, resp.). Germacrene D was dominant in HD and SDE oils (22.0% and 23.3%, resp.) and 1,8-cineole in HS volatiles (34.3%). To our knowledge, this is the first use of Headspace technique on T. macrophyllum. Furthermore, this is the first comparison of different techniques of volatile extraction in T. macrophyllum.

Essential Oil Composition and Anticholinesterase Activity Evaluation of Achillea fragrantissima Growing Wild in Jordan

ABSTRACTThe composition of hydro-distilled oils of Achillea fragrantissima inflorescence (fresh and dry) at the pre- and flowering stages was evaluated by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Additionally, the essential oil and solvent extracts of the dried inflorescence were assayed for their inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). All essential oils were rich oxygenated monoterpenes especially in the flowering stage (69.27% fresh, 81.72% dry). The hydro-distilled oil of the dried inflorescence showed low activity as AChE inhibitor (IC50 0.05 ± 0.01 μg μL−1). The ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 0.063 ± 0.02 μg μL−1) showed the highest AChE inhibitor activity, whereas the hydro-alcoholic fraction had the highest BChE inhibitory effect (IC50 0.037 ± 0.010 μg μL−1). Results proposed the possible applications of A. fragrantissima flower extracts as coadjuvants in the treatment of cognitive diseases including Alzheimer’s disease.

English

The effect of the time of collection on the quality and quantity of the oil obtained from Severinia buxifolia leaves as well as its antimicrobial activity was studied. The chemical composition of the hydro-distilled oils of the leaves of S. buxifolia (Poir.)Tenore, collected at the four seasons was determined by GC/MS analysis. Moreover, antimicrobial activity was studied, for the oil sample regarding the yield and quality, against selected bacteria and yeast. The highest oil yield was obtained from the leaves collected during winter (0.5%) followed by autumn (0.308%), however, those collected in spring and summer scored almost the same yield; (0.26%) and (0.283%) respectively. Limonene was the most abundant hydrocarbon in winter (35.5%), and amounted to 29.3% in summer, whereas, spring and autumn samples constituted 21.15% and 19.17% of limonene respectively. α-Santalene, accounted to 20.87% in autumn sample followed by the winter sample (18.93%), then 13.56% in the spring sample and recorded its lowest concentration in the summer sample (8.1%). Furthermore, γ-elemene was detected in a lesser extent amounting to 7.75% in the spring sample, 7.33% in autumn sample, 6.28% in the winter sample and 5.54% in the summer sample. Based on the above results, as regards to limonene content, S. buxifolia leaf oil collected in winter was chosen for further antimicrobial study. The agar disc diffusion method was adopted for screening the antibacterial activity of the selected oil sample. Results show moderate effect against Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. Nevertheless, it showed weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilus, MRSA, and Candida albicans. The MIC of the volatile oil against L. monocytogenes was 4 and 1 µl/ ml against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilus, MRSA and C. albicans. Key words: Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Tenore, Rutaceae, GC/MS analysis, limonene, in vitro antimicrobial activity. &nbsp

Supercritical CO2 Extracts and Volatile Oil of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Comparison with Conventional Methods

Interest in new products from aromatic plants as medical and nutritional compounds is increasing. The aim of this work was to apply different extraction methods, including the use of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, and to test the antioxidant activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) extracts. In vitro efficacy assessments were performed using enzymatic assays. Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and volatile oil obtained from supercritical fluid extraction were analyzed by gas chromatography to quantify components. The total phenolic content in the extracts ranged from 35.5 ± 2.9 to 85.3 ± 8.6 mg of gallic acid equivalents and the total flavonoid content ranged from 35.5 ± 2.9 to 93.3 ± 3.9 micromole catechin equivalents per gram of dry weight of extract. All the extracts showed an antioxidant activity with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and the reducing power test. Extracts obtained from methanol had a higher antioxidant capacity per the DPPH test results (IC50 = 3.05 ± 0.36 mg/mL) and the reducing power test assay 306.8 ± 21.8 μmol of trolox equivalents per gram of extract (TE/g) compared with ethanolic or supercritical fluid extracts. However, using the ABTS assay, the extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction had a higher antioxidant capacity with an IC50 of 1.74 ± 0.05 mg/mL. Finally, the examined extracts showed practically no acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory capacity and a slight inhibitory activity against tyrosinase.

Comparative chemical analysis of volatile compounds of Echinops ilicifolius using hydrodistillation and headspace solid-phase microextraction and the antibacterial activities of its essential oil.

The volatile compounds from various parts of Echinops ilicifolius (Compositae) such as flowers, leaves and roots obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) methods were subsequently analysed by GC and GC/MS and compared. Thirty-seven and 20 components of the flower of E. ilicifolius were characterized, representing 99.7% and 100.0% of the total compositions using the HD and HS-SPME methods, respectively. The major constituents of the hydrodistilled oil were identified as linalool (58.6%), geraniol (17.4%), n-dodecane (10.9%) and nerol (5.4%), whereas HS-SPME extract was rich in n-octane (34.0%), n-decane (25.1%), p-cymene (11.1%), γ-terpinene (5.3%) and 1,8-cineole (5.1%). n-Hexadecanoic acid (32.3%), linalool (16.4%) and geraniol (8.3%) were the main components among 43 constituents identified in hydrodistilled extract of the leaf, representing 99.5% of the total components detected, whereas 16 compounds representing 99.9% of the HS-SPME method were identified, among which n-decane (32.6%), p-cymene (14.0%), n-octane (10.3%), limonene (9.2%), γ-terpinene (9.1%), 1,8-cineole (7.9%) and α-pinene (5.9%) were the major ones. Among 23 components comprising 91.2% of the total hydrodistilled oil detected, n-decane (23.1%), n-dodecane (14.5%), silphiperfol-4,7(14)-diene (11.1%), selin-11-en-4-a-ol (9.5%), n-hexadecanoic acid (7.8%) and n-tetradecane (5.3%) were the main constituents in the root of E. ilicifolius, whereas 1,8-cineole (29.0%), n-decane (12.6%), n-octane (12.6%), camphor (12.0%), p-cymene (9.6%) and γ-terpinene (5.9%) were the main components among the 20 constituents characterized in HS-SPME extract, representing 99.9% of the total components detected. The antibacterial activity of the flower, leaf and root oils of E. ilicifolius against six Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was determined using the MIC method. The growth inhibitory zone (mm) was also measured.

Optimization of Microwave-assisted Extraction of Essential Oil from Lavender Using Response Surface Methodology.

A microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) method was investigated for extraction of essential oils from lavender. The essential oil extracts at optimized MAHD conditions was compared with hydrodistillation (HD). Response surface methodology coupled with Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize the parameters for MAHD. The optimized MAHD conditions were 500 W microwave power, 17 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio and 40 min microwave time. The ANOVA results revealed that microwave time had the greatest impact on the essential oil yield followed by liquid-to-solid ratio and microwave power. Under the MAHD optimized conditions, the essential oil yield was 3.19%, approximating the predicted yield (3.20%). MAHD was superior in terms of saving energy and extraction time (40 min, compared to 120 min in HD). The essential oil analyzed by GC-MS, presented 39 compounds constituting 98.37% and 97.51% of the essential oils obtained through MAHD and HD, respectively. No obvious differences were found in composition between MAHD oil and HD oil. Antimicrobial study showed that the lavender essential oil exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and the MAHD oil showed a higher antimicrobial activity than the HD oil. This study revealed that MAHD could be a good method for extracting essential oil in lavender and other aromatic plants.

Essential oil composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of wild and cultivated Lavandula mairei Humbert

Lavandula mairei is an endemic and rare plant species growing in the mountains from the southeast to the southwest of Morocco. It is an aromatic and medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. To our knowledge, no data are available on the chemical composition and the biological activities of L. mairei essential oils (EOs). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cultivation on the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of EOs isolated from L. mairei. The hydrodistilled oils obtained from wild and cultivated L. mairei were analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty-three compounds were identified representing more than 98% of both EOs (wild and cultivated). Oils were characterized by high amount of carvacrol (78.29 and 76.61% for wild and cultivated EO respectively). The antioxidant and antibacterial assays revealed that the two EOs tested showed significant activities. The results highlighted that cultivation affected neither the chemical composition nor the biological activities of L. mairei. Cultivation of L. mairei may constitute an alternative to the conservation of this species.

Volatiles and Lipoidal Composition: Antimicrobial Activity of Flowering Aerial Parts of Lavandula pubescens Decne

The hydro-distilled volatile oil of the flowering aerial parts of Lavandula pubescens Decne. was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twenty eight components were identified representing 87.39% of the total oil. Carvacrol (22.39 %), cis-β-Farnesene (13.25 %) and β-Bisabolene (12.9 %) were the major constituents. Lipoids were detected in the n-hexane extract. Unsaponifiable lipoids (USL) and fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) of the n-hexane extract were analyzed by GC/MS. The percentage of the total identified unsaponifiable matter was 83.51%, while that of fatty acids was 40.83%. 5-Hydroxy1,3,4-trimethoxy-7-methyl-6-propar-naphthalene was the major identified component in the unsaponifiable matter representing 36.64 %, followed by Hentriacontane (8.09 %). Octadecenoic acid was the major fatty acid identified representing 12.72 %.The antimicrobial potential of the methanol extract and its fractions (n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) as well as the hydrodistilled volatile oil were assessed. All the tested samples except the n-butanol fraction exhibited broad spectrum activity against the tested Gram-positive bacteria;Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalisas well as Gram-negative bacteria; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria gonorrhea. The n-butanol fraction showed antimicrobial activity against all tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria except Staphylococcus aureus. The growth of Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus was not affected by any of the tested samples.

The Relationship Between Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco and Soils Contamination in National Oil Company of Shahrood, Iran

The essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of two samples of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, cultivated in national oil company (NOC) of Shahrood by hydrodistillation (HD) technique, were analyzed by means of GC and GC-MS methods. The impacts of soil composition and general profiles of the common heavy metals were also investigated. Accordingly, most of the vegetation destruction can be attributed to the huge accumulation of heavy metals involving Ni, Pb, Zn, and Sr. Moreover, assessment of the vegetation damage zones, distribution pattern of the heavy metals and the overlaps involved reveal that the observed damage directly relates to the type and amount of heavy metals of the sampling area. In addition, the main components of the normal water-distilled oil were found to be δ-3-carene (35.7 %), α-pinene (24.3 %), α-terpinolene (7.6 %), β-phellandrene (5.3 %) and α-terpinyl acetate (4.8 %), while the hydrodistilled oil from the sample collected in the contaminated part of NOC was mainly composed of cis-thujone (34.5 %), fenchone (11.0 %), sabinene (9.2 %), trans-thujone (9.1 %), terpinene-4-ol (5.3 %) and beyerene (3.7 %). In terms of general categories, monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes constitute the major fractions in the essential oils from the plant samples cultivated in the normal and contaminated areas of NOC, respectively.

Volatile Constituents of Essential Oils Isolated from Fresh and Dried Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. and Stachys byzantina C. Koch. Two Lamiaceae from North-West Iran

In this study, hydro-distilled volatile oils isolated from fresh and dried Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. and Stachys byzantina C. Koch. were analyzed by using GC-FID and GC-MS method. About 44 constituents were identified in the four samples, exhibiting 96.9–99.7 % of total essential oils. The oil obtained from dried and fresh samples of S. lavandulifolia were characterized by a predominant amounts of α-pinene (42.4 % and 35.4 %), β-phellandrene (17.3 % and 19.3 %), β-myrcene (11.0 % and 7.9 %) and cis-β-ocimene (5.0 % and 6.2 %), respectively. Germacrene-B (3.4 %), α -bisabolol (2.5 %), α-copaene (2.3 %) and β-elemene (2.1 %) among the 33 components of the total oil were identified in dried sample of S. lavandulifolia and β-cubebene (3.1 %), α-amorphene (2.5 %) and β-bisabolene (2.1 %) were predominated in the oil obtained from its fresh sample. Thirty seven compounds were detected representing 97.1 % of total components identified in the oil obtained from dried S. byzantina. p-cymene (13.3 %), α-copaene (9.5 %), valeranone (8.2 %), β-cubebene (7.2 %) and germacrene-D (6.4 %) were the major compounds detected in this oil. Germacrene-D (14.4 %), valeranone (12.5 %), β-cubebene (12.1 %), cedrene-13-ol-8 (11.1 %) and β-elemene (7.8 %) among the 30 constituents (96.9 %) were identified in fresh sample of this herb. The essential oils from dried and fresh of S. lavandulifolia consisted of monoterpene hydrocarbons (79.0 % and 77.9 %, respectively) as main fraction. But, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (38.8 % and 44.6 %) were predominated in the oils from S. byzantina, respectively.

Unequivocal Identification of 1-Phenylethyl Acetate in Clove Buds (syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry) and Clove Essential Oil.

The natural occurrence of 1-phenylethyl acetate (styrallyl acetate) was confirmed in commercially available dried clove buds and also in the hydrodistilled oil from clove buds. This confirms previous reports and other anecdotal evidence for its occurrence in nature.

Eryngium foetidum L. Essential Oils: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity.

Background: Eryngium foetidum essential oils from Nigeria were investigated for the first time in order to ascertain their potency as natural antioxidants. E. foetidum is an aromatic and medicinal herb used in ethno-medicine and as a traditional spice for foods. Methods: The hydro-distilled oils of E. foetidum were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Free radical scavenging capacity of the volatile oils was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Leaf volatile oil contained a high proportion of (E)-2-Dodecenal (28.43%), 13-tetradecenal (27.45%), dodecanal (14.59%) and 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (10.77%); the stem oil comprised of dodecanal (20.21%), 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (18.43%) and (E)-2-dodecenal (8.27%), while 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (56.08%), 13-tetradecenal (9.26%) and (E)-2-dodecenal (7.65%) were the most dominant in the root oil. The IC50 values for the leaf, stem and root oils were 56 µg/mL, 46µg/mL and 54.5 µg/mL respectively in the DPPH assay while the leaf oil exhibited the highest reducing potential among the test oils in the FRAP assay. Conclusions: The Nigerian E. foetidum volatile oils contain high amount of acyclic aldehydes and aromatic compounds. The oils are a potential source of natural antioxidant as demonstrated by their strong antioxidant activity.

Composition Comparison of Essential Oils Extracted by Hydrodistillation and Microwave-assisted Hydrodistillation from Petroselinum crispum Grown in China

The components of essential oils extracted from Petroselinum crispum seeds were determined by the traditional technique hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MHD). The optimum conditions of MHD were microwave radiation time 4 min at 600 w, microwave extraction time 40 min at 200 w, and a 1:30 material-water ratio. The yields of HD and MHD essential oils from parsley seeds were 3.44% and 4.45% (v/w), respectively. Thirty-one components were identified in the HD oil, comprising 98.95% of total oil. While thirty-five components were identified in the MHD oil, which accounted for 99.52% of all oil. Myristicin was the main component in both oils. The analysis of the extracts was performed by GC-MS.

Antibacterial Activityand Comparison of the Volatile Oils of Tanacetum tenuisectum (Boiss.) Podl. Obtained by Three Different Methods of Extraction.

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation (SD) and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) from the stems and flowers of Tanacetumtenuisectum (Boiss.) Podl., which is endemic to Iran, were analyzed by combination of GC and GC/MS. Camphor (26.91 %, 27.23% and 25.52%), borneol (12.61%,11.48% and 7.62%) and 1,8-cineole (7.93%, 13.23% and 11.26%) were the main constituents of the HD,SD and SFME oils of Tanacetumtenuisectum respectively. All three oils were rich in regard to monoterpenes and small percentage of sesquiterpenes and non terpenoid compounds. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of the plant was determined against six Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The results showed that this oil was active against all of the tested bacteria.

Influence of Different Isolation Methods on Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of the Fruit Peel Oil of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (Noot.) Swingle.

Background: The chemical composition and bioactivities of essential oils (EOs) of fingered citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (Noot.) Swingle) are considerably sensitive and lapsible during high-temperature processing of traditional separating techniques. In the present research, vacuum distillation and ultrafiltration were utilized in order to process the concentrated juice from fingered citron, obtaining a high-quality essential oil. Methods: In order to compare the essential oils obtained by conventional means, the chemical compositions of the essential oils were analyzed using GC-MS, before antimicrobial and antioxidant screening assays were carried out. Results: Oil which had been subjected to vacuum distillation was shown to maintain most of the distinctiveness of the fingered citron, due to its high content of characteristic flavor components and low content of cyclic oxygenated monoterpenoids. Interestingly, the oil obtained by ultrafiltration showed notable in vitro antimicrobial activity. The DPPH· radical-scavenging assay method revealed that the antioxidant abilities were as follows, presented in descending order: vacuum distillation oil > hydrodistillation oil > ultrafiltration oil. Conclusions: The essential oil obtained by vacuum distillation could be combined with the juice produced from fingered citron to create one of the most promising techniques in the fine-processing of citron fruits.

Anti-mycotoxin Effect and Antifungal Properties of Essential Oil from Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. on Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus

The essential oil of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. seeds growing wild in SouthWest of Algeria were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GC-MS. Other parameters such as density, refractive index, optical rotation, freezing point, solubility in ethanol, acid value and ester index are also measured. The antifungal properties of the essential oil were conducted using biomass technique on liquid medium, mycotoxigenic test, mycelial growth, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), sporulation and germination spores’. The essential oil was found to be active against Aspergillus flavus MTTC 2799 (Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank) and Aspergillus ochraceus CECT 2092 (Spanish Type Culture Collection). The GC and GC-MS data showed a total of 19 compounds were identified in the hydrodistilled oil. The oil was dominated by oxygenated monoteprenes represented by perilla aldehyde (81.62%).

Modeling the kinetics of essential oil hydrodistillation from juniper berries (Juniperus communis L.) using non-linear regression

This paper presents kinetics modeling of essential oil hydrodistillation from juniper berries (Juniperus communis L.) by using a non-linear regression methodology. The proposed model has the polynomial-logarithmic form. The initial equation of the proposed non-linear model is q = q??(a?(logt)2 + b?logt + c) and by substituting a1=q??a, b1 = q??b and c1 = q??c, the final equation is obtained as q = a1?(logt)2 + b1?logt + c1. In this equation q is the quantity of the obtained oil at time t, while a1, b1 and c1 are parameters to be determined for each sample. From the final equation it can be seen that the key parameter q?, which presents the maximal oil quantity obtained after infinite time, is already included in parameters a1, b1 and c1. In this way, experimental determination of this parameter is avoided. Using the proposed model with parameters obtained by regression, the values of oil hydrodistillation in time are calculated for each sample and compared to the experimental values. In addition, two kinetic models previously proposed in literature were applied to the same experimental results. The developed model provided better agreements with the experimental values than the two, generally accepted kinetic models of this process. The average values of error measures (RSS, RSE, AIC and MRPD) obtained for our model (0.005; 0.017; ?84.33; 1.65) were generally lower than the corresponding values of the other two models (0.025; 0.041; ?53.20; 3.89) and (0.0035; 0.015; ?86.83; 1.59). Also, parameter estimation for the proposed model was significantly simpler (maximum 2 iterations per sample) using the non-linear regression than that for the existing models (maximum 9 iterations per sample).

A Perspective Study on Antioxidant activity of Nerium oleander (flower)

Herb has been derived from the Latin word, “herba” and an old French word “herbe. Antioxidants play a vital role in the defense system against reactive oxygen species. As oxidative stress is a reason for many human diseases. Based on the literature review the Nerium plant has a potent antioxidant activity when it should be taken in minor concentration. The selected Nerium oleander flowers were extracted with different solvent system by using Aqueous, methanol, Acetone and Hydro alcohol. For the collection of volatile Oil Hydro distillation techniques were carried out. The extracted phytoconstituents were analyzed by the preliminary phytoconstituent studies. To support this phytoconstituent analysis, thin layer chromatography was carried out. From this Phytoconstituent study we revealed that the Maximum number of phytoconstituent were present in Methanolic extract of Nerium oleander which also supported by Thin layer Chromatography.

Evaluation and mathematical modeling of processing variables for a supercritical fluid extraction of aromatic compounds from Anethum graveolens

The aim of this study is to identify the extraction conditions, using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent, that maximize the yield of volatile extract from the seeds of Anethum graveolens L. by the use of the response surface method, where the variables pressure, temperature and flow rate of supercritical CO2 were investigated. A 23 factorial design combined with response surface methodology was used in order to achieve the goal. The best set of experimental conditions was determined to be P=100bar, T=35°C and solvent flow rate=1000g/h. The mathematical modeling of the extraction curve was performed under the best experimental conditions, and the olfactory profile of the extract and its antimicrobial activity were compared with the oil obtained from hydrodistillation. The gas chromatography analysis (GC) identified dillapiole, carvone and its isomers to be major compounds. The olfactory profile of A. graveolens extracts obtained was determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), and the most often identified aroma was cheese/bacon for the hydrodistillation oil, whereas in the supercritical extract, the most often identified aroma was burning bush.