Hydrochloric Acid Treatment Research Articles

Research and improvement of statistical prediction methods of efficiency of hydrochloric acid treatments

The paper studies the apparatus of mathematical statistics for predicting the technological efficiency of hydrochloric acid treatments. The apparatus of mathematical statistics is quite widely used to process the results of measurements of field data, for example, during the assessment of the effectiveness of various methods of oil recovery increase.As a result, we developed a method to predict the efficiency of the HAT for injection wells using power-law regression equations. With an accuracy satisfactory for field purposes (even in the presence of a sparsely representative sample of actual data), which ensures the prediction of the technological efficiency of production wells in terms of the amount of additional oil production and the value of its duration after the HAT on the adjacent injection wells, it was proposed to use regression equations of the second degree.

Анализ результатов проведенных геолого-технических мероприятий и их влияние на компонентоотдачу

The article considers the results of carrying out geological and technical measures on the wells of the Astrakhan gas condensate field. The main objectives of this study are to establish the relationship between the tectonic structure of the AGCF and the porosity and reservoir properties of the reservoir rocks that make up this field, as well as the description of oil and gas potential based on the lithological and stratigraphic features of the field. The results 
 of the calculation of the economic efficiency of the results of geological and technical measures are given. At the field in different periods of operation, various technologies were used to increase the productivity of wells. Geological and technical measures were carried out at the AGCF wells using a set of coiled tubing during development after drilling and during the development after a workover of wells from the machine at the wells of the existing well stock. Based on the results of the subsoil user's assessment, it was found that for all wells, as a result of geological and technical measures, a positive effect was obtained, expressed in an increase in production rate at the same working pressure. The results of the hydrochloric acid treatment were summed up; the average increase in production rate for complex treatments is indicated; the final average increase in debit is indicated. The efficiency of the hydrochloric acid treatment carried out for the first time is emphasized; the average increase in production rate based on the results of hydrochloric acid treatments is indicated. Conclusions were drawn about the reservoir properties of reservoir rocks of the field and the degree of homogeneity of the lithological composition, on the basis of which information was obtained on the economic efficiency of the experiments, the use of which is possible only after the development of modern technologies for influencing the reservoir.

Characteristics and kinetics study of spherical cellulose nanocrystal extracted from cotton cloth waste by acid hydrolysis

This work investigated the extraction of spherical cellulose nanocrystal (spherical CNC) from cotton cloth waste (CCW) using sulfuric acid without ultrasound treatment during the hydrolysis process, producing a yield of 31%. The cellulose was first extracted through alkali, decoloring, and hydrochloric acid treatment. Then the cellulose was hydrolyzed using 55 wt% sulfuric acid with various acid to cellulose ratios, including 30:1, 40:1, and 50:1 mL g− 1. The resulting CNC was characterized by morphological structure, functional groups, crystalline structure, elemental compositions, thermal degradation kinetic, and zeta potential. The analytical results revealed that the acid to cellulose ratios significantly influenced the properties of CNC obtained. The morphological structure showed that when the acid to cellulose ratio was 30:1 and 40:1 mL g− 1, the rod-like CNC was observed with a length of 53 ± 19 nm and 49 ± 13 nm; a width of 6.6 ± 1.3 nm and 4.3 ± 2.0 nm, respectively. However, when the acid to cellulose ratio was further increased to 50:1 mL g− 1, the nanocellulose morphology turned to be spherical, with an average diameter of 14.4 nm. Furthermore, spherical CNC exhibited better characteristics consisting of crystallinity index (94.6%) and stable dispersibility with zeta potential value − 46.8 mV than rod-like CNC. However, the thermal stability of spherical CNC was slightly lower than that of rod-like CNC. The kinetic results indicated that the activation energy of spherical CNC ranged from 134 to 423 kJ mol− 1, which is lower than that (145 to 651 kJ mol− 1) of rod-like CNC ranging from. This study showed that the CCW is a potential low-cost cellulose source to manufacture spherical CNC and a good example for developing a circular economy.

Boosting moisture induced electricity generation from graphene oxide through engineering oxygen-based functional groups

Harvesting energy from ubiquitous moisture is attracting growing interest for directly powering electronic devices. However, it is still challenging to fabricate high-performing moisture-electric generators (MEGs) with high and stable electric output. Herein, we report a simple strategy to modify the oxygen-based groups of graphene oxide using hydrochloric acid treatment, which boosts the electric output based on the device structure of graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol (GO/PVA) MEGs. The resulting MEG enables a stable voltage of 0.85 V and a current of 9.28 μA (92.8 μA∙cm-2), which are among the highest values reported so far. More excitingly, electric output gets further improved by simply assembling four MEG units in series or parallel. Moreover, the MEG shows great commercial potential for flexible and wearable applications. Driven by these advancements, the assembled MEGs can successfully power sensors and calculators. This work opens a new era of advance for a new energy conversion technology able to directly powering electronic devices.

Enhanced removal of Cr(VI) by cation functionalized bamboo hydrochar

Chemical modification on hydrochars can significantly improve their ability of removing heavy metal ions from wastewater, but so far no research has focused on the chemical modification through free radical reaction. In this work, a cation functionalized hydrochar (CFHC) bearing − N+H2R was synthesized by grafting-polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto bamboo hydrochar under initiation by benzoyl peroxide, followed by the amination with the introduced epoxy group and diethylenetriamine and a subsequent hydrochloric acid treatment. The resulted CFHC exhibited a superior removal capacity of 424.09 mg·g−1 for Cr(VI), and the highest sorption occurred at pH of 2. Combining a series of characterizations and tests, it was concluded that the sorption conformed to the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich equations, indicating a multilayer chemisorption process that mainly driven by electrostatic reaction, reduction, and surface complexation. This research proved that a free radical polymerization treatment could effectively transform hydrochars into super adsorbents for wastewater treatment.

Efficient Removal of CaCO<sub>3</sub> by Hydrochloric Acid Treatment under pH Monitoring in Paper Sludge Suspension

In this study, we aimed to realize a removal of CaCO3 by hydrochloric acid treatment at the optimum amount while pH monitoring was performed on the PS suspension. Initially, as a standard measurement, suspensions prepared with commercially CaCO3 powder were reacted with hydrochloric acid. The CaCO3 powder in suspension was taken to react in about 10 minutes. Furthermore, it was also found that CaCO3 powder could be almost completely removed by adding hydrochloric acid to less than the suspension pH of 2. Using these results, we attempted to efficiently remove CaCO3 in paper sludge （PS） with hydrochloric acid under monitoring pH of suspension. X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence elemental analysis were performed on samples of PS calcined after hydrochloric acid treatment, and CaCO3 in the source PS was almost removed. The removed CaCO3 from the PS was recovered from the treated solution as CaCl2･2H2O. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） of samples of the PS before and after hydrochloric acid treatment revealed that paper-derived fibers in the PS were hardly dissolved by hydrochloric acid treatment at pH 2. In addition, we confirmed partially self-ignition of the acid treated PS because of the organic-derived fibers remaining in the acid treated PS.

Molecular dynamic simulation, quantum chemical calculation and electrochemical behaviour of Punica granatum peel extract as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for stainless steel (SS-410) in acidic medium

Environmental pollution is a current global concern. Cleaning of petroleum pipes involve 15% hydrochloric acid (HCl) treatment. Metal corrosion because of acid treatment is a common problem in petroleum industry. Chemical anticorrosive agent can be used but trigger environmental concerns. Therefore, use of waste material as green anticorrosive agent is a preferable solution to corrosion of petroleum grade steel. In current study waste from Punica granatum fruit peel was used to prevent corrosion of stainless steel 410 (SS-410) in presence of 15% HCl. Potentiodynamic polarization study revealed maximum 91.79 % corrosion inhibition efficiency of Punica granatum fruit peel extract at 4 g/L in 15% HCl solution. P. granatum peel extract showed anodic type of inhibition. The adsorption of the peel extract of P. granatum on the SS-410 surface was evident from scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-rays diffraction studies. The P. granatum peel extract formed a monolayer on the surface of SS-410 as it followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Theoretical and computational studies confirmed that Quercetin was main phytochemical responsible for the anti-corrosive effect. The interaction between Quercetin and SS-410 surface interactions was studied by Molecular simulation studies. Overall P. granatum peel extract possessed anti-corrosive behaviour against SS-410 surface in 15% hydrochloric acid.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CARBONATE ROCKS DISSOLUTION NEAR THE WELLBORE

This paper examines the process of wormholes formation during hydrochloric acid treatment of well bottom-hole zone in carbonate formations. An algorithm for solving the problem of wormhole formation in a porous medium for a two-dimensional case was developed. Two-scale model (porescale and Darcy’s scale) taking into account convection, diffusion, and chemical reaction were used in this work in order to describe the dissolution of carbonates with hydrochloric acid (hydrochloric acid treatment). The initial distribution of the porosity field was generated as a distribution of random numbers around some mean value. Based on the distribution of the initial porosity field, the initial permeability field of the rock was calculated. The random distribution was used to describe the heterogeneity of the actual rock. The rest of the study parameters were taken from known experiments on the dissolution of carbonate cores. The numerical model was built for solving the system of equations for acid dissolution, and carbonate dissolution modes with hydrochloric acidwere obtained depending on the Damkohler number, Thiele modulus on the pore-scale and Darcy’s scale as a result of this research. Also, the optimal Damkohler numbers (injection rates) were found. The computer code for the problem of the development/growth of wormholes in a porous medium based on the developed algorithm was built using the C++ programming language.

A fully integrated graphene-polymer field-effect transistor biosensing device for on-site detection of glucose in human urine

Convenient and rapid self-measurement of the glucose level in the body is of great significance for diabetics to know their health conditions in time. In view of this, a polymer functionalized graphene field-effect transistor (P-GFET) portable biosensing device is demonstrated for glucose monitoring. The polymer is synthesized by acrylamide/3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (AAPBA)/N, N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide. In the presence of glucose, the P-GFET shows Dirac point shifts and current changes as a result of the covalent bond between glucose and AAPBA in the synthesized polymer on graphene. The sensitivity of this P-GFET sensor can increase while the density of AAPBA in polymer increases. The used sensor could regain the detection capability after hydrochloric acid treatment due to the reversible reaction between polymer and glucose. In addition, the chemisorption interaction between polymer and glucose, which is stronger than physisorption interaction with other objects in urine, has been supported by the density functional theory study. The P-GFET shows high sensitivity of 822 μA∗cm−2∗mM−1 with a limit of detection of 1.9 μM during human urine glucose monitoring. The sensor holds a detection range of 0.04–10 mM and good reusability over 20 times. With the customized portable real-time measurement capability in urine, our P-GFET sensor can offer advantages over current glucose detection methods.

A novel synergistic method on potential green and high value-added utilization of blast furnace slag

In order to utilize blast furnace slag resource at low cost, pollution-free, refinement and high value-added, a novel technical route was proposed to collaboratively produce zeolite and hydrotalcite-like compound. In this study, the changing property of slag in the treatment process was investigated and the thermodynamic and kinetic analyses of the leaching reaction were conducted to prove its feasibility. The silica gel and residue liquid were separated effectively from the slag. Then, 13X zeolite and hydrotalcite-like compound were successfully synthesized from water quenching blast furnace slag using hydrochloric acid treatment followed by hydrothermal method and co-precipitation method. The successful formation of 13X zeolite and hydrotalcite-like compound were obtained effectively with good surface morphology and crystal structure. Mass balance of the blast furnace slag utilization process was established. Meanwhile, these two samples exhibited good behavior of CO2 adsorption capacity and enjoyed a promising market prospect. The maximum adsorption capacities of 13X zeolite and hydrotalcite-like compound were 116.48 mg g−1 at 313 K and 149.63 mg g−1 at 873 K, respectively. Finally, the preliminary economic evaluation of the integrated system was conducted, and the economic benefit of 1 kg slag was about 1.281 $.

Effect of Soil Washing with Ferric Chloride on Cadmium Removal and Soil Structure

In China, arable soils contaminated with cadmium (Cd) threaten human health. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is a highly efficient agent that can remove Cd from contaminated soils. However, it is unknown whether FeCl3 damages the soil structure and consequently affects crop growth. In this study, we investigated the impacts of Cd extraction by FeCl3 on the structure of a paddy soil on the basis of comparisons of control (without washing agents) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) treatments. According to our results, the removal efficiency increased with the decrease in soil initial pH, as adjusted by FeCl3. However, the low pH of 2.0 caused a partial loss of soil mineral components, with an Al release of 4.4% in the FeCl3-treated soil versus 1.3% in the HCl-treated soil. In contrast, the amount of released Al was less than 0.2% in the control and in the FeCl3 treatments with initial pH values of 3.0 and 4.0. The washing agents caused soil TOC loss of 27.1%, 17.5%, and 2.76% in the pH 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 FeCl3 treatments, compared with 15.5% in the initial pH 2.0 HCl treatment. The use of FeCl3 represents an optimum tradeoff between removal efficiency and the loss of soil components to restore Cd-polluted soils by adjusting the initial pH to 3.0 with the addition of FeCl3. Under this condition, the amount of Al loss was less than 0.2%, and the extraction efficiency reached 40.3%, compared to an efficiency of 39.7% with HCl at an initial pH of 2.0. In conclusion, FeCl3 could effectively remove Cd from contaminated soil.

Effect of synthesis conditions on the properties of graphene doped with nitrogen atoms

Graphene doped with nitrogen atoms (N-graphene) was prepared by the template method. Magnesium oxide was subjected to carbonization in the 40% NH3–1% C2H2–C2H4 mixture at 650–750 °C. Then, the MgO core of the prepared N–С/MgO composite was dissolved by treatment in hydrochloric acid. The effects of temperature and synthesis time on the properties of the obtained N-graphene were studied by electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, XPS and XRD. The aggregates consisted of N-graphene particles with globular shape reflecting the template method used for their synthesis. The size of the carbon globules was about 30–50 nm. According to the chemical mapping data, C, O and N atoms were uniformly distributed in N-graphene within the analysis area. An increase of the synthesis temperature from 650 to 750 °C led to the decrease of the sample defectiveness, nitrogen atom concentration and surface area of N-graphene.

Comparative Analyses of Glyphosate Alternative Weed Management Strategies on Plant Coverage, Soil and Soil Biota

Glyphosate-based foliar spray herbicides are the most common method for urban weed control due to their broad-spectrum and efficacy for burndown applications. As interest in glyphosate alternatives has increased in recent years, this project assessed the efficacy of the following non-glyphosate-based alternative weed management strategies: glufosinate, imazapyr, MCPA + dicamba, prodiamine, pine oil, clove oil, nonanoic acid, acetic acid + hydrochloric acid and steam against untreated (negative) controls and glyphosate-treated sites. Across all four seasonal treatments (winter, spring, summer and autumn), glyphosate and glufosinate reduced weed coverage (>65% after 4 and 12 weeks); imazapyr reduced weed coverage by >80% after 12 weeks; and steam reduced weed coverage by >80% after 4 weeks, and after 12 weeks showed to reduce weed coverage by >20% after the second application. The MCPA + dicamba, prodiamine, pine oil, clove oil, nonanoic acid and acetic acid + hydrochloric acid treatments had mixed impacts on weed coverage. Minimal alterations to soil physicochemical properties were observed across the two sites for all treatments. Assessment of impacts the different weed management strategies had on arthropod and microbial relative abundance showed minimal alterations; with only steam observed to reduce relative microbial abundance. Glufosinate, imazapyr and steam may be considered alternatives to glyphosate for reducing weed coverage but may not be as effective or have undesirable off-target effects. Overall, glyphosate provided the most consistent weed reduction at both sites over 12 weeks, without any recorded negative off-target or soil biota impacts.

Carbon nanomaterial properties help to enhance xylanase production from recombinant Kluyveromyces lactis through a cell immobilization method.

Carbon nanomaterials, due to their catalytic activity and high surface area, have potential as cell immobilization supports to increase the production of xylanase. Recombinant Kluyveromyces lactis used for xylanase production was integrated into a polymeric gel network with carbon nanomaterials. Carbon nanomaterials were pretreated before cell immobilization with hydrochloric acid (HCl) treatment and glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking, which contributes to cell immobilization performance. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) were further screened using a Plackett-Burman experimental design. Cell loading and agar concentration were the most important factors in xylanase production with low cell leakage. Under optimized conditions, xylanase production was increased by more than 400% compared to free cells. Immobilized cell material containing such high cell densities may exhibit new and unexplored beneficial properties because the cells comprise a large fraction of the component. The use of carbon nanomaterials as a cell immobilization support along with the entrapment method successfully enhances the production of xylanase, providing a new route to improved bioprocessing, particularly for the production of enzymes. KEY POINTS: • Carbon nanomaterials (CNTs, GO) have potential as cell immobilization supports. • Entrapment in a polymeric gel network provides space for xylanase production. • Plackett-Burman design screen for the most important factor for cell immobilization.

Development of an algorithm for determining the technological parameters of acid composition injection during treatment of the near-bottomhole zone, taking into account economic efficiency

Relevance of the research is due to the low proportion of successful hydrochloric acid treatments of near-bottomhole zones of carbonate reservoirs in the Perm region caused by insufficiently careful design and implementation of measures to stimulate oil production. Within the framework of this article, the development of a program is presented, which is based on an algorithm that allows determining the volume and rate of injection for an acid composition into a productive formation corresponding to the maximum economic efficiency during hydrochloric acid treatment. Essence of the proposed algorithm is to find the greatest profit from measures to increase oil recovery, depending on the cost of its implementation and income from additionally produced oil. Operation of the algorithm is carried out on the principle of enumerating the values ​​of the volume and rate of injection for the acid composition and their fixation when the maximum difference between income and costs, corresponding to the given technological parameters of injection, is reached. The methodology is based on Dupuis's investigations on the filtration of fluids in the formation and the results of the experiments by Duckord and Lenormand on the study of changes in the additional filtration resistance in the near-well zone of the formation when it is treated with an acid composition. When analyzing and including these investigations into the algorithm, it is noted that the developed technique takes into account a large number of factors, including the lithological and mineralogical composition of rocks, technological parameters of the injection of a working agent and its properties, well design, filtration properties of the formation, properties of well products. The article provides an algorithm that can be implemented without difficulty using any programming language, for example, Pascal. Selection of the optimal values ​​for the volume and rate of injection is presented in this paper, using the example of a production well at the Chaikinskoye oil field, located within the Perm region. Introduction of the developed algorithm into the practice of petroleum engineering will allow competent and effective approach to the design of hydrochloric acid treatments in carbonate reservoirs without a significant investment of time and additional funds.

Acid demineralization effect on the sonication-assisted solvent extraction of vitrinite coal of the Powder River Basin

Solvent-extraction of economic low-grade coals has gained recent interest as a way to produce new feedstocks for the synthesis of advanced carbon materials including polymers. Herein, we report the effect of coal demineralization by hydrochloric acid treatment on the sonication-assisted extraction of subbituminous coal from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming, USA at room temperature and the analysis of the initial and residual coals by FT-IR and solid-state 13C NMR. The applied demineralization reduced ash content from 9.9% to 7% without any notable change in the coal composition or structure. Despite leaving the mineral matter in the coal, the demineralization significantly increased the extraction yield for all applied solvents, for ethylenediamine from 8.1% to 15.2%, for pyridine from 4.9% to 12.4%, and acetone from 1.1% to 4.5%.

The inhibition of CD4+ T cell proinflammatory response by lactic acid is independent of monocarboxylate transporter 1

AbstractLactic acid was originally a by‐product of glucose metabolism, but many studies have shown that lactic acid plays a vital role in regulating immune cell polarization, differentiation and effector functions. In this study, we provide evidence that lactic acid and low pH impaired the effector function of CD4+ T cells in response to TCR and non‐TCR stimulation. Specifically, lactic acid or hydrochloric acid treatment significantly decreased IL‐2 and IFN‐γ production as well as CD25/CD69 expression. Furthermore, although MCT1 was required for the suppression of CD25 and CD69 expression by lactic acid, using pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion, we demonstrated that it was dispensable for lactic acid‐mediated inhibition of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ production.

Enhanced thermal properties of polyethylene glycol/modified rice husk ash eco-friendly form-stable phase change material via optimizing support pore structure

In this work, a novel eco-friendly form-stable phase change material (PCM) was synthetized based on latent heat storage material of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and supporting material of rice husk ash (RHA). To enhance the thermal properties of the form-stable PCM, rough RHA (rRHA) was modified by an ultrasonic hydrochloric acid treatment to unblock the pores stacked by non-crystal silica. The modified RHA (mRHA) behaved an optimized pore structures, in which the BJH pore volume and the BET surface area showed 24.8% and 12.8% increases compared with rRHA. The latent heat of 119.3 J/g for PEG/mRHA form-stable PCM was 20.9% higher than that of PEG/rRHA form-stable PCM due to deep filling of PEG into the non-crystal silica stacked pores of mRHA. Moreover, Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) theory was introduced to quantitatively characterize the surface complexities of rRHA and mRHA. The result showed the increased surface complexity of mRHA, leading to greater nucleation promotion for PEG. Thus, PEG/mRHA achieved the improved crystallization behaviors. In addition, PEG/mRHA showed favorable thermal cycling reliability after 300 thermal cycles. Therefore, PEG/mRHA provides a new insight into the improved resource utilization and functionality of RHA in terms of eco-friendly form-stable PCM for thermal energy storage.

Augmentation of dissimilar techniques for enhancing the concrete properties with recycled coarse aggregate and manufactured sand

In this present study, the demolition of building waste is used as an RCA in concrete. The various techniques like mechanical and chemical treatments are presented to recover the properties of RCA. Six dissimilar concrete mixtures were prepared using virgin coarse aggregate, RCA; aggregate obtained after treatment of Mechanical scrubbing (MS), Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl). The compressive strength of treated aggregate was enhanced by 7.78–25.79% than untreated recycled aggregate concrete. Split tensile strength has been enhanced by 5.22–18.80% higher than the untreated aggregate. The flexural strength of various treated RAC was improved by 4.91–25.24% at 28 days more than untreated recycled aggregate concrete. Alkalinity value of concrete is made with all types of coarse aggregates, the assessment of pH lies between 11.9 to 12.24 and it is pretty good. In drying test, the values are improved by 6.07–28.88% at 28 days than untreated coarse aggregates concrete. In water absorption test; the treated aggregate improved their results by 4.84–31.06% than untreated aggregate concrete. The investigation shows better results from various treated RCA in concrete. Especially, mechanical scrubbing (MS) treatment recovered higher than other techniques. But the results do not exceed the conventional concrete.

Creation of high-conductive filtration channels in core samples when simulating acid exposure at a filtering unit

Background. Hydrochloric acid treatment is currently one of the main methods used for recovering and improving the reservoir properties of bottom-hole formation zones. In the process of acid treatment, during the reaction of the acid composition and the rock, highly conductive filtration channels are formed. The structure and shape of such channels characterise the treatment efficiency. As a result, much research attention is currently paid to predicting the formation of filtration channels and changes in the filtration characteristics of reservoirs with different properties and types of pore space.Aim. To study the factors that directly affect the formation of dissolution channels in core samples when simulating hydrochloric acid treatment of the bottom-hole zone of carbonate reservoirs on a filtration unit. The main objectives are to determine the significance of these factors and to establish dependencies reflecting their effect on the efficiency of technologies aimed at stimulating oil inflow.Materials and methods. We used the results of filtration and X-ray tomographic studies on core samples taken from the scientific base of the “Geology and Development of Oil and Gas Fields” Scientific and Educational Centre. The collection of rock samples is represented by various deposits confined to the oil and gas complexes of the Perm Territory.Results. The conducted analysis allowed us to identify the effect of various factors on the formation of highly conductive filtration channels during acid treatment. These factors were found to include the lithological and mineralogical composition and initial filtration parameters of core samples, as well as the type of pore structure. Dependences that characterise the efficiency of acid treatment were determined.Conclusions. The obtained results can be used when developing measures for the intensification of oil production, taking into account the revealed factors.