Hydrocarbon Raw Materials Research Articles

Application of ferromagnetic nanoparticles and rotating electromagnetic fields for oil desulfurization

An innovative technology for desulfurization of hydrocarbon raw materials, based on the effect of a rotating electromagnetic field of high power and ferromagnetic nanoparticles located in the working area of the device on oil or fuel oil, has been developed and implemented on a pilot scale. The basis of the technology is the device named “electromagnetic process activator”, which is based on the principle of converting the energy of the electromagnetic field into other types of energy. The reduction of sulfur in oil by 2.5 times and fuel oil by 3 times was achieved at energy costs of up to 1.0 kW per ton of processed raw materials, which allows us to conclude that the developed technology is highly efficient and productive.

NORWAY’s ARCTIC STRATEGY AND SECURITY ISSUES

The article examines Norway’s Arctic strategy and the country’s policy in the field of defence and security. It is noted that Oslo, among the countries of the Arctic Council, is the leader in the development and further improvement of strategies in the Arctic, taking into account the peculiarities of the country and its northern territories. The country is implementing one of the most innovative economic strategies in the region, developing high-tech sectors of the economy, reducing its dependence on the export of hydrocarbon raw materials, improving the administrative-territorial division of the country in the interests of developing the northern provinces. Attention is paid to the development of the industrial sector of the economy, transport (primarily port) infrastructure, scientific and educational complexes, Arctic tourism and recreational business, migration policy and support of the indigenous population. The author pays special attention to Norway’s place in NATO, noting that the North of Norway is becoming one of Scandinavia’s most militarised regions. It is emphasised that this greatly hinders international cooperation with the closest neighbours, primarily with Russia. It is necessary to seek to improve relations between our countries, even in the face of the current friction at the interstate level in matters of security and severe contradictions in the area of the Spitsbergen archipelago.

GEW personal account: software and technological environment for storing, processing and providing results of regional geological-geophysical and geological surveying works on regional study of subsoil and reproduction of mineral resource base of hydrocarbon raw materials

The article discusses a software and technological environment designed for storing, processing and providing results of regional geological-geophysical and geological surveying works on regional study of subsoil and reproduction of the mineral resource base of hydrocarbon raw materials. The article describes the user workplaces organized for collecting, processing and evaluation of materials on approved GEW projects and final material transmitting for further storing at the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Rosgeolfond». It describes the main functionality and user interface, communication with Unified Bank of Geological and Geophysical Information of VNIGNI (UDB VNIGNI). It also describes directions of further development.

Assessment of the quality of control of the ship “crosshair” under wind load conditions

There are few ports in the Far North. Therefore, it is not difficult to assume that most of the cargo operations in the future will be implemented in the open part of the sea space of the Arctic regions. In this regard, the safe maneuvering of a tanker at the offshore oil terminal when carrying out cargo operations with hydrocarbon raw materials is one of the most important and urgent tasks. When performing this type of operation, the main threat to environmental safety is a rupture of the cargo line hose and damage to the underwater pipeline due to the tanker piling up on the oil terminal. Therefore, the improvement of the methods of controlling the movement of the tanker during its positioning at the oil terminal in the process of carrying out the operation of loading oil is significant. Improving tanker control technologies can contribute to improving the quality of control, reducing the likelihood of emergencies, and, as a result, increasing the safety of cargo operations when transshipping oil products in the open sea.

Evaluation of Financial Condition and Performance Optimization of the Petrochemical Industry Organization in the Context of Increased Financial Risks

The global petrochemical industry is one of the most dynamically developing - it is twice as fast as the world GDP in terms of growth rates. Over the past 20 years, significant changes have taken place in this industry. New major players have appeared and the structure has changed. As for Russia, its share in the global petrochemical production is about 2.5%. At the same time, Russia is one of the world leaders in the production and export of hydrocarbon raw materials, where the country's share is about 12 - 19%. Currently, a steady trend in the development of polymer materials science has been observed and it will continue to develop. In the next 15 years, the demand for petrochemical products will grow by an average of 4% per year. The purpose of this study is to analyze the financial standing, assess the prospects for development and optimize the activity of one of the largest systemically important organizations of the petrochemical industry in Russia - PJSC

Main directions of searching for hydrocarbons in Nadym-Pursk oil and gas region

Nadym-Pursk oil and gas region has been one of the main areas for the production of hydrocarbon raw materials since the sixties of the last century. A significant part of hydrocarbon deposits is at the final stage of field development. An increase in gas and oil production is possible subject to the discovery of new fields. The search for new hydrocarbon deposits must be carried out taking into account an integrated research approach, primarily the interpretation of seismic exploration, the creation of geological models of sedimentary basins, the study of geodynamic processes and thermobaric parameters. Statistical analysis of geological parameters of oil and gas bearing complexes revealed that the most promising direction of search are active zones — blocks with the maximum sedimentary section and accumulation rate. In these zones abnormal reservoir pressures and high reservoir temperatures are recorded. The Cretaceous oil and gas megacomplex is one of the main prospecting targets. New discovery of hydrocarbon deposits are associated with both additional exploration of old fields and the search for new prospects on the shelf of the north. An important area of geological exploration is the productive layer of the Lower-Berezovskaya subformation, in which gas deposits were discovered in unconventional reservoirs.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR CALCULATING HYDRATE FORMATION IN A PIPELINE TAKING INTO ACCOUNT TEMPERATURE CHANGE

The development of the main transport of natural gas is of great importance for the economy and industry of the Russian Federation in SHAPE \\* MERGEFORMAT the context of sanctions from the West. Reducing the cost of servicing and eliminating accidents and emergencies is an extremely urgent task that requires a solution with the involvement of modern scientific achievements and discoveries in this area. In this regard, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks that could reduce the risks of accidents and emergencies in the main pipelines caused by the formation of technogenic gas hydrates. The purpose of this study is to develop a mathematical model for calculating the formation of hydrates in the cavity of the main gas pipeline, which would take into account the change in the temperature of the pipeline in the section under consideration, the relief of the route, as well as the carryover of a part of the inhibitor (methanol) by the flow of natural gas. To implement the proposed mathematical model, it is necessary to solve the differential equations proposed in the methodology of Gazprom PJSC for determining the gas temperature. The developed mathematical model should make it possible to reduce the consumption of methanol due to the accuracy of determining the site of the beginning of moisture condensation and supplying the inhibitor to these areas, as well as more accurate determination of the temperature and pressure of natural gas. In this study, the authors obtained an original mathematical model, which is adapted to operating conditions and allows using real data from the operating facility of the Ukhta -Torzhok gas pipeline to calculate the methanol consumption. The authors also take into account the equilibrium content of methanol and water vapors in the «natural gas - watermethanol solution» system in the developed mathematical model, and also introduce certain equations to determine the concentration of methanol that saturates the gas, the concentration of methanol that saturates the liquid, which make it possible to specify the volume of the reagent required for supplying gas to the flow in order to prevent the formation of hydrates and maintain a hydrate-free regime. The authors used a special nomogram to determine the equilibrium content of methanol and water vapors in the «natural gas - water-methanol solution» system, which has become quite widespread at the facilities for transporting hydrocarbon raw materials of Gazprom PJSC. In this paper, the main parameters influencing the formation of hydrates in the pipeline cavity are determined, and the obtained mathematical model is checked for compliance with the real data of the operating object of the main gas pipeline.

CONDITION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE TANK CONSTRUCTIONS FOR STORING OIL AFTER LONG OPERATION

Background In the oil industry, a significant number of semi-buried reinforced concrete tanks in prefabricated and prefabricated monolithic designs are used to store hydrocarbon raw materials. Aims and Objectives An analysis of the results of a comprehensive survey of reservoirs in large tank farms for storing crude oil is presented. Results The article describes the constructive solutions of reinforced concrete tanks and the features of their operation. The results of assessing the technical condition of tanks located on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Bryansk region of the Russian Federation are presented. The technique and results of full-scale tests of tank cover plates are described, which have shown their usefulness in bearing capacity, stiffness, fracture toughness and serviceability in relation to design solutions after long-term operation under conditions of contact with low- and medium-sulfur oil. On the basis of the developed methodology for assessing the residual life of reinforced concrete structures of tanks, methods of repairing damaged structures are proposed in order to increase the durability of tanks for a period of at least 15 years.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ ПРИМЕСНЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ В СОСТАВЕ ПОЛУПРОДУКТОВ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ “УСРЕДНЕННОЙ” НЕФТИ

The aim of the research was to study the features of distribution of impurity metals in the distillates of several types of heavy oil produced in Uzbekistan, mixed with gas condensate. It has been revealed that the basic mass of impurities in the original oil is represented mainly by calcium salts of petroleum acids. Thermal decomposition of impurity metal naphthenates is accompanied by formation of highly corrosive organic acids. The concentration of organometallic compounds V, Ni, Fe and other d-elements in the oils produced in Uzbekistan is comparatively less than of the heavy oils in the known deposits of the Middle East and Russia. However, the corrosion activity of petroleum acids, together with the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the reaction medium, causes a sharp increase in impurities in the feedstock supplied to hydrotreating, in the form of a mixture of FeO(OH), FeO, Fe2O3 , Fe0 , Fe 1-хS, FeS and CaS. It has been proven that for producing of environmentally friendly commercial fuels and oils, as well as ensuring long-term operation of catalysts for hydrotreating distillate and residual fractions obtained by processing local hydrocarbon raw materials, it is recommendable to use special protective layers that actively extract corrosion products, along with compounds such as naphthenates of calcium, nickel and iron.

Study of hydrogenation and corrosion of steel equipment and pipelines at the production facilities of H<sub>2</sub>S -containing hydrocarbon raw materials

The impact of hydrogen sulfide raw materials on steel equipment and pipelines is associated not only with corrosion processes, but also with the hydrogenation of used carbon and low-alloy steels. This can lead to the loss of their strength properties and the subsequent destruction of equipment operated under conditions of increased operating pressures. Such corrosive-mechanical effects associated with the penetration of hydrogen into steel are the most dangerous from the point of view of the safety and reliability of the operation of facilities for the production of hydrocarbon fluids. The effect of H2S on the main types of structural steels was investigated according to the results of autoclave tests. The formation of blistering (blistering) and cracks on the surface of steels due to the effect of hydrogen on the steel was recorded. A study of the phase composition of corrosion products and their possible effect on the processes of corrosion and hydrogenation of steel has been carried out.

Environmental and economic assessment of damage to atmospheric air from oil and gas production enterprises using the example of the Lena-Tunguska oil and gas province

The existing global dependence on oil and gas raw materials gives rise to the constant development of new and improvement of existing technologies for the extraction and development of oil and gas fields. The extracted hydrocarbon raw materials are used to meet the needs of industrial production as well as domestic needs, still continuing to negatively affect the environment, forcing to modernize the methods of protection against anthropogenic impact. Today, the extraction of energy resources, especially oil and gas, is the source of about 90% of all types of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. Due to the low utilization rate of the extracted raw materials, a significant part of them is irretrievably lost and enters the environment as pollutants. According to rough estimates, about 70% of all pollutants are in the atmosphere, with the main sources of air pollution located in the northern hemisphere. The aim of this work is to assess the environmental risk of oil and gas production. It is considered using the example of atmospheric pollution from enterprises in the Lena-Tunguska oil and gas province. We have established that the preparation of facilities at the Yarakta field causes a record damage to the air. The total economic damage to the atmospheric surface layer during construction work on the territories of the surveyed companies amounts to 33.1 thousand rubles.

Assessment of possibility of obtaining alloying components in the process of desalting of heavy hydrocarbon raw materials. Part 2

Earlier, the authors had already successfully proposed a method for extracting minerals from crude oil as a first step, to be further developed in this second step in the direction of obtaining solid (metallic and / or oxide) phases of nickel and vanadium. The scientific, practical and strategic importance of the work is clearly-underlined with a general depletion of vanadium and nickel ores. In the current situation of mineral resources with a general depletion of vanadium and nickel ores, it becomes necessary to search for new and alternative resources to obtain these strategic and important metals and their compounds from available resources. Taking into account that vanadium and nickel ores are practically absent in the raw material resources base of some countries, such as Middle East’s countries. Thus, a high percentage of imports of this metal product remains, which worsens the economic situation that has developed during political conflicts. The scientific approach was based on a combination of hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical experiments, consistently carried out through the processes of sorption and desorption during cathodic electrodeposition. Sorption processes for vanadium and nickel were carried out using a mixture of Syrian sorbing materials (incense-type resins and surface-activated natural clays) with finely ground glass SiO2. Cathodic electrodeposition experiments were carried out on a copper cathode plate, and on the other hand, an insoluble glassy carbon electrode was used as the anode. All batch experiments were carried out to determine the best conditions for vanadium and nickel sorption by studying six different parameters affecting the sorption capacity of vanadium and nickel. As a result, the maximum sorption capacity of vanadium and nickel was 87.5 % and 91.3 % consistently under the predetermined conditions. Eventually, 7.6 % Ni (with a purity of 97 %) was recovered from the solution after the desorption process by the electrolytic method (during electrolysis); 15.6 % (99.3 % pure) V2O5 and 11.5 % (79 % pure) NiO chemically.

The issue of "oil shrinkage" during the compounding of oils in the processes of production, collection, preparation and transportation of hydrocarbon raw materials

The article discusses the issue of industrial compounding, which improves the quality of the raw materials supplied to the main pipelines. Compounding from "to compound" (English) - to mix. When mixing different types of oil obtained, "incompatibility" is possible, which is expressed in the precipitation of a solid sediment and violation of the stability of the colloidal system and due to the differing properties of oils. Attention to this problem is due to the tightening of requirements for the quality of raw materials that must comply with modern standards. The article discusses the causes of the problem of "incompatibility" of oil during compounding and effective ways of solving it, substantiates the need for a preliminary study of the properties of mixed oil in order to identify possible incompatibility of various types of oil. The standard tests for determination of incompatibility indices characterizing the ability of raw materials to mix are considered. The article substantiates the need to develop methods for diagnosing the incompatibility of oils as the most important task of modern chemical science, the solution of which will improve the quality of the raw material obtained and solve many technological problems in the compounding process.

PROSPECTS FOR ENERGY COOPERATION OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE CASPIAN REGION IN THE FIELD OF OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT

The article discusses the features of the development of oil and gas fields in the Caspian region by the coastal states. The analysis of the participation in various years of large international companies in the development of oil and gas fields in the waters of the Caspian Sea is carried out. The development of the resource base of hydrocarbon raw materials in the countries of the Caspian region associated with the discovery of new geological structures is considered. Aspects of how the countries of the Caspian region have become full-fledged exporters of hydrocarbons are outlined. The main aspects of the great prospects for the development of the Caspian countries and possible steps in bringing to a new stage of cooperation between the states of the region in the energy, transport and communication spheres are stated. It is indicated that the joint development of the shelf hydrocarbons, which are of international and regional importance, serves to strengthen dialogue and cooperation on dividing the bottom of the Caspian Sea.

Stress-deformed state of the coil of the pyrolysis furnace at deviation of the shape of pipes

A distinctive feature of the pyrolysis furnaces of hydrocarbon raw materials from other types of furnaces operated at the facilities of oil and gas chemical enterprises is the strict operating conditions necessary for the implementation of this process. At the same time, the temperature of the radiant coil in operating conditions can reach 1050 ° C. In this regard, the probability of failure of coils of pyrolysis furnaces due to defects and damages during operation is extremely high. In addition, variations in coil shape and dimensions that occur during manufacturing or operation can negatively affect the overall stress-strain state of the coil during operational loads. In this work, the influence of permissible deviations in the shape and dimensions of pipes used in the welding of the coil on its stress-strain state in working conditions is investigated.

Synthesis of silicon carbide in arc discharge in fuel oil

In this work, an experimental physical setup is proposed and a method for the synthesis of silicon carbide in an electric arc drowned into the thickness of hydrocarbon raw materials is described. Silicon carbide and carbon nanotubes were found in the deposits at the cathode. The resulting sample was analyzed using an optical microscope. And also confirmed the hardness of silicon carbide.

Evaluation of Thermodynamic Researches of Layered Fluids in the Design and Development of Deposits of Hydrocarbon Raw Materials

At present, publications devoted to modern experimental equipment are widely used in domestic and foreign scientific journals aimed at specialists in the field of hydrocarbon processing. Thus, the installation of PVT ratios from Chandler Engineering allows us to conduct research in a wide range of pressures and temperatures and determine the phase processes of hydrocarbons. In the experimental work performed with natural mixtures and reservoir gas condensate systems, a pattern was found. At high reservoir pressures and temperatures, condensates are characterized by an increased content of high molecular weight hydrocarbons of complex structure, which affects phase processes. The parameters and indicators determined on this installation are the initial ones for calculating the balance reserves of ethane, propane, butane, non-hydrocarbon components in the formation gas, designing development and field development, as well as further processing of condensate. The main goal of the work is to determine the effect of contact condensation, which manifests itself when the deposits are unevenly developed by the area of the field on the development of hydrocarbon reserves based on experimental thermodynamic studies.

UNIFIED BASIS OF REFERENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN OIL PRODUCTION

Background Physical and technological processes in oil production and preparation occur, as a rule, in closed volumes of natural or artificial origin. The regularities of the course of these processes are not always possible to fix with the help of measuring instruments, in connection with which, in a number of cases, calculation methods for obtaining the necessary information are used. Indicators and labeled fluids are used to study the internal content and condition of oil production facilities and oilfield equipment. The article demonstrates the universality of the principle of using such diagnostic methods, provides analogs from well-known phenomena of the surrounding world. Aims and Objectives Show the general principle of the implementation of indicator and benchmark technologies in borehole oil production and the system for gathering and processing oil, gas and associated water. To develop a technical solution for the use of oil temperature as an information parameter for pipeline transport based on the uniformity of reference technologies. Methods The reference and indicator technologies are considered by the authors according to the mechanism of creating a zone of fluids with different pressure, density and composition values in terms of the concentration of the substance. Results A unified basis of natural phenomena and technological processes in oil production has been substantiated, which is used to develop reference technologies for assessing the internal state of wells and pipelines of the oil gathering system. On the basis of the common fundamental principles of reference technologies, the possibility of applying the technologies used in oil and gas production in the pipeline transport of hydrocarbon raw materials is substantiated by strengthening the boundaries between oil zones with different temperatures and substance concentrations.

Prospect of using beet molasses in the production of synthetic rubbers

The production of high-molecular compounds requires improvement in manufacturing technology. Promising instrumentation of technological processes, new raw materials are being introduced, that in some cases makes it possible to improve the composite materials, use valuable hydrocarbon raw materials more fully and efficiently, and reduce the pressure on the environmental. All this applies to the production of synthetic rubbers. It is important to select new coagulating systems used in the technology of rubber separation from latex, since the coagulation stage is one of the most material-intensive and energy-intensive and problematic from an environmental perspective. In this paper, we studied the possibility of using a beet-sugar production by-product - beet molasses - in the technology for producing styrene-butadiene rubber of the SKS-30 ARK brand to reduce the aggregative stability of latex systems. The completeness of rubber separation was achieved at consumption of 200 kg / t and sulfuric acid consumption of 15 kg / t of rubber. In this case, the pH of the system increased from 3 to 5.5. Increasing the consumption of sulfuric acid to 40 kg / t of rubber allowed reducing the consumption of molasses to 90 kg / t of rubber and stabilizing the acidity of the coagulated system. Synergism in the action of these components was established for the first time and allowed reducing the consumption of coagulating agent by 2–3 times. Synergism of these components was first established and allowed reducing the consumption of a coagulating agent by a factor of 2–3. Based on the rubber obtained, rubber mixtures were prepared using standard components and vulcanized. Rubber based on SKS-30 ARK meets the requirements.

Процессы снижения ВЭТ и управления горением топливной эмульсии

This article is devoted to obtaining a water-coal suspension with new technological properties. The development of the scientific and technical progress, the growth of the population and the improvement of its welfare led to the sudden increment of energy consumption, as a result, is the depletion of hydrocarbon raw materials. Therefore, by many foreign specialists, the beginning of XXI century is evaluated as the transition period in the development of the world power system. Accordingly, the tasks of power saving and ecological safety at work of power systems are urgent. The article describes the technology of obtaining a water-emulsion suspension with the help of the Uzgen coal basin of the Karadobo deposit in the Osh region of the Kyrgyz Republic. Briefly, it is relatively classified as a specific liquid-phase composite material with broad functional and technological capabilities.