Hydro Storage System Research Articles

Optimal micro-pump-storage system for the average Greek hotel with PV generation

In this paper, a modern micro-scale pumped hydro storage system that is specifically designed to operate in coordination with photovoltaics installed at the roof of an average Greek hotel is presented. The fictitious hotel chosen as a case study, displays the energy profile of an average sea-side hotel around the Mediterranean Sea, while photovoltaics’ energy generation is assumed to follow the typical production profile of such sites. Pumped hydro storage and photovoltaic generation, size and cost have been appropriately modeled so that they realistically simulate their operational scheme, while also considering the spatial and technical characteristics and limitations of such projects. Results derived from the implementation of such a scheme into the Average Greek hotel demonstrated significant monetary benefits, accompanied with a substantial net annual profit and low payback period of the investment.

Modelling a low-head seawater-pumped hydro storage system's impeller for energy production within a small island developing state

ABSTRACT The proposed seawater pumped hydro storage (SPHS) is one option for providing a buffered energy storage system that will surely be required in the future. Given the fact that most small island developing states (SIDS) are isolated and surrounded by large bodies of water, the medium of seawater becomes an infinite supply. However, SIDS are also low lying and therefore only low heads will be available at high flows to maximize the energy efficiency of the system. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, ANSYS Fluent, was used to simulate this SPHS pump turbine impeller at low heads and high flows. This pump turbine impeller was simulated to function as both a pump and as a turbine at various revolutions per minute (rpm). The performance of the system was evaluated based on the pressure and velocity distributions of the pump turbine impeller at varying rpm. It was found that there were less energy losses within the turbine mode compared to the pump mode. Furthermore, this study showcases that the CFD model ANSYS Fluent is an economical, efficient, and easily diagnosable technique for analysing an impeller in both pump and turbine modes.

Quantitative evaluation and optimization of synergistic regulation performance considering wear in short-term response of hybrid pumped storage systems

Amid the extensive integration of renewable energy sources and rapid development of variable-speed pumped storage systems (VPSSs), demanding regulation tasks introduce risks to hydraulic-mechanical systems, revealing a growing trade-off between wear and regulation. From the economic and safe operation perspective, this paper aims to accurately quantify and enhance comprehensive regulation performance of hybrid pumped hydro storage systems (HPHSSs) with VPSS. First, a generic framework is established to quantitatively evaluate synergistic regulation performance (SRP), combining regulation intensity and frequency suppression effect of each unit type. Next, a frequency-division coordinated control method is proposed based on the amplitude-frequency characteristics, designed to leverage the rapid response capabilities of VPSS, and the coupling mechanism between this method and the conventional speed limiter module in affecting system dynamics is elucidated. Finally, comprehensive evaluations of HPHSS under typical disturbance scenarios are conducted, with frequency-division parameter further optimized for different system configurations. The results indicate that HPHSS exhibits excellent global stability with the coordinated control, reducing magnitude of average frequency deviation from 10−3 to 10−4, greatly enhancing the SRP. Additionally, an optimal cut-off frequency is identified within 0.05–0.5 Hz, showing an increasing trend as VPSS proportion decreases. These findings provide a novel sight for the safe and optimized operation of HPHSS.

A method for optimizing the capacity allocation of a photovoltaic-pumped hydro storage system in an abandoned coal mine

The enormous potential of the photovoltaic (PV) sector has aided in the faster attainment of China's “dual-carbon” aim. However, due to a scarcity of land resources and intermittent fluctuations in solar energy, it has been difficult to build large-scale PV bases, and existing PV systems also suffer from unstable power generation and seasonal fluctuations and are unable to be directly connected to the grid for use. However, abandoned mines with huge surface collapse zones and a large underground mining area offer a potential possibility for constructing photovoltaic-pumped hydro storage (PV-PHS) systems and limiting PV variations. Based on the abandoned mine pumbed hydro storage (AMPHS) potential assessment model and the optimized discrete wavelet decomposition algorithm, this study proposes a dynamic cycle optimization method for the PHS regulation capacity in an abandoned mine PV-PHS hybrid system. This approach is able to determine the optimal regulation capacity of AMPHS on a daily scale while limiting the volatility of the PV-PHS hybrid system. The method was applied to an abandoned mine PV-PHS hybrid system in Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province, and the optimal regulation capacity of the AMPHS was determined to be 88 MWh and 100 % elimination of PV generation volatility was achieved. This also reduces the economic cost by roughly 1.94 × 108 CNY. In addition, it is possible to store an average of 2.32 % of the PV power generated and to extend the power generation time by approximately 2.5 h per day. This research is critical for boosting the resource use of abandoned mines, and establishing the comprehensive usage model of new energy and abandoned mine resources.

Coordination of energy loss and fish friendliness for a low-head tubular-pump blade based on a multi-objective optimization model

Tubular pumps and turbines are the water-to-electricity conversion devices widely used in pumped hydro storage systems for low heads and high flow rates. An ecological concern is the high proportion of fish injuries caused by the rotating blades. In this study, a tubular pump blade is retrofitted to balance the energy loss and fish friendliness through multi-objective optimization, combining computational fluid dynamics with a mathematical blade strike model. Sensitivity analysis identifies nine geometric variables out of thirteen for optimizing blade design. An approximation model is developed to implement optimization algorithm and achieve the objective function. By artificially assigning weights to targeted performance metrics, three scenarios are obtained: the optimal efficiency scheme (A), the optimal fish friendliness scheme (C) and the balanced scheme (B). Scheme C achieves a fish survival ratio of 100 % at multiple flow rates (for fish lengths of Lf/D=1/12), but results in a 6.4 % decrease in efficiency compared to scheme A. Additionally, a negative blade attack angle can improve flow pattern. Considerable reduction in fish mortality can be obtained by equipping the rotor with a larger size but lower shaft speed, while also limiting the fish size to pass through the pump running at a reduced flow rate.

Addressing the limitation of Operational Flexibility in Power Generation with Pumped Hydro Energy Storage System – Indian Perspective

The global climate change scenario has impacted and taken corrective measures in shifting the sourcing of primary energy and efficient end-use pattern with more focus to utilise renewable energy resources to replace the depleting fossil fuels. Electric power generation capacity in the Indian subcontinent has gradually been improved to substantially contribute to intermittent and variable renewable power generation mix up to 40% of grid demand. However, the injection of grid-integrated renewable power as per the availability of generation potential will necessitate limiting the power generation from generating plants running on fossil fuel. But the operational flexibility of fossil fuel power plants is mostly designed to run efficiently with a 55% minimum technical load on the machines. In the above situation, stable grid availability and operation with a desirable spinning reserve may be taken care of suitably with an on-grid energy storage system, and in the Indian context, a pumped hydro energy storage system may play a critical role to take care of grid operational variability with adequate measures on frequency and voltage correction through periodic power generation and power draw. In this paper, the feasibility of a pumped hydro storage system from an Indian power sector perspective has been reviewed about the present national power scenario.

Multi-Objective Sensitivity Analysis of a Wind Turbine Equipped with a Pumped Hydro Storage System Using a Reversible Hydraulic Machine

A typical wind system captures wind energy and converts it into electricity, which is then converted to DC for battery storage using an AC/DC converter; an inverter then supplies AC electricity at the grid frequency. However, this solution involves losses in electronic components and incurs costs and environmental impacts associated with battery storage. To address these issues, a different wind system layout configuration is considered, where the energy storage duties are assumed by a hydro storage system employing a reversible hydraulic pump (referred to as a Pump as Turbine). This solution utilises an elevated reservoir connected to the Pump as Turbine to compensate for fluctuations in wind and load; this approach offers lower costs, a longer lifespan, reduced maintenance, and a smaller waste management cost. This study focuses on a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the new wind system power layout, considering multiple objectives. Specifically, the analysis targets the net change in the mass of water (potential energy) stored in the pumped hydro system, the captured wind energy, and the torque provided in hydraulic turbine mode. On the other hand, the design variables are represented by the Pump as Turbine-specific speed, the hydraulic system gearbox ratio, and the pump head. To assess how solutions are affected by random changes in wind speed and external load, the sensitivity analysis considers the multi-objective optimisation problem showing for both the wind speed and the external load a stochastic contribution.

Integration and performance analysis of optimal large-scale hybrid PV and pump hydro storage system based upon floating PV for practical application

The widespread use of green energy sources creates a significant demand for energy storage. Hybrid floating photovoltaic (FPV) and pumped hydro storage (PHS) represent one of the most dependable and cost-effective solutions, which uses the PV system on the water body combined with a pair of lakes with different heights. This study focuses on the load side as well as the PHS capacity factor and aims to lower the cost of energy (COE) by raising the PHS capacity factor. Since building a PHS requires a significant upfront investment, doing so will also lower the COE and enable the acquisition of PHS for large-scale power production, which will guarantee power access in large cities. To simulate the FPV-PHS system, the multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is employed. Sufficient power management is a prerequisite for achieving system reliability in the best possible hybrid energy system design and implementation. Considering the 60-year system lifespan, the net present cost (NPC) analysis shows that, out of all the communities evaluated, the FPV-PHS system has the lowest NPC and COE. For the optimal configuration (FPV (Block A) 105 MW, PHS 80 MW, FPV (Block B) 357 MW, and the current hydropower plant), the expected NPC and energy costs for implementing the hybrid energy system (HRS) at the chosen location are $44,737,613 and $40/MWh, respectively. The existing FPV system spans 4.65 km2 and lowers the evaporation fraction by 17,279,400 m3. The hybrid FPV-PHS system reduces annual CO2 emissions by 581,830 tons. Our research reveals that a hybrid floating PV and pump storage hydropower system offers more steady clean electricity, implying a great significance for power grid infrastructure.

Integration of Different Storage Technologies towards Sustainable Development—A Case Study in a Greek Island

The necessity for transitioning to renewable energy sources and the intermittent nature of the natural variables lead to the integration of storage units into these projects. In this research paper, wind turbines and solar modules are combined with pumped hydro storage, batteries, and green hydrogen. Energy management strategies are described for five different scenarios of hybrid renewable energy systems, based on single or hybrid storage technologies. The motivation is driven by grid stability issues and the limited access to fresh water in the Greek islands. A RES-based desalination unit is introduced into the hybrid system for access to low-cost fresh water. The comparison of single and hybrid storage methods, the exploitation of seawater for the simultaneous fulfillment of water for domestic and agricultural purposes, and the evaluation of different energy, economic, and environmental indices are the innovative aspects of this research work. The results show that pumped hydro storage systems can cover the energy and water demand at the minimum possible price, 0.215 EUR/kWh and 1.257 EUR/m3, while hybrid storage technologies provide better results in the loss of load probability, payback period and CO2 emissions. For the pumped hydro–hydrogen hybrid storage system, these values are 21.40%, 10.87 years, and 2297 tn/year, respectively.

Role of Renewables in Energy Storage Economic Viability in the Western Balkans

Given the growing shares of renewable energy sources in the grids, the interest in energy storage systems has increased. The role of pumped hydro energy storage systems as flexible solutions for managing peak and off-peak prices from nuclear and fossil power plants in previous systems is now revitalized in the liberalized systems, with a volatile generation of wind and solar energy. Thus, understanding of the patterns behind the economics of energy storage is crucial for the further integration of energy storage in the grids. In this paper, the factors that impact the economic viability of energy storage in electricity markets are analyzed. The method of approach used in this study considers the electricity market price distribution, full load hours, the total costs of energy storage, and linear regression analysis. Using revenues from arbitraging a 10-megawatt (MW) pumped hydro storage system in the Western Balkans, resulting from the electricity market price distribution and the analysis of the total costs of storage, an econometric model is created. This model shows the impacting factors of energy storage development in the context of the rising renewables sector. Research shows that the previous hypothesis about the integration of energy storage systems in proportion to the increase in shares of renewables in the grids is incorrect. There is a significant correlation between energy storage revenues, the dependent variable, and the independent variables of hydro, wind, and solar generation. The conducted analysis indicates the future arbitraging opportunities of pumped hydro energy storage systems and provides useful insights for energy storage investors and policymakers. During the transitional period, until the deployment of renewables changes the effects of fossil power plants, energy storage price arbitrage is profitable and desirable for 500, 1000, and 2000 full load hours in the Western Balkan region. Despite the need for flexibility, with more renewables in the grids, large-scale energy storage systems will not be economically viable in the long run because of “revenue cannibalization”.

Modelling a Decarbonization Agenda for Bembibre’s Industrial Park

The design of the Sustainable Strategy Agenda for the Bembibre industrial zone in the Bierzo region employing the Open-Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS) is presented. This municipality, which has been affected by the collapse of the coal mining industry, is at the epicentre of the reindustrialization and Just Transition (none left behind) initiatives of the Spanish government. Among the challenges to be tackled are the zone's entire decarbonization by 2030, the incorporation of circular economy initiatives, and the development of quality jobs that attract and retain new residents. To facilitate decision-making, different roadmaps have been evaluated, including the repurposing of an old coal mine galley as a reverse hydro storage system, the deployment of enterprises dedicated to the recycling of solar panels, and the incorporation of second-life batteries from electric vehicles as energy storage. Among the scenarios evaluated, the most complex turns out to be the most interesting. With an initial outlay of 190 M€, it incorporates a 210 MW photovoltaic park linked to a mixed storage system comprised of 0.25 GWh of reverse hydraulic systems and 68MWh of second life reconditioned batteries. About 850 jobs in the implementation stage and 70 more permanent in the exploitation phase are envisaged.

Viability of renewable energy integration in isolated systems in Brazil – A case study at Trindade Island (Espírito Santo, Brazil)

In a partnership between the Brazilian Navy and a Public University a renewable energy matrix for the uttermost Brazilian isolated systems was developed, focused in integrating renewables and storage systems on Trindade Island (1100 km from the coast of Vitória city, Espírito Santo State), freeware and open-source database for oceanographic and climate stations were used. Presently the demand is supported by diesel generators (up to 60 k liters/year). Four options were analyzed: wind associated with existing diesel plant, solar with batteries, wind with reverse hydro storage system and photovoltaic with reverse hydro storage system. The photovoltaic with hydro scenario was unfeasible mainly due environmental aspects. Wind associated with the existing diesel generation, due to lower impact and the use of current generators as a backup system was considered the best option, but the other two were also economically feasible and offer a 100% renewable energy solution. The location of the reverse hydro reservoir was a critical issue and thus needs on-site evaluation. The successful partnership between two federal government institutions, possible to be replicated for other Navy locations, proved to be a feasible solution for future public bidding process.

Prefeasibility analysis of the Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) system in Türkiye: A case study on a hybrid system

Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) power plants aim to exploit the price difference between storing and generating electricity. These power plants operate by pumping water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir, consuming energy, and generating electricity by transferring water from the upper reservoir to the lower reservoir. There is no pumped storage power plant in Turkey yet, and it is in the planning stage. This study aims to provide a preliminary feasibility analysis of this investment from an economic and technical point of view and to contribute to this issue through the recently announced feed-in tariff for PHS. The planned PHS at Gökçekaya Dam was considered a proposal in this study and was carried out using a developed algorithm. The algorithm determines the optimal installed capacity of hybrid energy. This feasibility analysis is based on two scenarios. The difference between the first and second scenarios is due to the investment cost of the PHS system. Additionally, the second scenario considers an integrated hybrid Solar Hydroelectric (SHE) system. Each scenario is evaluated in terms of base price, average price, maximum feed-in price, and market peak price. The result of the study is that only the market price represents a remarkable payback period for pumped storage power plants. As a result of the study, it was found that it’s possible to support the pumped storage power plant with a hybrid solar power system and market price if only the storage volume is increased. The feed-in tariff should be set to cover the demand. In the first scenario, only the PHS was evaluated, and after completing the economic analysis, the investment has a payback period of 28.39 years for the market peak price. If the PHS facility is supported by a hybrid solar energy system for internal energy needs, the payback periods can be reduced. In the first scenario, the investment has a payback period of 18.05 years, supported by integrated hybrid solar energy. In the second scenario, the PHS investment has a payback period of 9.63 years for the highest price on the market. The investment has a payback period of 8.66 years, which is supported by the integrated hybrid solar energy. Due to the high self-consumption of energy, integrated hybrid solar energy is suitable for the PHS projects.

Geothermal energy prospect for decarbonization, EWF nexus and energy poverty mitigation in East Africa; the role of hydrogen production

The affordability and availability of water and energy have a huge impact on food production. Research has shown that there exists a direct and indirect link between power production and clean water generation. Hence the inclusion/importance given to the energy-water-food (EWF) nexus in the United Nations' sustainable development goals. Acknowledging the importance of decarbonization to the global future, there exists a gap in literature on the development of models that can enhance the EWF nexus, reduce energy poverty, and achieve 100% renewable energy in the electricity sector. Therefore, the technical and economic prospect of geothermal energy for bridging the aforementioned gaps in existing works of literature is presented in this study. The energy poverty/wealthy status of a country has been confirmed to have a significant impact on economic development, as economic development is largely reflected in the food-water availability. Ditto, this study is focused on the interconnectivity of the EWF nexus while incorporating global decarbonization targets. Geothermal energy is of the utmost significance in East Africa due to its abundant potential and distinctive geological features. Located in the Great Rift Valley, the region has an abundance of geothermal reservoirs, making it an ideal location for geothermal power generation. This study is novel as a comprehensive assessment framework for energy poverty is developed and innovative models utilizing primarily the geothermal resource in the East African region to mitigate this problem are proposed and analyzed. The role of hydrogen generation from critical excess electricity production is also analyzed. The East Africa region is considered the case study for implementing the models developed. A central renewable energy grid is proposed/modelled to meet the energy demand for seven East African countries namely; Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Djibouti, Comoros, Eritrea, and Rwanda. This study considers 2030, 2040, and 2050 as the timestamp for the implementation of the proposed models. The hybrid mix of the biomass power plant, solar photovoltaic (PV), pumped hydro storage system and onshore wind power is considered to furthermore show the potency of renewable energy resources in this region. Results showed that the use of geothermal energy to meet energy demands in the case study will mitigate energy poverty and enhance the region's EWF.

Optimal Management of Seasonal Pumped Hydro Storage System for Peak Shaving

Power demand varies on a daily and seasonal basis. Responding to changing demands over time is challenging for energy suppliers as it causes expensive power plants to operate in high-demand seasons, usually summer, increasing the cost of electricity. Peak load shaving makes the load curve flatten by reducing the peak load and shifting it to times of lower demand, hence reducing the operation of expensive power plants. Hence, there is a need for large-scale and long-term ESS to store energy in the time of low-demand seasons for future utilization in the highest-demand ones. In this work, an energy management system (EMS) is developed to optimally manage a grid-connected pumped hydro storage (PHS) for peak shaving. The proposed model incorporates a dynamic economic dispatch (DED) over a study period of one year; hence, a DC power flow analysis considering transmission constraints is utilized to ensure a fast load flow estimation and a manageable simulation time. The framework can be adopted to assess the long-term profitability of PHS-utilizing GAMS as an optimization tool. Further, to draw conclusions that would suit the characteristics of the demand pattern. This analysis is essential to motivate the construction of new seasonal PHS plants due to the high construction costs they are identified with, especially in geographical areas where this technology is not yet considered or is hard to construct. The simulation results demonstrate that integrating 1500 MWh PHS reduced the operation of expensive thermal units by 1224 MWh annually. Further, a reduction in operation costs was recorded after integrating a PHS unit that ranged from 2.6 M to 22 M USD/year, depending on the storage capacity.

A Review of Pumped Hydro Storage Systems

With the increasing global demand for sustainable energy sources and the intermittent nature of renewable energy generation, effective energy storage systems have become essential for grid stability and reliability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of pumped hydro storage (PHS) systems, a proven and mature technology that has garnered significant interest in recent years. The study covers the fundamental principles, design considerations, and various configurations of PHS systems, including open-loop, closed-loop, and hybrid designs. Furthermore, the review highlights the crucial role of PHS systems in integrating renewable energy sources, mitigating peak load demands, and enhancing grid stability. An in-depth analysis of current and emerging trends, technical challenges, environmental impacts, and cost-effectiveness is also provided to identify potential areas for future research and development. The paper concludes by offering a perspective on the challenges and opportunities that PHS systems present, underlining their potential to significantly contribute to a sustainable and reliable energy future.

Developing design topologies and strategies for the integration of floating solar, hydro, and pumped hydro storage system

Present study aims to increase the effectiveness and penetration of innovative floating solar systems by exploring the potential for the development of floating solar PV-based hybrid renewable energy systems. Based on the review of reported research on multi-energy systems and taking into consideration the characteristics of floating solar PV system, different topologies are designed for the deployment of hybrid renewable energy installations to support the power grid and enhance system reliability. Critical design strategies such as site inspection, reservoir layout, water quality, solar irradiance, wind loading, and the existing hydropower infrastructure, required for assessment have been outlined. Feasibility analysis involving the techno-economic and environmental assessment of a typical floating solar-based hybrid renewable energy system is also discussed. To promote the deployment of floating solar-based hybrid renewable energy systems, actions such as strengthening knowledge, setting renewable targets, investing in research and development, and providing government support are needed. Merging new technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual power plants with floating solar PV can create a more efficient system. The concept of a Smart Floating Farm that combines floating solar-based systems with farming can help address future food shortages due to climate change by 2050.

Optimal design of PI/PD dual mode controller based on quasi opposition based learning for power system frequency control

Due to uncertain load deviations in the unified power system, it becomes more challenging to uphold the system frequency at a constant desired value. The secondary controller has a significant role in damping the oscillations of frequency and interline power at a faster rate. Here a novel PI/PD dual mode controller (DMC) is suggested to regulate the frequency of unified system comprising renewable and conventional sources of power generation. The various sources of generation instigated in the dual-area system are hydro, diesel, thermal, PV, wind and battery energy storage system (BESS). The gains of the PI/PD DMC are suitably obtained by the novel application of quasi opposition based Sine Cosine Algorithm (QOBSCA) algorithm. The dynamic outcomes of the model are examined with the application of abrupt load deviation of 0.02 per unit in control area 2. During this deviated loading condition QOBSCA algorithm is utilized to achieve the appropriate gains of PID and PI/PD dual mode controller in view of a time based fitness function denoted as integral time absolute error (ITAE). Considering few response evaluative indices like overshoots, settling time and undershoots the ascendency of the projected PI/PD dual mode controller is recognized over popular PID controller during the abnormal loading condition. Additionally, the efficacy of the mentioned PI/PD dual mode controller is verified by applying arbitrary load pattern in control area 2. The robustness of the mentioned control schemes is also evidenced by confirming the stable response during system parameter deviations.

Optimal energy and reserve scheduling in a renewable-dominant power system

In the shift to a sustainable, cost-effective and safe energy system, the improvement of existing energy and reserve scheduling is required to handle the volatility of the intermittent power supply. In contrast to traditional approaches that ignore correlations of intermittent energy (wind and photovoltaic) power deviation, spatiotemporal correlations are incorporated into our integrated renewable-dominant wind-photovoltaic-pumped hydro storage system to provide flexibility and stability guarantees. This paper represents a distributionally robust chance constraint (DRCC) model for optimizing day-ahead energy scheduling and real-time regulation operation in a renewable-dominant power system by minimizing the expected total cost. To capture the correlation and uncertainty associated with intermittent energy, the correlation covariance matrix and moment-based ambiguity set approaches are applied, respectively. Our model is transformed into a second-order cone programming for which commercial solvers are available. A case study is performed to illustrate how the effects of spatiotemporal correlation and the uncertainty of intermittent energy power deviation might have an effect on the power system operation. The results further demonstrate the rationality and economy of the proposed model for the energy and reserve scheduling problem.

Optimal Modeling and Feasibility Analysis of Grid-Interfaced Solar PV/Wind/Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Based Hybrid System

Access to inexpensive, clean energy is a key factor in a country’s ability to grow sustainably The production of electricity using fossil fuels contributes significantly to global warming and is becoming less and less profitable nowadays. This work therefore proposes to study the different possible scenarios for the replacement of light fuel oil (LFO) thermal power plants connected to the electrical network in northern Cameroon by renewable energy plants. Several scenarios such as the combination of solar photovoltaic (PV) with a pumped hydro storage system (PHSS), Wind and PHSS and PV-Wind-PHSS have been studied. The selected scenarios are evaluated based on two factors such as the system’s total cost (TC) and the loss of load probability (LOLP). To achieve the results, metaheuristics such the non-dominated sorting whale optimization algorithm (NSWOA) and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) have been applied under MATLAB software. The optimal sizing of the components was done using hourly meteorological data and the hourly power generated by the thermal power plants connected to the electrical grid. Both algorithms provided satisfactory results. However, the total cost in the PV-PHSS, Wind-PHSS, and PV-Wind-PHSS scenarios with NSWOA is, respectively, 1%, 6%, and 0.2% lower than with NSGA-II. According to NSWOA results, the total cost for the PV-Wind-PHSS scenario at LOLP 0% is 4.6% and 17% less than the Wind-PHS and PV-PHSS scenarios, respectively. The profitability study of all three scenarios showed that the project is profitable regardless of the scenario considered.