Hydrazine In Solution Research Articles

Optimization of Phyllanthus emblica L. leaf extract-assisted clearance of hyperbilirubinemia in White New Zealand albino rabbits

All parts of Phyllanthus emblica L. are traditionally used for the treatment of jaundice, inflammation, and diarrhea. The present study was planned to evaluate the P. emblica leaf extract (PELE) assisted clearance of bilirubin in artificially-induced hyperbilirubinemic rabbits. Hyperbilirubinemia was induced in White New Zealand albino rabbits by oral administration of phenyl hydrazine solution (10 mg kg−1 body weight) and an intraperitoneal injection of ursodeoxycholic acid solution (10 mg kg−1 bw). PELE-assisted bilirubin clearance from animals was optimized by a bi-factorial response-surface central composite design with five levels of each of the extract dose (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg kg−1 bw) and sampling period (24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h). The oral administration of PELE showed a significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent linear increase in bilirubin clearance from hyperbilirubinemic rabbits. However, the sampling period showed no significant effect on bilirubin clearance. The optimum levels of PELE dose and sampling period for maximum clearance of bilirubin (0.658 mg dL−1) were found to be 94.864 mg kg−1 body weight and 51.12 h respectively. PELE was found to be effective in bilirubin clearance at the observed optimum levels of extract dose and would be a good choice for the management of hyperbilirubinemia.

Effect of Microwave Treatment in a High Pressure Microwave Reactor on Graphene Oxide Reduction Process-TEM, XRD, Raman, IR and Surface Electron Spectroscopic Studies.

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was prepared by chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) (with a modified Hummers method) in aqueous solutions of hydrazine (N2H4), formaldehyde (CH2O), formic acid (HCO2H) accompanied by a microwave treatment at 250 °C (MWT) by a high pressure microwave reactor (HPMWR) at 55 bar. The substrates and received products were investigated by TEM, XRD, Raman and IR spectroscopies, XPS, XAES and REELS. MWT assisted reduction using different agents resulted in rGOs of a large number of vacancy defects, smaller than at GO surface C sp3 defects, oxygen groups and interstitial water, interlayer distance and diameter of stacking nanostructures (flakes). The average number of flake layers obtained from XRD and REELS was consistent, being the smallest for CH2O and then increasing for HCO2H and N2H4. The number of layers in rGOs increases with decreasing content of vacancy, C sp3 defects, oxygen groups, water and flake diameter. MWT conditions facilitate formation of vacancies and additional hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl groups at these vacancies, provide no remarkable modification of flake diameter, what results in more competitive penetration of reducing agent between the interstitial sites than via vacancies. MWT reduction of GO using a weak reducing agent (CH2O) provided rGO of 8 layers thickness.

Scalable synthesis, characterization and testing of 3D architected gyroid graphene lattices from additively manufactured templates

We have developed a novel, facile and architecturally versatile fabrication method for specially designed cellular graphene lattices using additively manufactured polymer-based gyroidal triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) as the initial sacrificial scaffold. Three-dimensional (3D)-printed templates of the polymeric gyroid lattices were coated with a mixture of graphene oxide (GO) and hydrazine solution via the hydrothermal process, followed by drying and thermal etching of the polymer scaffold, which resulted in a neat reduced GO (rGO) lattice of the gyroidal TPMS structure. Scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography were used to evaluate the morphology and size of the 3D rGO architectures, while a Raman response at 1360[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] (D peak), 1589[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] (G peak) and 2696[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] (2D peak) verified the presence of rGO. Thermo–electro–mechanical properties of rGO gyroid lattices of different densities were characterized where the highest Young’s modulus recorded was 351[Formula: see text]kPa for a sample with a density of 45.9[Formula: see text]mg[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]. The rGO gyroid lattice exhibits an electrical conductivity of 1.07[Formula: see text]S[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text] and high thermal insulation property with a thermal conductivity of 0.102[Formula: see text]W[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]K[Formula: see text]. It is demonstrated that the hydrothermal-assisted fabrication process is adaptable for different lattice architectures based on 3D-printed scaffolds and thus has wide functional applications.

Hydrothermal facile fabrication of superhydrophobic magnetic nanospiky nickel wires: Optimization via statistical design

In the present research, novel superhydrophobic magnetic nanospiky nickel wires via a controlled one-step hydrothermal method were fabricated using Taguchi L16 statistical design. The effects of independent factors including concentration of NiCl2 .6H2O (50-125 mM), the concentration of N2H4.H2O (450-1650 mM), reaction temperature (80-100 ºC), and reaction time (6-12 h) on the wettability properties of octadecyl trichlorosilane (ODTS)-modified samples were investigated. Based on ANOVA and the main effect analyses, despite all factors affecting the wettability response, hydrazine solution concentration with a contribution percent of 47.22% had the most significant effect on the samples' hydrophobicity and growth mechanism as a reducing agent and bridging bidentate ligand. Under the predicted optimum conditions (A1¯,B3¯,C2¯,D2¯), the water contact angle (WCA) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) were 162.78°±2.4º and 4.32°±0.9º, respectively. Morphological aspects and chemical composition of the as-prepared samples were studied using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) analyses. According to the FESEM images, the length and spike diameters were ranged 500-800 nm and 50-90 nm, respectively. The conical nanospikes' growth on the nickel wires was not dependent on the external magnetic field. It just promoted the formation of straight wires along the present magnetic field. The coercivity (Hc) and remnant magnetism (Mr) in the presence of the magnetic field were 103.077 Oe and 7.80 emu/g, respectively, due to the crystallite arrangement anisotropy.

Engineering tunable conductivity, p-n junction and light-harvesting semi-conductivity of graphene oxide by fixing reduction mood only

Modulated electron conductivity (EC), p-n junction behavior and light-harvesting semiconductivity in reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is observed. Pristine graphene oxide (GO) film on borosilicate glass was reduced by ascorbic acid (AA), Glucose (GC), hydrogen iodide (HI), thiourea (TU), hydrazine solution (HS) and hydrazine vapor (HV) to obtain respective rGOAA, rGOGC, rGOHI, rGOTU, rGOHS and rGOHV films. The morphologies of the films were studied by SEM image and PXRD spectra. The functional groups were studied by IR, Raman and XPS spectra. Except rGOHV, the samples exhibited tunable electron conduction behavior (EC) following the trend as rGOHS (1.1 × 10−1 mA/V) > rGOTU (4.4 × 10−3 mA/V) > rGOGC (1.5 × 10−3 mA/V) > rGOHI (8.9 × 10−4 mA/V) > rGOAA (2.6 × 10−4 mA/V). However, rGOHV exhibited p-n junction behavior with the knee point at 0.66 and -0.62 V for the forward and reverse bias, respectively. rGOHS and rGOHV could exhibit photocatalytic activity due to the presence of doped N. The water-splitting efficiency of rGOHS and rGOHV are 2.38 and 3.75 μmol/hg, respectively, whereas respective dye degradation efficiencies are 84.16 and 92.48%. TGA data confirms that rGOHV sustains with some water adsorbing capacity that can aid the hydrodynamics. Further, the hydrodynamics within rGO film was confirmed from hydronium ion conductivity.

Synthesis of some new organotellurium compounds based on 1-substituted tetrazole

New organotellurium compounds are derived from 1-butyl-5H-tetrazole (1). 1-butyl tetrazole-5-yl mercury (II) chloride (2) was synthesized from the reaction of compound 1 with mercury acetate and sodium chloride. The 1:1 and 1:2 ratio reactions of tellurium tetrabromide with compound 2 gave 1-butyl tetrazole-5-yl tellurium tribromide (3) and di (1-butyl tetrazole-5-yl) tellurium dibromide (4), respectively. The reduction of compounds 3 and 4 by the alcoholic solution of aqueous hydrazine gave di (1-butyl tetrazole-5-yl) ditelluride (5) and di (1-butyl tetrazole-5-yl) telluride (6), respectively. The reaction of compound 5 with iodine and thionyl chloride gave 1-butyl tetrazole-5-yl tellurium triiodide (7) and 1-butyl tetrazole-5-yl tellurium trichloride (8), respectively. The reaction of compound 6 with iodine and thionyl chloride gave di (1-butyl tetrazole-5-yl) tellurium diiodide (9) and di (1-butyl tetrazole-5-yl) tellurium dichloride (10), respectively. The prepared compounds were characterized and the molar conductivities proved that the compounds 2–3 and 7–10 behaved as electrolytes (1:1).

Colorimetric recognition of hydrazine in aqueous solution by a bromophenol blue-tethered ion-pair-like ratiometric probe

Hydrazine or hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O) is a potential neurotoxin and has several mutagenic effects in physiological systems. Therefore, the development of synthetic organic probes that are sensitive and selective to hydrazine is of tremendous importance. Unfortunately, however, the hydrazine-selective sensing probes that rely upon minimum usage of the organic solvents (≤5%, v/v) are still rarer. In this work, an ion-pair-like mono acetate derivative of bromophenol blue has been developed as a fairly selective ratiometric probe for the naked-eye recognition of hydrazine in a solution of tris buffer and EtOH (19:1, v/v) at physiological pH. The chromogenic signalling relies upon hydrazine-induced cleavage of an ester moiety of the probe to its resonance stabilized quinonoid form, resulting in momentous variations in its spectrophotometric profile. Meanwhile, the colour of the probe solution changed from mustard yellow to blue within few minutes. This sensing assay could be successfully applied in the recognition of hydrazine in real environmental and pharmaceutical samples with satisfactory recoveries. Given the cost-effectiveness, simplicity and versatility, for instance, direct analysis of colorimetric probes, it is reasonable to propose that the present method can serve as a complementary method for prompt inspection of hydrazine in boiler feed water.

Phthalimide conjugation turns the AIE-active tetraphenylethylene unit non-emissive: its use in turn-on sensing of hydrazine in solution and the solid- and vapour-phase.

Hydrazine is a vital precursor used in several pharmaceuticals and pesticide industries and upon exposure can cause severe health hazards. Herein, a new AIEgen, tetraphenylethylene phthalimide (TPE-PMI), is synthesized in a one-step solvent-free mechanochemical approach exploiting the simple condensation between TPE-NH2 and phthalic anhydride and used for the selective and sensitive detection of hydrazine. TPE-PMI with an AIE-active TPE-moiety is non-emissive in the solid phase by design. Hydrazine performs the cleavage of TPE-PMI in a typical “Gabriel synthesis” pathway to release AIE-active TPE-NH2 in an aqueous solution to emit blue fluorescence. A gradual rise in fluorescence intensity at 462 nm was due to the increasing hydrazine concentration and TPE-PMI showed a linear relationship with hydrazine in the concentration range from 0.2 to 3 μM. The selectivity study confirmed that the probe is inert to amines, amino acids, metal anions, anions and even common oxidants and reductants. The detection limit is 6.4 ppb which is lower than the US Environmental Protection Agency standard (10 ppb). The practical utilities of TPE-PMI were successfully demonstrated through quantitative detection of hydrazine vapour on solid platforms like paper strips and TLC plates. Furthermore, on-site detection of hydrazine in the solid phase was demonstrated by spiking the soil samples with measured quantities of hydrazine and quantitation through image analysis. This cost-effective sensing tool was successfully utilized in in vitro detection of hydrazine in live HeLa cells.

A xanthene-based novel colorimetric and fluorometric chemosensor for the detection of hydrazine and its application in the bio-imaging of live cells

An efficient xanthene-based colorimetric and fluorometric probe (MXI) for the selective detection of hydrazine in solution and in living cells.

Effect of Durian Peel Ash Added in Zinc Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites Used as a Chemical Sensor for Hydrazine Detection

As the hydrazine is toxic, the methods to detect hydrazine at low concentrations are essential in scientific research. This preliminary study reported on how to increase the efficiency of ZnO/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by adding durian peel ash (DPA) and using three-electrode method. The ZnO/rGO composites were prepared using chemical reaction of graphene oxide (GO) with zinc chloride. The rGO was prepared by the chemical reduction of GO using hydrazine. The properties of the samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Potentiostat/Galvanostat. The results showed that the optimal condition for the composite material was 70%DPA:30%ZnO/rGO with the sensitivity of 222.92 mA/mM·cm2 and the current density up to 116.50 ± 0.95 A/g. The relationship between the current and the hydrazine concentration was I (μA) = 48.69 + 21.91C (mM) with R2 of 0.9870. The minimum concentration of hydrazine solution that the modified electrode can measure was 0.125 mM. The DPA powder can then be used to enhance the hydrazine detection efficiency at low concentrations.

Dielectric Polarization and Electrorheological Response of Poly(ethylaniline)-Coated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanoflakes with Different Reduction Degrees.

We prepared poly(ethylaniline)-coated graphene oxide nanoflakes and then treated them with different concentrations of hydrazine solution to form dielectric composite nanoflakes having different reduction degrees of reduced graphene oxide core and insulating polyethylaniline shell (PEANI/rGO). The morphology of PEANI/rGO was observed by scanning electron microscopy, while the chemical structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. The influence of reduction degrees on the conductivity, dielectric polarization and electrorheological effect of PEANI/rGO in suspensions was investigated by dielectric spectroscopy and rheological test under electric fields. It shows that the PEANI/rGO has two interfacial polarization processes respectively due to rGO core and PEANI shell. As the number of hydrazine increases, the conductivity and polarization rate of rGO core increase. As a result, the difference between the polarization rate of rGO core and that of the PEANI shell gradually becomes large. This increased difference does not significantly decrease the yield stress but causes the flow instability of PEANI/GO suspensions under the simultaneous action of electric and shear fields.

Sonochemical synthesis of NiCo2O4/NRGO nanocomposite as a cathodic material for the electrochemical capacitor application

In this work, a novel nanocomposite consisting of NiCo2O4/N-doped reduced graphene oxide was prepared. In the first step, ultrafine NiCo2O4 nanoparticles (4.4 nm) were synthesized by the sonochemical method. In the second step, graphene oxide was synthesized by modified Hummer methods and then reduced and N-doped (NRGO) by a chemical method using a mixture of hydrazine and ammonia solution. NiCo2O4/NRGO nanocomposite was produced using the dispersion of NRGO nanosheets and NiCo2O4 nanoparticles under ultrasonic radiation for 30 min. The structure, morphology, and composition of various samples were investigated using an adequate analytical characterization method. Electrochemical tests such as cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge studies were done in a three-electrode system with 1.0 M Na2SO4 solution as the electrolyte for supercapacitive study of the samples. The results confirmed the excellent supercapacitive behavior of the nanocomposite and good stability during the charge–discharge cycle. The specific capacitance for the nanocomposite was calculated using a galvanostatic charge–discharge experiment which 618 F.g−1 in current density of 4.0 A.g−1.

Forming luminescent oligomer nanoparticles via condensation polymerization: A strategy for real-time visualized detection of hydrazine in solution and gas phase

In this work, we demonstrate a new strategy for the real-time visualized detection of hydrazine in various phases based on the formation of luminescent oligomer nanoparticles via condensation polymerization between hydrazine and a dialdehyde-containing molecule. An investigation was performed by using a phenoxazine derivative APPO containing two symmetrical terminal aldehyde groups as the probe. The probe exhibited real-time and highly selective detection ability for hydrazine among various anions, metal ions and other amines with a low detection limit of 5.39 ppb. Photoluminescence spectra, 1H NMR spectra, dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated the formed luminescent oligomer nanoparticles with average sizes above 500 nm, which led to an obvious ratiometric fluorescence change (I436 nm/I532 nm). Moreover, portable test papers based on APPO were successfully applied to the detection of hydrazine solution and vapor.

Thermo-Reversible Gelation of Aqueous Hydrazine for Safe Storage of Hydrazine

A reversible gelation–release system was developed for safe storage of toxic hydrazine solution based on gelation at lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and its copolymer could form gels of 35wt% hydrazine by dissolution under low temperature and storage at ambient temperatures. For example, PNIPAM gelled a 63 fold heavier amount of 35wt% hydrazine. Aqueous hydrazine was released from the gels by compression or heating, and the gelation–release cycles proceeded quantitatively (&gt; 95%). The high gelation ability and recyclability are suitable for rechargeable systems for safe storage of hydrazine fuels.

Palladium nanoparticles embedded PPy shell coated CNTs towards a high performance hydrazine detection through optical fiber plasmonic sensor

A facile in-situ solvothermal method has been proposed for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) embedded in polypyrrole (PPy) shell coated over carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The synergistic modulation of physicochemical properties of PdNPs/PPy@CNTs nanocomposite so prepared upon interaction with hydrazine has been explored for the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensing on optical fiber substrate with silver as plasmonic material. The efficacy of the nanocomposite has been probed for 0-1500 nM hydrazine concentration range. The effects of the composition of nanocomposite, thickness of the sensing layer and the pH of the hydrazine solution have been studied to obtain the best sensing performance. The sensor possesses highest sensitivity of 0.09 nm/nM for lowest concentration of hydrazine with limit of detection (LOD) of 20 nM. The specificity of the probe has been tested by using several other interfering analytes. The proposed probe has been found to be feasible for the detection of hydrazine in ground water with high stability, accuracy and reproducibility. The proposed optical fiber probe could be very promising for the hypergolic fuels like hydrazine due to the facility of online remote monitoring for an early detection of any leakage in such combustible environments.

Stabilization of Plutonium(V) Within a Crown Ether Inclusion Complex

Crystalline coordination complexes of actinides, especially in atypical oxidation states, are not only fundamentally important for expanding the notably limited knowledge on the bonding nature of a...

Carbon steel recontamination by Co-60 incorporation into iron (II) oxalate dihydrate formed during chemical decontamination

ABSTRACT Hitachi has developed the chemical decontamination method to remove radioactive oxides on structural materials by alternately using a mixed solution of oxalic acid and hydrazine for a reductive process and potassium permanganate or permanganic acid solution for an oxidative process. In the decontamination of carbon steel (CS) by applying oxalic acid, a film of iron(II) oxalate dihydrate that has low solubility is formed on the CS surface. During the formation of iron(II) oxalate dihydrate, Co-60 in the reductive decontamination solution may be incorporated into the formed film. This phenomenon may cause a decrease in the decontamination efficiency of the CS. A corrosion test of CS in a reductive decontamination solution containing Co-60 as tracer was carried out in order to evaluate this recontamination. It was confirmed that Co-60 was incorporated into the iron(II) oxalate dihydrate film, and the amount of Co-60 increased with increasing formation of this film. About 50% of the Co-60 added to the reductive decontamination solution was incorporated into iron(II) oxalate dihydrate formed on the CS and the Co-60 incorporation ratio was proportional to the iron(II) oxalate dihydrate formation. This result means that the recontamination during chemical decontamination of CS can be predicted.

Detonation properties of solution of hydrazine nitrate/water

In our work, the study of detonation wave structure was performed by VISAR laser interferometer for a hydrazine nitrate/H2O (HN/water) solution and pressed HN with maximum density of 1.68 g/cm3. The range of water concentration in which the HN/water solution detonated at a room temperature was found to be 25 - 36 wt.%. For the HN/water solution, the detonation velocity decreases linearly with increasing water concentration whereas for pressed HN, the dependence of detonation velocity on initial density is not monotonic, but has a characteristic “s”-shape. It was shown that the particle velocity profiles in pressed HN are smoother than in the HN/water solution. This means that detonation waves in the liquid HN are unstable, and the characteristic amplitude size of inhomogeneities is about 400 µm. Optical registration of the detonation wave propagation in the HN/water solution was done by two different high speed optical recording techniques. A very poor glow of the detonation front in the visible part of the spectrum and its instability were observed. This may be due to the low temperature in the detonation waves in the water solution of HN.

Regenerated Cellulose/Graphene Composite Fibers with Electroconductive Properties

Abstract Conductive cellulose fibers may find application in producing antistatic materials and fibrous electronic elements for smart textiles (textronics). In this paper, we present a method of fabrication of cellulose fibers modified with the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene oxide (GO). The fibers were obtained by using N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) as a direct solvent, adding dispersion of GO during the cellulose dissolution process. In the next step, the GO enclosed in the fibers was reduced for ca. half an hour at 90°C with the excess of water solution of hydrazine to obtain fibers containing rGO. The viscosity of the spinning solution increased when GO was added; however, the difference is important at low shearing rates but decreases at high shearing rates, similar to that used in the process of fiber spinning. Cellulose fibers containing 3, 4, 6, and 10% w/w of rGO were obtained. Fiber morphology was studied using electron microscopy. The results of the electrical properties’ measurements showed that the conductivity of modified fibers strongly depends on the concentration of rGO. At 10% rGO conductivity was 9 x 10−3 S/cm. The mechanical properties of the obtained fibers were slightly changed by the presence of GO and rGO. Tenacity and elongation at break decreased with the increase in the content of GO and rGO in the fibers but remain at an acceptable level from the textiles processing point of view.

Two novel spirobifluorene-based two-photon fluorescent probes for the detection of hydrazine in solution and living cells

Two spirobifluorene-based two-photon fluorescent probes for the detection of hydrazine, namely SPF-MN and SPF- PA, have been designed and synthesized. Along with the addition of hydrazine to a solution of SPF-MN, both a colorimetric change from yellow to colorless and a fluorescence change from yellow to blue (Under 365 nm UV light) can be observed by ‘‘naked-eye’’. Probe SPF- PA displayed response toward hydrazine with fluorescence enhancement. The detection limits are 6.9 μM for SPF- PA and 0.29 μM for SPF-MN, respectively. Moreover, SPF-MN and SPF- PA can be used as two-photon fluorescent probes for hydrazine with large two-photon absorption cross-sections and used for the imaging of hydrazine in living cells. Specially, SPF-PA can located at the surface of the cells, and it is the first fluorescent probe which possesses the capability of sensing intercellular hydrazine. Besides, SPF-MN is the first colorimetric two-photon fluorescent probe for meeting the criteria of both hydrazine bioimaging and visual detection of hydrazine in solution.