Hydrazine In Real Water Samples Research Articles

1,8-naphthalimide-triphenylamine-based red-emitting fluorescence probes for the detection of hydrazine in real water samples and applications in bioimaging in vivo

Hydrazine (N2H4), as a highly reducing agent and reactive base, is extensively utilized in chemical, pharmaceutical and agriculture fields. However, the high toxicity of N2H4 poses significant risks to human health and can lead to severe ecological contamination. Consequently, it is of significant to develop a tool for the detection of N2H4 in the environment fields and in vivo. Herein, three 1,8-naphthalimide-triphenylamine-based red-emitting fluorescence probes (TSY-1, TSY-2 and TSY-3) have been developed for the detection of N2H4 in actual water sample and in vivo by coupling of 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives with the electron-withdrawing groups (1,3-indandione, malononitrile, and 2-benzothiazolethonitrile) through a N2H4 responsive CC bond. Significant fluorescence quenching of three probes was observed on account of the responses toward N2H4. The detection limits of TSY-1, TSY-2 and TSY-3 for N2H4 were calculated to be 0.2 μM, 0.4 μM and 54 μM, respectively. Utilizations of probe-based test paper strips to qualitatively detect N2H4 in actual water sample by “naked-eye” colorimetry were demonstrated. Additionally, quantitative determination of N2H4 in actual water samples was successfully achieved by the smartphone-based standard curves. Additionally, the applications of TSY-1, TSY-2 and TSY-3 in fluorescence imaging N2H4in vivo are also demonstrated.

A responsive organic probe based photoelectrochemical sensor for hydrazine detection

This study developed a new photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor for the detection of the hydrazine (N2H4, HZ) based on a donor-π-bridge-acceptor (D-π-A) configuration organic photoactive dye (Dye-HZ). The dye was covalently immobilized on an FTO/TiO2 (FTO: fluorine-doped tin oxide) substrate, resulting in a photoanode FTO/TiO2/Dye-HZ that exhibits a specific PEC response to N2H4. Hydrazine reacts with the acetyl group in the Dye-HZ molecule, leading to its removal and the formation of a hydroxy group. The hydroxy group dissociates a hydrogen ion, forming a phenoxide anion with strong electron-donating characteristics. As a result, the dye molecule exhibits a strong intramolecular charge transfer effect, significantly enhancing absorbance and photoelectric response under visible light irradiation, leading to a remarkable increase in photocurrent and enabling highly sensitive detection of hydrazine. Furthermore, the PEC sensor demonstrates excellent selectivity and can be applied for the detection of hydrazine in real water samples. This study presents an innovative PEC sensing approach for hydrazine based on responsive photoactive molecules, providing new insights for PEC detection of other environmental pollutants.

A coumarin-based fluorescent probe for hydrazine detection and its applications in real water samples and living cells

Hydrazine (N2H4) is an extremely important reagent in industrial fields, but it can cause huge damage to human being and environment. Herein, a novel coumarin-based fluorescent probe CHY was designed and developed for hydrazine detection. The probe CHY exhibited no remarkable fluorescence in solution and showed an obvious fluorescence enhancement response toward hydrazine. Moreover, it could detect hydrazine with excellent selectivity, strong anti-interference and high sensitivity within a wide range of pH from 5 to 9. The limit of detection (LOD) of CHY for hydrazine was calculated to be 2.4 × 10−8 M, which was lower than the standard advised by the Environmental Protection Agency (3.12 × 10−7 M). The detection mechanism of CHY toward hydrazine was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and 1H NMR titration. In addition, CHY was successfully utilized to monitor hydrazine in real water samples, and has the capability of imaging hydrazine in living zebrafish.

A novel flavonol-based colorimetric and turn-on fluorescent probe for rapid determination of hydrazine in real water samples and its bioimaging in vivo and in vitro

A novel flavonol-based colorimetric and turn-on fluorescent probe for rapid determination of hydrazine in real water samples and its bioimaging in vivo and in vitro

Coumarin 1,4-enedione for selective detection of hydrazine in aqueous solution and fluorescence imaging in living cells.

Hydrazine is a widely used but highly toxic chemical reagent, and the development of a fluorescent probe for hydrazine detection is very meaningful. In this study, a novel coumarin-derived fluorescent probe containing a 1,4-enedione moiety for hydrazine detection was developed. The recognition of hydrazine with the probe brings about obvious fluorescence enhancement over other environmentally relevant ions and amine-containing species. The limit of detection for hydrazine is 2.7×10-8 M in aqueous solution. The fluorescence enhancement was ascribed to the cyclization reaction of the 1,4-enedione moiety of the probe and hydrazine which form a six-membered pyridazine ring and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. The mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and theoretical calculations confirmed the recognition produced. The probe can be used to determine trace hydrazine in real water samples. More importantly, the probe also showed good potential in detecting hydrazine by imaging of living HeLa cells.

Sensing for hydrazine of a pyrene chalcone derivative with acryloyl terminal group

Hydrazine, as a toxic substance, seriously endangers human health and the environment. Based on the excellent luminescent properties and low biological toxicity of pyrene derivatives, combing with chalcone derivatives easily attacked by nucleophilic group, a pyrene derivative PCA decorated by acryloyl terminal group as fluorescent probe for hydrazine was developed. The compound shows fluorescent peak red shift and intensity enhancement with increasing solvent polarity from hexane (459 nm) to methanol (561 nm). Based on strong fluorescence emission in methanol, methanol-HEPES mixed solution was used as the solvent in the spectral recognition experiments. The probe exhibits fluorescent change from yellow fluorescence (576 nm) to blue fluorescence (393 nm) with 800-fold ratiometric fluorescence enhancement (I393nm/I576nm) after the reaction with hydrazine. The probe can recognize hydrazine in fast response rate with kinetic constant calculated being 2.7 × 10-3 s−1 and 15 min as response time. The probe also can monitor hydrazine in real water samples and various soils.

Novel application of a fluorescent dye based on triphenylamine: Rapid detection of hydrazine in living cells and in vitro

Based on the multi-functionalization of organic compounds, this work mainly presented a new application of triphenylamine-based fluorescent dye T-Probe in the rapid detection of hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ) both in vivo and in vitro. As an important organic intermediate, which displayed high selectivity and rapid response to N 2 H 4 in DMSO/PBS buffer (4/6, v/v) solution in the presence of other competitive species (such as K + , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , NO 2 − , NO 3 − , SCN − , S 2− , SO 4 2− , SO 3 2− , HSO 3 − , Cl − , CO 3 2− , OAc − , NH 4 + , HS − , Cys, BSA, Aniline、CH 3 NH 2 , N2H4, etc.). The sensing property for N 2 H 4 was further investigated through UV–Visible, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence spectrophotometric analyses as well as DFT/TD-DFT calculations. The results indicated that the target sensor T-Probe possessed high anti-interference ability, specificity, extremely detection limit (8.47 nM), especially immediate response speed (within 3 min) to N 2 H 4 , and whole detection process also could be dramatically observed through “naked-eye” fluorescence color change (from Cyan to Blue) under 365 nm UV lamp irradiation, Furthermore, 1 H NMR and fluorescence titration experiment were also conducted to confirm the sensing mechanism. In extended application aspect, the fluorescent dye T-Probe could provide a new analytical method for N 2 H 4 detection in real water samples and visualize monitoring biological samples in living cells. • Synthesis of conjugated chemo-sensor T-Probe. • T-Probe realized hydrazine detection with higher sensitivity, fast response time and lower limit of detection. • The probe was successfully applied for detection of hydrazine in real water samples and in living cells.

A smart nopinone-based fluorescent probe for colorimetric and fluorogenic detection of hydrazine in water and plants with high sensitivity and selectivity

A smart nopinone-based fluorescent probe BIPA for the detection of hydrazine was developed which exhibited excellent sensitivity and specifity. The detection limit of BIPA for hydrazine was calculated as low as 7.9 × 10−8 M which was much lower than 3.2 × 10−7 M (stipulated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). The interference test showed that other competitive analytes could hardly interfere the detection of hydrazine in a complex environment. With the presence of hydrazine, the color of BIPA changed from colorless to blue-green under 365 nm UV light, and the solution exhibited a remarkable color change from bright yellow to colorless under daylight. The detection towards hydrazine could be valid in a wide pH range from 5 to 12. BIPA-coated filter paper could distinguish hydrazine from other analytes, and it could be applied in detecting hydrazine in real water samples. Overall, this work provided a new valuable fluorescent probe for detecting hydrazine.

NiCo2O4 nanorod: Synthesis and electrochemical sensing of carcinogenic hydrazine

In this work, we explored a simple hydrothermal process to tune the NiCo2O4 morphology into well defined rod structure with nanoparticle on it. The as prepered NiCo2O4 was characterized by various characterization studies such as XRD, Raman, FT-IR, TGA, FESEM, TEM, XPS and HRTEM. The electrochemical sensing of hydrazine on NiCo2O4 nanorod was examined by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. The NiCo2O4 shows excellent electrocatalytic performance for the anodic oxidation of hydrazine. Interestingly, NiCo2O4 retain considerable current response after 50 cycles at 25 mV s−1. The Ni and Co in bimetal oxides enhanced the current response due to their electroactive sites. The developed NiCo2O4 not only enhanced the current response of hydrazine but also exhibits good stability. NiCo2O4 demonstrates excellent detection limit and sensitivity of 260 nM and 48.25 µA cm−2 mM−1, respectively. For practical application, NiCo2O4/GCE was used for the sensing of hydrazine in real water samples.

A “turn-on” fluorescent probe based on V-shaped bis-coumarin for detection of hydrazine

Hydrazine (N2H4) has been classified as an environmental contaminant and human carcinogen owing to its high toxicity. Exposed to high concentration of hydrazine can cause irreversible damage to human bodies. Hence, it is significant to explore an effective analytical method to selectively recognize and detect it. In this work, an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) based probe 1 was designed and synthesized by condensation of V-shaped bis-coumarin and 4-bromobutyric acid. The V-shaped bis-coumarin with π-expanded system endowed the probe 1 larger stokes shift and superior tolerance to photobleaching. This “turn-on” probe exhibited a high selectivity towards hydrazine over other common ions and amine-containing species with a distinct fluorescent enhancement at 555 nm. It could rapidly detect hydrazine over a wide pH range and the detection limit was as low as 4.2 ppb. The large shift of absorption spectrum enabled it to detect hydrazine in real water samples and gas-state hydrazine by “naked-eyes".

Electrochemical preparation of Pt nanoparticles modified nanoporous gold electrode with highly rough surface for efficient determination of hydrazine

A highly sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for hydrazine was developed based on a highly surface-roughened nanoporous gold electrode decorated with Pt nanoparticles (Pt/HNPG). The self-supporting composite electrode is binder-free, which was fabricated via anodization of a commercial AuSn alloy in HCl electrolyte and subsequent electrodeposition of H2PtCl6 precursor in aqueous solution. The morphology and composition of Pt/HNPG electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalytic activity of Pt/HNPG towards electrooxidation of hydrazine was examined. It is found that both Pt nanoparticles loadings and solution pH have strong influence on the electrocatalytic activity. At the potential of –0.1 V (vs. SCE), the fabricated composite electrode showed excellent sensing performance for hydrazine with a wide linear range of 5 μM to 6.105 mM, a low detection limit of 1.03 μM (signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3) and a high sensitivity of 3449.68 μA mM−1 cm−2. Moreover, the sensor exhibited good selectivity, repeatability and stability. It was also successfully applied for the highly sensitive determination of hydrazine in real water samples with satisfactory results.

A solvent directed D-π-A fluorescent chemodosimeter for selective detection of hazardous hydrazine in real water sample and living cell

Hydrazine being a hazardous environmental pollutant and highly toxic to living organism. Therefore selective, sensitive and rapid detection of hydrazine is much essential for biological and environmental safety. Among various methods for measurement of hydrazine, the fluorescence method based on organic fluorogenic chemosensor is more attractive due to the photo physical characteristics of the fluorophore including high sensitivity. Here, we have synthesized a donor-π- acceptor (D-π-A) based fluorescent molecule (TPB) for rapid and selective detection of hydrazine. Introduction of D-π-A system enhances the ICT character of the probe there by delivered a typical solvatochromism. Accordingly, strong ICT character of the probe is consistent with intense photo physical characteristics to detect hydrazine in different solvent system. Interestingly, the probe showed different optical changes in polar protic and polar aprotic solvent to hydrazine detection. DFT/TDDFT calculation displayed the hypsochromic shift in absorbance and emission spectra were due to disruption of ICT process of the probe upon exposure to hydrazine. In this context, the probe is very much effective for quantitative detection of hydrazine in different real water and soil samples. Also, fluorescence microscopic study revealed that even a trace amount of hydrazine can be detected in living cells by using this probe.

An isophorone-based NIR probe for hydrazine in real water samples and hermetic space

The role of hydrazine in production is not to be underestimated due to its strong reducibility. However, every coin has two sides.

Design and synthesis of dual-excitation fluorescent probe, Tb3+-dtpa-bis(fluorescein), and application in detection of hydrazine in environmental water samples and live cells

A novel dual-excitation fluorescent probe, Tb3+-dtpa-bis(fluorescein), for detecting hydrazine is designed based on the special emissions of Tb3+-dtpa-BHz and fluorescein at 515 nm and 520 nm, respectively, under 247 nm and 480 nm excitation wavelength lights. The affecting factors including hydrazine concentration, solution pH value and interfering substances on the detection of hydrazine are examined. The high sensitivity and high specificity of Tb3+-dtpa-bis(fluorescein) in hydrazine detection could be confirmed. Two good linear responses of fluorescence emission intensities of Tb3+-dtpa-bis(fluorescein) at 515 nm and 520 nm as functions of hydrazine concentration in range of 3.00 × 10−5 mol L−1 - 4.50 × 10−5 mol L−1 are obtained, respectively. The LOD of 13 ppb (4.08 × 10−7 mol L−1) for 247 nm wavelength light excitation and 8 ppb (2.50 × 10−7 mol L−1) for 480 nm wavelength light excitation are achieved, which are close to and lower than TLV (10 ppb) of the EPA, respectively. The theoretical calculations on HOMO-LUMO energy levels and the interfacial plots of the molecular orbitals for probe and its final product based on density functional theory (DFT) are performed. In addition, the detections of hydrazine in real water samples and living cells are also studied. The experimental results indicated that the developed fluorescent probe could be applied for the determination of hydrazine in environmental water samples and living cells.

A compact fluorescent probe based on o-phthalaldehyde for ultrasensitive detection of hydrazine in gas and solution phases

Because of the high toxicity of hydrazine, the development of ultrasensitive fluorescent probes for hydrazine has been challenging. In this work, an ultrasensitive fluorescent probe based on o-phthalaldehyde has been exploited for hydrazine. The probe was designed based on creating an efficient fluorophore by incorporating hydrazine into o-phthalaldehyde framework via an intermolecular condensation-cyclization reaction. The probe could quickly detect hydrazine and displayed a high sensitivity for hydrazine with a LOD of 1.9 nM (0.06 ppb), which is far below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard (10 ppb). Moreover, the probe was successfully applied to the detection of hydrazine in real water samples and hydrazine vapor.

Fabrication of a sensitive electrochemical sensor to environmental pollutant of hydrazine in real water samples based on synergistic catalysis of Ag@C core–shell and polyalizarin yellow R

In the present research, the Ag@C core–shell nanosphere was prepared using hydrothermal technique. The transmission electron microscope (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Zeta potential analysis and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used in order to characterize Ag@C core–shell. A new electrochemical sensor for the analysis of pollutant hydrazine was suggested based on immobilizing Ag@C core–shell and poly (alizarin yellow R) on glassy carbon electrode (PAYR/Ag@C/GCE). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedimetry were used to corroborate the fabrication of the sensor. To examine the electrocatalytical oxidation properties of this new sensor, cyclic voltammetry and amperometry were used. Based on the results, PAYR/Ag@C showed a great electrocatalytic properties for the determination of hydrazine. The linear range (1 μM–1320 μM), detection of limit (250 nM) and sensitivity (0.0211 μA/μM) were estimated for oxidation peak. This electrode displayed many superiorities such as, high sensitivity, the oxidation of hydrazine at low potential, low detection of limit and application for real samples.

CTAB assisted immobilization of RuO2 nanoparticles on graphene oxide for electrochemical sensing of hydrazine

ABSTRACTA novel method has been presented to modify glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite without introducing any electrode binder such as chitosan and Nafion. First, modify GCE with RuO2 nanoparticles which have been dispersed in cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous solution. Then, highly adhesive RuO2/CTAB/GO nanocomposite membrane formed on GCE by immersing RuO2/CTAB modified GCE in GO suspension. CTAB plays significant roles not only in the preparation of the nanocomposite but also in the immobilization of nanocomposite on GCE surface. First, CTAB was used as the dispersant of RuO2 nanoparticles. Second, CTAB acted as the molecular linker to bind RuO2 nanoparticles on graphene sheets. Third, CTAB formed CTAB/GO nanocomposite which is highly adhesive on the surface of electrodes such as GCE and ITO (indium tin oxide). The obtained RuO2/CTAB/GO/GCE shows excellent electrocatalytic ability towards the oxidation of hydrazine. The oxidation of hydrazine on RuO2/CTAB/GO/GCE is an adsorption-controlled process and the oxidation current is linear with the concentration of hydrazine in the range of 1 × 10−5∼1 × 10−3 M with a detection limit of 2.3 × 10−6 M. The application of this sensor in the sensing of hydrazine in real water samples confirmed its reliability and accuracy.

In situ synthesis of ceria nanoparticles in the ordered mesoporous carbon as a novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of hydrazine

A novel ceria (CeO2)–ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) modified electrode for the sensitive amperometric determination of hydrazine was reported. CeO2–OMC composites were synthesized via a hydrothermal method at a relatively low temperature (180°C) and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microcopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The CeO2–OMC modified glassy carbon electrode was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and indicated good electrocatalytic effect to the oxidation of hydrazine. Under the optimized conditions, the present sensor could be used to measure hydrazine in wide linear range from 40nM to 192μM (R2=0.999) with a low detection limit of 12nM (S/N=3). Additionally, the sensor has been successfully applied to detect hydrazine in real water samples and the recoveries were between 98.2% and 105.6%. Eventually, the sensor exhibited an excellent stability and reproducibility as a promising method for determination of hydrazine.

Renewable-surface sol–gel derived carbon ceramic-modified electrode fabricated by a newly synthesized polypyridil and phosphine Ru (II) complex and its application as an amperometric sensor for hydrazine

A chemically modified carbon ceramic composite electrode (CCE) containing Dichloro{(8, 9-dimethyl-dipyridio [2,3-a;2′,3′-c] phenazine-κ 2- N, N′) bis(triphenylphosphine-κ-P)}ruthenium (II) complex which synthesized newly was constructed by the sol–gel technique. Electrochemical behavior and stability of modified CCE were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The electrocatalytic activity of CCE was investigated and showed a good effect for oxidation of hydrazine in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). A linear concentration range of 6 μM to 1.2 mM of hydrazine with an experimental detection limit of 1 μM of hydrazine was obtained. The diffusion coefficient of hydrazine and its catalytic rate constant for electrocatalytic reaction along with the apparent electron transfer rate constant ( k s) and transfer coefficient ( α) were also determined. The modified carbon ceramic electrode doped with this new Ru-complex showed good reproducibility, short response time ( t < 2 s), remarkable long-term stability (>3 month) and especially good surface renewability by simple mechanical polishing. The results showed that this electrode could be used as an electrochemical sensor for determination of hydrazine in real water samples used in Fars Power Plant Station, including its heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) water (at different operational condition), cooling system and clean waste water.