Hydration Strategies Research Articles

Investigating the Potential of Ufasomes Laden with Nintedanib as an Optimized Targeted Lung Nanoparadigm for Accentuated Tackling of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Background/objectives: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a prevalent interstitial lung disease that typically progresses gradually, leading to respiratory failure and ultimately death. IPF can be treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, nintedanib (NTD), owing to its anti-fibrotic properties, which ameliorate the impairment of lung function. This study aimed to formulate, optimize, and assess NTD-loaded ufasomes (NTD-UFSs) as a nanosystem for its pulmonary targeting to snowball the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Methods: To investigate the influence of numerous factors on NTD-UFSs assembly and to determine the optimal formulation, Box-Behnken statistical design was implemented with the assistance of Design-Expert® software. The thin-film hydration strategy was employed to fabricate NTD-UFSs. The optimum NTD-UFSs formulation was subsequently selected and subjected to additional evaluations. Also, using a rat model, a comparative pharmacokinetic analysis was scrutinized. Results: The optimal NTD-UFSs elicited an accumulative release of 65.57% after 24 h, an encapsulation efficiency of 62.51%, a zeta potential of -36.07 mV, and a vesicular size of 364.62 nm. In addition, it disclosed remarkable stability and a continuous cumulative release pattern. In vivo histopathological studies ascertained the tolerability of NTD-UFSs administered intratracheally. According to the pharmacokinetic studies, intratracheal NTD-UFSs administration manifested a significantly higher AUC0-∞ value than oral and intratracheal NTD suspensions, by approximately 5.66- and 3.53-fold, respectively. Conclusions: The findings of this study proposed that UFSs might be a promising nanoparadigm for the non-invasive pulmonary delivery of NTD.

Endurance in Long-Distance Swimming and the Use of Nutritional Aids.

Long-distance swimmers exert energetic, physiological, and neuromuscular demands that must be matched with adequate body composition to improve their performance in long-distance swimming. This review aims to compile all available information on energetic and physiological demands, optimal body composition, nutrition, and ergogenic supplements in long-distance swimming. This will provide an understanding of the specific challenges and needs of this sport and will help swimmers and coaches design more effective training and nutrition plans to optimise performance and achieve their goals. Databases such as Web of Science, SciELO Citation Index, MEDLINE (PubMed), Current Contents Connect, KCI-Korean Journal Database, and Scopus were searched for publications in English using keywords such as swimming, endurance, energy demands, physiological demands, nutrition, body composition, and ergogenic aids, individually or in combination. There is convincing evidence that several physical indicators, such as propulsive surface area, technical, such as stroke rate, and functional, such as hydration strategies, are related to swimming performance and body composition. Each athlete may have a specific optimal body fat level that is associated with improved sporting performance. The nutritional needs of open water swimmers during competition are quite different from those of pool swimmers. Swimmers with an adequate physique have a high body muscle mass and moderately related anaerobic strength both on land and in the water. These general and specific strength capacities, which are given by certain anthropometric and physiological characteristics, are seen throughout the work, as well as ergogenic and nutritional strategies, which have an important impact on long-distance swimming performance.

Role of Nutrition and Hydration in Injury Prevention and Recovery: A Review

Introduction and Purpose: Nutrition and hydration play critical roles in supporting athletic performance, injury prevention, and effective recovery, impacting both amateur and elite athletes. This literature review explores current evidence on nutritional and hydration strategies that promote musculoskeletal health, reduce injury risk, and optimize recovery following injury. Material and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing on articles published up until the end of 2023. Keywords used in the search included: “nutrition strategies”, “hydration”, “injury prevention”, “nutrition” and “recovery”. Articles were selected based on their relevance to the topic and quality of evidence. Results: The review reveals that hydration plays a critical role in reducing the risk of injury and optimizing recovery. Dehydration is associated with increased muscle fatigue, cramps, and a greater likelihood of heat-related injuries, impairing physical performance. Furthermore, nutritional strategies, particularly protein intake post-exercise, are essential for muscle recovery, reducing inflammation, and speeding up the healing process. Conclusions: Implementing appropriate dietary strategies, including adequate hydration, balanced macronutrient intake, and electrolyte replenishment, can significantly reduce the risk of injury, enhance performance, and accelerate recovery times.

Evaluating the effects of drafting formations on athletes' heat dynamics and performance via coupled CFD and thermoregulation model

Research indicates that drafting enhance performance across various sports. Current studies concentrate on drafting impact on reducing drag, with limited research on thermoregulation and sweating. This article explores how drafting formations affect the athlete's microenvironment using CFD and thermoregulation model. This study investigates how drafting influences heat production, dissipation, and sweating while maintaining consistent core and skin temperature, considering the impact of drag reduction on mechanical work. The average hc during race walking alone is the highest at 37.34, followed by double formations 1, 2, and 3, which are 36.34, 36, and 34.74 respectively. This represents a decrease of 2.7 %, 3.6 %, and 7 %. These reductions can be attributed to the lower Reynolds number and turbulent diffusion coefficient observed in the mainstream. Compared to race walking alone, in double formations with varying distances, core athlete experienced increased sweating heat dissipation by 0.23 %, 0.24 %, 0.28 %, and skin blood flow by 0.31 %, 0.39 %, 0.65 %. Additionally, the pelvis is identified as the most impacted area. However, reduced drag leads to less metabolic heat production, resulting in decreased sweating and skin blood flow. Compared to race walking alone, the sweating heat dissipation is reduced by 3.44 %, 4.71 %, and 6.72 % in double formations at varying distances, while skin blood flow is reduced by 3.16 %, 4.38 %, and 6.39 %. These changes positively impact performance. Additionally, the drag reduction rate is inversely correlated with the percentage difference in skin blood flow and sweating heat dissipation, with negative correlation coefficients of 0.116 and 0.119, respectively. Therefore, this article emphasizes how drafting reduces sweating and skin blood flow, highlights the importance of thermoregulation, and offers valuable guidance for training and hydration strategy.

A new hydration strategy can reduce contrast-induced acute kidney injury after PCI in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease: a two-center randomized controlled trial

Abstract Backgrounds Adequate hydration is crucial for preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The current guidelines recommend half-volume hydration for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) to prevent pulmonary edema. Thus, it is challenging to administer hydration therapy in patients with CHF and CKD. This study was aimed to compare different hydration strategies in this subset of patients. Methods This two-center, open-label, randomized clinical trial enrolled 303 CHF (patients with elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion) patients with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] of 15-60 mL/min/1.73m2) undergoing selective coronary angiography (CAG) from two tertiary hospitals from October 2020 to December 2023. Patients were randomized into three groups: half-volume hydration group (HH group, 0.5 mL/Kg/h hydration), standard hydration group (SH group, 1 mL/Kg/h hydration), and standard hydration with diuretic group (SH+D group, 1 mL/Kg/h hydration + immediate postoperative intravenous injection of furosemide 20 mg). All patients received hydration from 6 to 12 hours before to 24 hours after the procedure. The primary endpoint was CI-AKI, defined as a serum creatinine (SCr) increase of more than 0.3 mg/dL or 1.5-1.9 times greater than the baseline 48-72 hours after CAG. Safety endpoints included pulmonary edema during hydration, perioperative mortality, and the need for dialysis. Results A total of 101 patients were included in each group. Baseline characteristics (mean age, proportion of males, left ventricular ejection fraction and eGFR) were similar among groups. SCr, cystatin C levels, and SCr level changes between 48 and 72 hours after procedure did not significantly differ among groups (P > 0.05). The incidence of CI-AKI was highest in the HH group (22.8%), lowest in the SH+D group (11.9%), and intermediate in the SH group (17.8%) (P = 0.041). Regarding safety endpoints, there were 2 patients in the HH group, 3 patients in the SH group and 1 patient in the SH+D group experienced heart failure or pulmonary edema during hydration, with no statistically significant differences among the groups (P = 0.874). Perioperative mortality occurred in 1 patient in the HH group and 2 patients in the SH+D group, with no statistically significant differences (P = 0.776). No patient required renal replacement therapy. Conclusions In CHF patients with CKD, the half-volume hydration regimen recommended by guidelines was associated with a higher incidence of CI-AKI compared to standard hydration. However, standard hydration combine with diuretic fails to reduce the risk of heart failure during hydration or perioperative mortality, even if this novel strategy does not increase the risk of CI-AKI compared to standard hydration therapy.

Physiological Response and Sports Injury Risk Relevant Biomechanics in Endurance Obstacle Course Races

Obstacle course races (OCR) have experienced significant growth in recent years, with millions of participants worldwide. However, there is limited research on the specific physiological demands and injury prevention strategies required for these events. This study aimed to analyze the physiological responses and injury risks in participants of a 5 km (Sprint) and 13 km (Super) OCR. Sixty-eight participants were assessed for cortical arousal, leg strength, isometric handgrip strength, blood lactate, heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, body temperature, urine composition, spirometry values, hamstring flexibility, lower limb stability, foot biomechanics, and scapular kinematics, one hour before and immediately after the races. The results showed a significant decrease in leg strength (Sprint: r = −0.56, p < 0.01; Super: r = −0.54, p = 0.01) and urine pH (Sprint: r = −0.70, p = 0.03; Super: r = −0.67, p = 0.01) in both distances, with increases in urine colour, protein, and glucose (Sprint: p < 0.04). In the 13 km race, lower limb stability decreased significantly post-race (r = −0.53, p = 0.01). Positive correlations were found between performance and pre-race handgrip strength (Sprint: r = 0.71, p = 0.001; Super: r = 0.72, p = 0.01) and spirometry values (FVC, FEF 25–75%, FEV1) (Sprint: r = 0.52, p = 0.031; Super: r = 0.48, p = 0.035). Thermoregulation capacity, reflected in a higher pre-race body temperature and lower post-race body temperature, also correlated with improved performance (r = 0.49, p = 0.046). Injury risk increased post-race, with a significant decline in lower limb stability (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the importance of targeted training programs, focusing on grip strength, leg strength, respiratory muscle training, and hydration strategies to optimize performance and reduce injury risk in OCR athletes.

Combined strategy of device-based contrast minimization and urine flow rate-guided hydration to prevent acute kidney injury in high-risk patients undergoing coronary interventional procedures.

Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is a major complication following coronary procedures. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of urine flow rate-(UFR) guided hydration (RenalGuardTM) and device-based contrast media (CM) reduction (DyeVertTM) in CA-AKI prevention. Stable high-risk patients undergoing coronary procedures with the use of DyeVertTM and RenalGuardTM were prospectively included (Combined group) and matched with a similar cohort of patients treated only with RenalGuardTM in whom CM volume was controlled by operator-dependent strategies (Control group). CA-AKI was defined as a serum creatinine increase ≥0.3 mg/dL at 48 h. Overall, 55 patients were enrolled and matched with comparable controls. Patients in the Combined group were exposed to a lower CM dose (Control: 55 [30-90] mL vs. Combined: 42.1 [24.9-59.4] mL; p = 0.024). A significant interaction was found between treatment allocation and serum creatinine changes (p = 0.048). CA-AKI occurred in five (9.1%) patients in the Combined group and in 14 (25.4%) patients in the Control group (OR 0.29, 95% CI [0.09-0.88]). A combined strategy of device-based CM reduction plus UFR-guided hydration is superior to operator-dependent CM sparing strategies plus UFR-guided hydration in preventing CA-AKI in high-risk patient.

The Impact of Heat Exposure on the Health and Performance of Soccer Players: A Narrative Review and Bibliometric Analysis.

The impact of heat exposure on the health and performance of soccer players is a widely discussed topic. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the international literature that has addressed this issue. To achieve this objective, we initially conducted a bibliometric analysis and a literature review of the main topics that emerged through bibliometric techniques. For the bibliometric analysis, we employed VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20.0) and used documents found in the Scopus database. The analysis ultimately included 133 documents published in 66 sources. Key journals and authors were identified, highlighting significant contributions to the field. Science mapping revealed collaboration networks and research focus areas such as physical health, safety, soccer performance, dehydration and hydration, physiological mechanisms and monitoring, nutrition, fluid intake, and cooling techniques. Based on the key areas highlighted in the identified clusters, which emerged from the co-occurrence analysis of the author keywords, the following three topics were developed in the literature review: (a) the physiology and health of football players; (b) performance impacts; and (c) strategies to prevent negative consequences. The review showed that high heat exposure can reduce the physical and cognitive performance of athletes and prove detrimental to their health. To mitigate the negative consequences, appropriate hydration strategies, heat acclimatization, and cooling techniques have been proposed. Our findings provide the international scientific community with comprehensive knowledge of the existing literature, laying the foundation for future research while simultaneously offering coaches and athletes the necessary theoretical knowledge to help improve safety and performance.

Hydration management in rugby: a comparative study on the forward and back positions of the Indonesian national team

Background and Study Aim. In the Indonesian national rugby team, there is a lack of awareness among back and forward players about the amount of fluids they lose while playing their respective positions. This is due to the different intensity and roles associated with each position. The aim of this research is to determine the difference in body fluid loss between players in the forward and back positions in the Indonesian national rugby team. Material and Methods. The research method used in this study was an experimental method with a two-group pre-test and post-test design. The data collection process employed purposive sampling with the criterion of selecting 12 individuals from a population of 23 who were willing to participate. The data analysis technique used was the independent t-test. Results. The research results concluded that there was a significant difference in body weight between the initial and final tests for players in the forward position. The t-count of 7.661 exceeded the t-table value of 2.571. Similarly, for players in the back position, there was a significant difference in body weight before and after the match. The t-count of 4.805 exceeded the t-table value of 2.571. Furthermore, when comparing fluid loss between forwards and backs, there was a significant difference. The t-count of 2.443 was greater than the t-table value of 2.222. This demonstrates the difference in fluid loss after competing with the Indonesian national rugby team. Conclusions. The weight of both forward and back players decreased after competing. There are differences in body fluid loss between the two positions, with forwards losing more fluid than backs. This study provides empirical evidence that the position played on the field influences the amount of body fluid lost during the game. This insight is important for developing customized hydration strategies that consider the specific physical demands of each playing position.

Effect of Two Hydration Strategies on CapillarySodium Concentrations in Runners Participating in 170-km Trail Race: The 2015 UltraTrail du Mont-Blanc Experience.

This study assessed the impact of 2 hydration strategies on capillary sodium concentrations during Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMB) 2015. Prospective exposed/nonexposed cohort study. Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc 2015 (170 km). Thousand five hundred sixty-three registered runners of UTMB 2015 asked to predefine their hydration strategy as either "drinking to thirst" or any other mode ("not drinking to thirst"). One hundred "drinking to thirst" participants were randomly selected and paired (sex and age) with 96 "not drinking to thirst" participants. Participant weight and capillary sodium concentrations were measured before and after the race. Variations of capillary sodium concentrations and weight during the trail according to predefine hydration strategy as either "drinking to thirst" or "not drinking to thirst." Adverse events were recorded. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among 196 participants, 88 (62 finishers) "drinking to thirst" and 87 (64 finishers) "nondrinking to thirst" participants were analyzed, respectively. There was no difference in the change in capillary sodium concentrations prerace to postrace between the groups (1.5 ± 4.4 vs 1.5 ± 4.7 mEq/L, P = 0.98). The change in participant weight was also not different (P = 0.3877). Hypernatremia or hyponatremia were reported in 19 of 88 (21.6%) and 24 of 87 (27.6%) in "drinking to thirst" and "non-drinking to thirst" participants, respectively (P = 0.20). The incidence of adverse events was not different between the groups. This study observed no impact of hydration strategy on the change in capillary sodium concentrations before and after UTMB 2015.

Exercise and training in sickle cell disease: Safety, potential benefits, and recommendations.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder characterized by complex pathophysiological mechanisms leading to vaso-occlusive crisis, chronic pain, chronic hemolytic anemia, and vascular complications, which require considerations for exercise and physical activity. This review aims to elucidate the safety, potential benefits, and recommendations regarding exercise and training in individuals with SCD. SCD patients are characterized by decreased exercise capacity and tolerance. Acute intense exercise may be accompanied by biological changes (acidosis, increased oxidative stress, and dehydration) that could increase the risk of red blood cell sickling and acute clinical complications. However, recent findings suggest that controlled exercise training is safe and well tolerated by SCD patients and could confer benefits in disease management. Regular endurance exercises of submaximal intensity or exercise interventions incorporating resistance training have been shown to improve cardiorespiratory and muscle function in SCD, which may improve quality of life. Recommendations for exercise prescription in SCD should be based on accurate clinical and functional evaluations, taking into account disease phenotype and cardiorespiratory status at rest and in response to exercise. Exercise programs should include gradual progression, incorporating adequate warm-up, cool-down, and hydration strategies. Exercise training represents promising therapeutic strategy in the management of SCD. It is now time to move through the investigation of long-term biological, physiological, and clinical effects of regular physical activity in SCD patients.

Health status and heat preparation at a UCI World Tour multistage cycling race

ObjectivesTo assess health status and heat preparation of cyclists at the 2019 Tour Down Under and determine the alignment of heat mitigation strategies with current recommendations. DesignCohort study. MethodsTwenty-three (17 % participation rate) male World Tour cyclists from five teams and 10 countries completed a pre-competition questionnaire evaluating exertional heat illness (EHI) history, pre-race health status, and heat mitigation and recovery strategies use. Associations between arrival days pre-competition, years as professional, nationality, team, history of EHI symptoms and diagnosis on heat mitigation and recovery strategy utilisation were assessed. Results65 % of cyclists reported previously experiencing one or more EHI symptom (cramping: 48 %) and 22 % a diagnosis of heat stroke. In the 10 days preceding the race, 26 % experienced one or more illness symptoms. 65 % trained in the heat (acclimatisation 8–25 days; acclimation: 3–7 days), which was associated with team (P = 0.047, ϕc = 0.61), nationality (P = 0.009, ϕc = 0.86) and EHI symptoms history (P = 0.058, ϕ = 0.43). All cyclists had a hydration plan, with links to team (0.5–1.0 L·h−1, P = 0.043, ϕc = 0.68) and EHI symptom history (1.0–1.5 L·h−1, P = 0.048, ϕ = 0.476). Most had pre-cooling (87 %) and mid-cooling (83 %) strategies, most commonly cold beverages (75 %) and neck collars (78 %), respectively. All cyclists planned on using at least one recovery strategy (massage: 87 %). ConclusionsOur data indicate good alignment with current recommendations for competing in the heat, particularly for hydration, cooling and recovery strategies. Whilst the proportion of cyclists engaging in heat acclimation/acclimatisation is encouraging, greater awareness on adapting and implementing heat training is required.

The Impact of Hydration and Other Strategies in prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

Introduction and purpose Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) remains a significant concern in clinical practice, particularly among patients undergoing contrast-enhanced imaging or interventional procedures. Characterized by an acute decline in renal function following exposure to contrast media, CIN not only poses substantial morbidity and mortality risks but also presents challenges in patient management and healthcare resource utilization. Despite extensive research efforts, the precise pathophysiology of CIN remains incompletely understood, with multifactorial mechanisms involving renal ischemia, oxidative stress, and direct tubular toxicity implicated in its development. This review explores the impact of hydration and other prophylactic strategies on the prevention of CIN. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of various hydration protocols, including isotonic saline and bicarbonate solutions, in reducing the incidence of CIN. Additionally, the review evaluates the efficacy of pharmacological agents such as N-acetylcysteine, statins, and ascorbic acid, as well as emerging techniques like remote ischemic preconditioning.

Unveiling the combined influence of higher molecular weight polyethylene glycol and superplasticizer chemistry on fresh, mechanical, and microstructural performance of internally cured mortar

The limitations of conventional water curing in tall structures and arid regions necessitate alternative hydration strategies. Use of internal curing agents in high strength concrete can effectively mitigate evaporation and promote enhanced cement hydration in the concrete. However, because the superplasticizer is a required component in high strength concrete, compatibility of the internal curing agent with superplasticizer needs to be investigated. This study investigates the efficacy of internal curing (IC) using polyethylene glycols (PEGs)–PEG 4000 and PEG 6000, in conjunction with superplasticizer from two different families, polycarboxylate ether (PCE) and sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde (SNF) in mortar mixes. A total of ten mixes were prepared for which samples from each mix were exposed to standard water curing, room curing, and internal curing. The research outcomes reveal a novel application of PEG 6000 and PEG 4000 in conjunction with PCE-based superplasticizers at optimized dosages, presenting a promising avenue for direct implementation in mortar mixes to meet both mechanical and durability prerequisites. Optimized IC mortar mixes displayed comparable or superior mechanical and durability performance to conventionally cured counterparts. This study demonstrates the potential of PEG 6000-PCE combinations as IC agents for improved fresh and hardened properties, offering a viable alternative for challenging construction environments. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term performance and economic feasibility of IC mortars in large-scale projects.

Accurate control on nucleophilic addition of H2O to internal alkynes: Ag catalyzed regiospecific hydration strategy

In the absence of directing auxiliaries, catalytic addition of nucleophiles to unactivated alkynes with accurate control of regioselectivity remains an ongoing challenge in organic chemistry. Herein, we realized a Ag‐catalysed regiospecific hydration process of unactivated alkynes. Computational investigations offered insights into the origin of the regiochemical outcome. The practicability and efficacy of the protocol was exemplified by its simple reaction conditions without incorporation of acidic additives, as well as the toler‐ance of a wide range of alkynes equipped with various functional groups, leading to the ketone products in up to 98% yield. Direct modification of bioactive organic molecules and gram‐scale experiments further showcased the application potential of the strategy. The catalyst control principles are expected to advance efforts towards the development of general site‐selective addition of nucleophile to unsaturated substrates, removing the requirement for neighboring activating groups.

The Impact of Pre-Exercise Hydration Strategies on Athletic Performance and Recovery in High-Intensity Training

Hydration plays a pivotal role in maintaining athletic performance and facilitating recovery, especially during high-intensity training (HIT). This study investigates the impact of different pre-exercise hydration strategies—water, electrolyte solutions, and carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drinks—on performance metrics and recovery outcomes in HIT. Sixty athletes (30 males and 30 females, aged 18-35) participated in a randomized controlled trial. Performance metrics, including time to exhaustion and power output, were measured at baseline and post-training. Recovery outcomes, such as muscle soreness and fatigue levels, were assessed 24 hours post-exercise. The results indicated that participants who consumed carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drinks demonstrated significantly better performance and recovery outcomes compared to those who consumed water or electrolyte solutions alone. Specifically, the sports drink group showed the greatest improvements in time to exhaustion and power output, as well as the lowest muscle soreness and fatigue scores. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating carbohydrates and electrolytes in pre-exercise hydration strategies to enhance athletic performance and expedite recovery. The study provides practical recommendations for athletes and coaches to optimize hydration practices, supporting better training outcomes and overall performance.

Fluid Intake and Hydration Strategies of Bodybuilders In the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Background: Bodybuilding athletes in Capricorn district of Limpopo province adhere to various hydration practices. However, the extend at which these athletes adhere to the fluid intake and hydration guidelines during sport engagement is unknown. Research objectives: This study aimed to determine the fluid intake and hydration practices of bodybuilders in Capricorn District of Limpopo province and adherence to the guidelines thereof. Furthermore, to investigate the association of fluid intake with the demography of athletes. Methods: A quantitative descriptive study was used to obtain 66 part-time bodybuilders in the Capricorn district. Demographic information and hydration practices of the athletes were collected during training days. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the athletes' fluid intake and hydration practices. Pearson's correlation test was used to associate hydration practices with the athletes' educational status and source of hydration information. Athletes were 24 (± 4.2) years old, engaged as bodybuilders for 2.3 (± 1.5) years, training once a day (61%), for 2.2 hours (males) and 2.0 hours (females). Athletes used pure water before (51%), during (47%) and after training (57%). Social media (47%) and the internet (25%) were used as sources of hydration information. There was no significant correlation between hydration practices and demographics. Conclusion: Fluid intake of athletes was suboptimal. Athletes consumed mostly pure water before, during, and after their training sessions. Therefore, athletes’ fluid intake (amount) and hydration strategies (type and timing of fluid) did not adhere (mostly suboptimal to) sports nutrition standards. This poses a risk for dehydration during sport.

#1962 Development of triple-whammy induced pre-renal AKI is highly dependent on the hydration status

Abstract Background and Aims The concomitant use of diuretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and angiotensin system inhibitors is known as Triple Whammy (TW) and significantly increases the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) due to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. Maintenance of hydration contributes to correct kidney perfusion, and effective renal haemodynamic regulation allows the kidneys to cope with everyday stressors and challenges, such as TW therapy. Interference with these adaptive mechanisms frequently occurs due to extrinsic (environmental conditions, lifestyle, drugs) or intrinsic (comorbidities, ageing) factors and may lead to dehydration, a negative body liquid balance with a high impact on health. Identifying modifiable risk factors that pose individuals at high risk of AKI following TW therapy is key for the search and prescription of preventive strategies in a personalized manner. The aim of this work was to study the role of hydration status on the renal effect of TW. Method Two-month-old male Wistar rats were divided into 3 experimental groups: Blood and 24-hour urine samples were collected at basal state (B), two days after water deprivation (D0), and two days after TW therapy (D2). Body weight was monitored during the experiment. Haematocrit was assessed from blood samples, and osmolality, concentration of creatinine (Jaffe reaction), and urea (Jung method) were determined in plasma. Urinary flow was recorded, and specific gravity, osmolality and creatinine concentration were measured in urine samples. Results Dehydration was observed after 48 h water deprivation, evidenced by a 12% weight loss and significant increases in haematocrit and plasma osmolality. As expected, during this dehydrated state rats excreted a very reduced volume of a highly concentrated urine with elevated levels of specific gravity and osmolality. No changes in renal function were observed after 48 h water deprivation, nor after TW treatment in fully hydrated rats. Administration of TW triggered significant alterations of the renal function, indicative of AKI, only in rats previously deprived of water for 48 h. These alterations were markedly increased when dehydration was partially sustained during the TW treatment by a 60% water restriction. Conclusion TW-induced AKI in young Wistar rats is facilitated when the hydration status worsens. In this sense, assessing hydration and implementing (re)hydration strategies may help to reduce or prevent TW-induced AKI. This study was supported by Project PI21/01226, funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and co-funded by the European Union, and a grant from the Conserjería de Educación, Junta de Castilla y León (IES160P20), Spain, co-funded by FEDER funds. Noelia Diaz-Morales is recipient of a Juan de la Cierva-Formación postdoctoral contract (FJC2020-043205-I) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union “NextGenerationEU/PRTR”.

A Review of Elite Athlete Evidence-Based Knowledge and Preparation for Competing in the Heat

AbstractElite athletes will compete in extreme heat more frequently as global land and sea temperatures increase, alongside more intense, frequent and longer duration heatwaves. Best practices to protect athlete health and performance during competition include heat acclimation/acclimatisation [(HA); i.e., long-term pre-competition preparation] complemented by pre-planned and practised cooling and hydration strategies (i.e., short-term interventions immediately before or during competition). This review explores elite athletes’ current behaviours and practices when preparing for competition in the heat and assesses the level of knowledge that has been exhibited by athletes and their practitioners in this space. Recommendations for future research, discussions of current best practices, and methods to improve translation of research into practice are provided. Available research focuses on small samples of elite endurance athletes during a selection of World Championship/Olympic/Paralympic events (~6% of competing athletes). While generally an increase in the adoption of evidence-based HA is seen chronologically from 2015 onwards, universal adoption is not seen. HA adoption is lowest in those who live/train in cold/temperate environments with cost and access to facilities/equipment being the most commonly reported barriers. Further research is required across the sporting landscape to fully characterise elite athlete behaviours and practices in these spaces. International federations and national governing bodies should continue their efforts to educate athletes and focus on regularly updated and reinvigorated release of evidence-based guidelines (in multiple germane languages) for competing in the heat, to increase the adoption of HA and other heat related best practice.

Boosting Performance and Recovery: a Comprehensive Review of Energy and Recovery Drinks in Different Types of Sports

It explores the increasing demand for performance optimisation in sports and the pivotal role of nutritional supplementation in achieving enhanced athletic outcomes. Methodology: A systematic review of literature was conducted, encompassing studies on energy and recovery drinks, their formulations, and their impact on athletes in diverse sporting contexts. The analysis delves into the specific nutritional components, hydration strategies, and ergogenic effects of these beverages. Furthermore, the paper addresses the nuances of recovery in different sports and evaluates the practical implications for athletes. Insights from this study contribute to a nuanced understanding of the role of energy and recovery drinks in maximising performance and expediting recovery across a spectrum of sports.