Hydration Of C3S Research Articles

Influence Mechanism of Accelerator on the Hydration and Microstructural Properties of Portland Cement

Shotcrete is one of the most important types of concrete used in engineering construction, and its properties are significantly influenced by accelerators. This study investigates the effects of aluminum sulfate series alkali-free accelerator (AKF) and alkali accelerator (ALK) on the strength, hydration process, characteristic hydration products, and microstructure properties of shotcrete. Techniques such as setting time measurement, isothermal calorimetry, simultaneous thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were utilized. The results indicate that both ALK and AKF significantly accelerate and increase the early hydration heat release rate and cumulative hydration heat of Portland cement, producing the characteristic hydration products hexagonal plate AFm and rod AFt, respectively. This acceleration notably speeds up the setting process of Portland cement. ALK negatively impacts the later-stage microstructural development and pore structure filling of hardened cement paste, leading to average reductions of 15.3% and 19.9% in flexural and compressive strengths at 28 days, respectively. Specifically, compared to ALK, AKF shows a faster hydration heat release rate during the induction period and a more significant increase in cumulative hydration heat during the hydration process; the cumulative hydration heat is on average 18.2% higher than AKF. Furthermore, AKF does not hinder the subsequent C3S hydration and C-S-H gel densification process. After 28 days of curing, EDS analysis indicates an average Ca/Si ratio of 1.171 for the AKF-treated shotcrete; the average Ca/Si ratio shows minimal variation from the reference group and is classified as the same type of C-S-H gel as the reference group. Therefore, the strength of hardened cement paste with AKF continues to increase steadily in the later stages. At 28 days, the average flexural strength increased by 10.2%, while the compressive strength decreased by only 3.0%. These findings suggest that AKF enhances the microstructural development and strength of shotcrete, making it a more effective accelerator for engineering applications.

Importance of adsorption compared with complexation for retarding C3S hydration via adding sodium gluconate

Adsorption effect on particle surfaces and complexation effect with free Ca2+ mostly determine the retarding performance of organic admixtures on cement hydration. However, it is difficult to identify which effect plays a more important role in retarding hydration by experimental methods. Here, a theoretical model was developed to investigate the retarding mechanisms of sodium gluconate (SG) on hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S). Based on obstruction theory and complexation reaction kinetics, effects of adsorption and complexation were simulated to examine the retarding performance of C3S hydration with addition of SG. The proposed model well predicted the effect of additional dosing of SG on the retarding performance of C3S hydration. Theoretical parameter studies demonstrated that adsorption ratio contributed much largely to the delays in C3S hydration, compared with rate constant of complex generation. Therefore, it is confirmed that adsorption plays a more important role in regulating the retarding mechanism of C3S hydration.

Mechanical properties and hydration mechanism of nano-silica modified alkali-activated thermally activated recycled cement

The recycling and reuse of waste concrete are crucial for reducing environmental pollution, minimizing resource waste, and lowering carbon emissions. However, current efforts to improve the performance of recycled cement (RC) using the synergistic effects of alkali activation and thermal activation have been suboptimal. Therefore, this study explores the influence of nano-silica (NS) incorporation on the mechanical properties and hydration mechanism of alkali-activated and thermally activated RC. The research focuses on cement mortar with a thermal activation temperature of 750°C, an RC replacement rate of 30%, and an alkali content of 6%. Various analytical techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were used to evaluate the impact of different NS dosages (1%, 2%, 3%, and 5%) on the mechanical properties and hydration characteristics of nano-modified alkali-activated and thermally activated RC mortar. The study reveals the mechanism by which NS enhances the microstructure of alkali-activated and thermally activated RC. The experimental results show that as the NS content increases, the compressive and flexural strengths of RC initially increase and then decrease. The optimal strength was achieved with a 2% NS content, with a 31.5% increase in compressive strength compared to RC without NS. At this dosage, RC exhibited a higher hydration rate during the acceleration period of hydration. Additionally, the initial hydration heat release rate of RC increased with rising NS content. While NS incorporation did not alter the phase composition of RC, it activated the pozzolanic effect of RC, causing free active substances such as CaO and gypsum in the components to dissolve and react to form Aft at the start of the hydration reaction. The unsaturated bonds (≡Si-O- and ≡Si-) on the surface of NS absorbed Ca2⁺ and OH⁻ from the RC, promoting the hydration of C2S and C3S. However, excessive NS content (greater than 3%) led to a decline in RC strength and the formation of more cracks. This is primarily due to the excess NS particles not contributing to an increase in effective nucleation sites, causing agglomeration, an increase in large pores, and a reduction in transition and gel pores, which negatively affected the microstructure and thus reduced the mechanical properties of the RC. Our findings enhance the understanding of the role of nanomaterials in alkali-activated RC and provide valuable insights for further research into high-performance recycled cement materials.

Study on creep performance of shotcrete lining for tunnels

Creep, as a long-term deformation characteristic of shotcrete, significantly influences the load-bearing performance and durability of tunnel support structures. This study conducted creep tests on shotcrete under varying stress levels. The results reveal that shotcrete exhibits linear creep response within the stress range of 30%–40%, while the critical stress range for nonlinear creep response occurs between 40% and 50%. Employing SEM-EDS and XRD analysis methods, the impact of accelerator on the microstructure evolution and creep mechanism of shotcrete is explored. The accelerator accelerates the hydration of C3S, promoting the generation of AFt and C–S–H gel, leading to rapid solidification of the matrix and enhanced early strength. With the consumption of SO42− ions, AFt gradually transforms into AFm, resulting in increased matrix porosity. This phenomenon contributes to the reduced later-stage strength and substantial creep deformation of shotcrete. Based on experimental outcomes, this study evaluates the applicability of existing creep calculation models to shotcrete.

Study on the mechanisms of retardation of cement hydration by zinc and acceleration of hardening by sodium aluminate from crystallographic phase analysis

AbstractZinc was focused on as an element causing hardening retardation due to delayed hydration of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), and its hardening inhibitory effect and the mechanism of hardening enhancement by sodium aluminate were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The addition of zinc hydroxide retarded hardening at more than 0.3 mass%, as previously reported, and zinc produced calcium zincate hydrates (qatranaite) and inhibited the hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S), the main component of hydration of OPC. After the zinc had been fully consumed in qatranaite formation, C3S started normal hydration. The addition of sodium aluminate caused earlier re-hydration of C3S, which was inhibited by hydration, as the hydrates produced appeared to consume zincate anions. The rapid setting effect of sodium aluminate addition was also delayed by zinc hydroxide, but it was estimated that the addition of the same amount of zinc would ensure initial strength through early formation of hydrocalumite. In the longer term, strength was considered to be more enhanced by the onset of C3S hydration.

Effect of Fluoride in Alkali-Free Liquid Accelerator on Corrosion of Reinforced Shotcrete by Chloride Ion.

Shotcrete is a crucial component of tunnel engineering. To investigate the impact of fluoride-containing alkali-free liquid accelerators on the structural safety of shotcrete, this study prepared shotcrete using three different fluoride-based alkali-free liquid accelerators: magnesium fluosilicate, fluosilicic acid, and hydrofluoric acid. The corrosion of steel rebar within the shotcrete was examined and compared with that of shotcrete prepared using a fluoride-free alkali-free liquid accelerator. Analysis of the hydration products and pore structure of the shotcrete revealed that fluoride-containing accelerators inhibited the hydration of C3S, increased the content of harmful pores, reduced the pH value, and decreased the chloride ion binding capacity of the shotcrete. As a result, steel reinforcement within the fluoride-containing shotcrete was not effectively protected during the early stages. Detection of corrosion products indicated that shotcrete containing fluosilicic acid and hydrofluoric acid accelerators led to the rapid formation of loose corrosion products, primarily Fe2O3, thereby accelerating the corrosion rate of the steel reinforcement. Among the accelerators studied, hydrofluoric acid posed the most severe threat to the reinforcement, with the open circuit potential reaching -520.2 mV after 24 days of accelerated corrosion testing. Additionally, the mechanisms by which fluorides influence the corrosion of steel reinforcement in shotcrete were explored through the analysis of concrete hydration products and corrosion products on the steel rebar.

Phase evolution and heavy metal solidification of cement desulphurized electrolytic manganese residue composite cementitious system under steam curing conditions based on thermodynamic simulation

The mechanical properties and microstructure of desulphurized electrolytic manganese (D-EMR) cement mortar under steam curing at 80 °C for 7 h and 7 days and standard curing for 3 days and 28 days were studied. The hydration products, microstructure and pore distribution were studied by Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis (QXRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and backscattered electron (BSE). At the same time, the evolution of hydration products with age and the existence form of heavy metals under different curing conditions were simulated by GEMS thermodynamics. The results show that steam curing can promote the hydration reaction of cement and the secondary hydration of D-EMR. With the extension of steam curing time, the mechanical properties of the early stage are significantly improved. At a D-EMR content of 15 %, the compressive strength of D-EMR cement mortar after steam curing for 7 days is 1.15 times that of the control group under the same conditions, and the content of calcium hydroxide (CH) is 65.91 % of the control group. Steam curing can significantly improve the degree of C3S hydration of cement clinker and the secondary hydration of D-EMR, and increase the degree of polymerization of hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H) gel. In addition, thermodynamic simulation showed that when the pH value was greater than 7.5, Mn2+ was mainly stable in the form of Mn(OH)2, MnOOH and Mn3O4, and there was no leaching risk. This will provide theoretical support for the use of D-EMR as a new type of supplementary cementitious material (SCM).

Enhancement of the energy dissipation capacity C-S-H gel through self-crosslinking the poly (vinyl alcohol)

Damping cementitious materials have been widely used in engineering structures for vibration control. However, achieving a balance between the mechanical strength and damping capacity of cementitious materials remains a challenge. Herein, we utilized an initiator (APS) to initiate the self-crosslinking reaction of PVA molecules in C3S paste, then successfully introduced the viscoelastic PVA membranes into C-S-H gel to enhance its energy dissipation capacity. Results showed that the self-crosslinking PVA (scPVA) increased the loss modulus (E′′) of C-S-H gel by about 158 %, increased loss tangent (tanδ) by 85 % and increased the compressive strength by 24 %. Nano-microscopic tests and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation confirmed that scPVA was introduced into C-S-H gel via the hydrogen-bonding interaction, and then formed the viscoelastic PVA membranes, which promoted C3S hydration, reduced the pore size of C-S-H gel and increased the mean chain length (MCL) of C-S-H gel. This study proposes a novel approach for designing high-damping cementitious materials.

Clarifying the three stages of elasticity development during C3S hydration: Contributions of ion correlation forces and van der Waals interactions

The elasticity development of cement-based materials is primarily attributed to the hydration of C3S. Indeed, it is directly linked to the evolution of driving forces, encompassing both the ion correlation forces and van der Waals interactions. However, clarifying and distinguishing their respective contributions at each stage is really challenging. In this paper, the elasticity development of C3S-CaCO3 pastes can be divided into three stages according to the dominant driving force. The onset of the second stage occurs within the induction period, while the onset of the third stage marks the transition from the induction period to the acceleration period. During the first stage, the van der Waals interactions serve as the dominant driving force, with the role of ion correlation forces between C3S particles being secondary. Moving to the second stages, the strengthening of ion correlation forces between CSH particles become increasingly important in enhancing elasticity. In the third stage, the elasticity development stems from the combined contributions of van der Waals interactions and ion correlation forces between CSH particles. It is noted that the contribution of ion correlation forces significantly outweighs that of van der Waals interactions, with the latter being influenced by the increase in solid volume fraction.

Effect of temperature and superplasticizer on hydration of C3S and carbonation products of C-S-H

This study investigated the effect of different C3S hydration temperatures and the addition of superplasticizer on the microstructure of C-S-H and the polymorphy of subsequent carbonation products. Various analytical methods, including XRD, TG, 29Si NMR, and SEM, were employed. The results showed that increasing the hydration temperature elevated the polymerization degree of C-S-H and altered its morphology. This change consequently influenced the polymorphy of carbonation products, primarily calcium carbonates (calcite, aragonite, and vaterite) generated in the subsequent carbonation process. The amount of aragonite and vaterite increased from 5.20 % to 13.39 % as the hydration temperature rose from 20 ℃ to 85 ℃. The addition of naphthalene sulfonate gormaldehyde condensate (NSF) also elevated the polymerization degree of C-S-H and increased the amount of aragonite and vaterite by 4.8–7.35 %. Hydration temperature and NSF are found to be responsible for the different morphology of C-S-H and its carbonation products. Fiber-like C-S-H gels formed at high temperatures are more likely to produce aragonite and vaterite, while foil-like C-S-H gels formed at normal or low temperatures are more likely to generate calcite during carbonation.

Effect of fly ash on properties and hydration of calcium sulphoaluminate cement-based materials with high water content

Abstract In this study, the effects of fly ash (FA) on the setting time, compressive strength, and hydration evolution of calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement-based materials with high water content were investigated, targeting the design of a modified high-water material to delay excessively rapid setting time and enhance later-age strength. This was investigated using a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared resonance (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The results showed that the setting time of the high-water materials was delayed by increasing the FA content, with 15% being the optimal dosage for the setting time. A 5–10% content of FA is conducive to the development of later-age compressive strength and has a slight adverse effect on the early-age compressive strength of high-water materials. The microscopic test results show that FA mainly acts as a microaggregate in the early-age hydration process, whereas in the later-age hydration process, it promotes gypsum consumption and C2S hydration to form ettringite. The incorporation of FA effectively promotes ettringite formation in CSA cement-based materials with high water content. Therefore, the addition of FA can enhance the overall performance of high-water materials to a certain extent, and the long-term strength development of the material can satisfy engineering requirements.

Substantially enhanced reaction of steel slag binder stimulated by the addition of sodium sulfate and thermal treatment

An industrial by-product of steel slag has a huge potential as an alternative binder and new supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In both pure steel slag and composite systems, the amount of sulfate can be a critical factor to control early-age performance. This study aims to improve the hydration of steel slag stimulated by using a small amount of Na2SO4. The results showed that 1 % Na2SO4 enhanced both C2(A,F) and C2S hydration, leading to improved strength and denser microstructures with the formation of ettringite, AFm, and siliceous hydrogarnet. Initial thermal treatment at 40 °C with 3 % Na2SO4 provided a fast development of compressive strength at 3 days over 15 MPa. Meanwhile, an excessive amount of alkali supplied by Na2SO4 affects the relative stability between SO4-rich AFm and ettringite and has a detrimental effect on mechanical performance. The result implies that Na2SO4 content should be precisely controlled when used as a stimulator in a composite system with steel slag.

Effect of interface properties between functionalized cellulose nanocrystals and tricalcium silicate on the early hydration mechanism of cement

The hydration process is a critical stage in the development of the properties of cement-based materials，however, the influence of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) on cement during the early hydration is controversial. This study uses pure tricalcium silicate (C3S) as the object to analyze the influence of carboxyl CNC (CCNC) and sulfonic CNC (SCNC) on hydration parameters such as hydration rate, types, quality, and pore structure of hydration products during the early hydration period. The dissolution of C3S and the interaction between fluids and minerals at the C3S/CNC interface is the core mechanism of the early hydration. Ultraviolet and energy spectrum analyzed adsorption between CNC and C3S from a physical perspective, and molecular dynamics simulations deeply discussed the adsorption behavior between C3S/Water/CNC at nano-scale. The results show that CNC prolongs the hydration induction and acceleration period, delays the early hydration of C3S; CCNC exhibits a more significant effect than SCNC. Under the action of Ca-O and hydrogen bonds, CNC will adsorb on the surface of C3S and cover its surface, reducing the number of waters on the surface of C3S. Hydrophilic CNC molecules attract water molecules close to the CNC chain, and solidifying water molecules prevents it from entering the hydration surface. CNC also restricts the diffusion of Ca2+ on the surface of C3S to outside, improving the stability of Ca-O coordination, promoting the accumulation of hydration products at the C3S surface, and inhibiting the dissolution of C3S. Understanding the effect of functionalized CNCs on the diffusion and sedimentation mechanism of water molecules and Ca2+ during hydration can provide insights for guiding the design of nanomaterials with strong compatibility with cement systems and enlarging the application of functionalized nanomaterials in cement-based materials engineering fields.

Hydration mechanism and kinetic response of a C4A3$-C2S binary system

The physical properties of C4A3$-C2S (ye´elimite-belite) clinker system will change with the proportion of C4A3$ or C2S, but the effect of mineral proportion change on hydration mechanism is not systematic and unclear. The C4A3$-C2S binary system was established by experiments, and its hydration process was characterized. The kinetic response of C4A3$-C2S binary hydration system was studied by Kondo model. The results showed that the change of design mineral ratio directly affects the hydration process and the hydration mechanism. The experiment and analysis show that when the design mineral ratio of C2S was lower than 65 wt%, the dominant factor of hydration was mainly controlled by nucleation mechanism (The hydration acceleration period is particularly significant), and when the ratio of C2S was higher, it would be controlled by diffusion mechanism. The precise value of the boundary reaction control is between 65 wt% (design mineral ratio of C2S) to 75 wt%. Only when the hydration kinetics of the binary system is controlled by the diffusion mechanism, the CH product can be stably crystallized. The classical Kondo model is suitable for the C4A3$-C2S hydration system.

Impact of desulphurized electrolytic manganese residue-assisted cementitious materials on silicate cement hydration and environmental safety assessment

The use of electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) as a mineral admixture is an efficient way of utilization, but its high content of gypsum phase limits its utilization. In this paper, EMR was desulphurized by means of high temperature reduction roasting to remove the hindrance when utilized as a mineral admixture. The effect of desulphurized EMR (D-EMR) on the formation of major hydration products such as C–S–H and calcium hydroxide (CH), as well as on the degree of hydration of cement clinker, was explored based on mechanical properties, hydration kinetics, thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DTG) and Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis (QXRD). In particular, the mineral phase evolution, the change rule of pore solution and the leaching behavior of heavy metals were simulated in conjunction with thermodynamics. The results show that the D-EMR content of 15 %, comparable mechanical properties and microscopic morphology to the control group can be obtained, while C3S and C2S hydration can be promoted by a factor of 1.08 and 1.28, respectively, without the risk of heavy metal leaching. Based on the thermodynamic simulation of heavy metal solidification by cement clinker minerals, it can be seen that heavy metals in D-EMR composite slurry are solidified mainly by Mn(OH)2 precipitation and weak adsorption effect, and it is safe even at the level of 30 % replacement, provided that the pH value of the leaching solution is greater than 7.5. In addition, the desulphurization technology is feasible from the perspective of environmental protection, and saves 200,000 CNY in emission costs.

Effect of Silica Crystalline State on Hydration Products of Tricalcium Silicate at High Temperatures.

The mechanical performance of grade G oil well cement stones declines significantly when subjected to temperatures exceeding 110 °C; the strategy to mitigate the impact of high temperatures is by incorporating siliceous materials. However, it is important to note that the crystalline properties of siliceous materials vary, leading to different effects on the temperature reduction. This study focuses on tricalcium silicate (C3S), the primary component of oil well cement. The impact of different types of silica, including amorphous silica (nanosilica, silica fume) and crystalline silica (quartz sand), on the hydration of C3S was investigated using 1H NMR, XRD, TGA, and SEM-EDS analyses. The results show that siliceous materials can significantly prevent the strength decrease of C3S hardening products at high temperatures and inhibit the rise of porosity and permeability. Adding excessive amorphous siliceous materials, such as nanosilica, can cause agglomeration, resulting in a porous structure of C3S hardening products and hindering their strength. Amorphous silica fume is more reactive than crystalline silica sand and can rapidly initiate a pozzolanic reaction with calcium hydroxide. Siliceous materials also convert high-Ca/Si of C-S-H (hillebrandite, jaffeite, and reinhardbraunsite) into low-Ca/Si of C-S-H (gyrolite, okenite, tobermorite, nekoite). Siliceous materials reduce the porosity and permeability of C3S hardening products and enhance their mechanical properties through the filling and transformation of hydration products.

Fundamental effects of using power ultrasound to accelerate C3S hydration

Activation of cement hydration accelerates hardening of concrete, enables faster production rates or production at similar frequency but significantly reduced CO2 emissions. The present study sheds light at the reason for accelerated cement hydration when power ultrasound (PUS) is applied during mixing.The investigations analysed the effect of PUS on dissolution of tricalcium silicate (C3S), homogeneous precipitation of C-S-H as well its effect on C3S-hydration. A combination of analytical techniques such as electric conductivity, optical emission spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, conduction reaction calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy and specific surface analysis were applied. It was revealed that PUS has a significant effect on paste hydration, which is induced by heterogenous nucleation of C-S-H and CH immediately after sonication. These hydrates were formed and dispersed by sonication thus acting as in-situ formed crystal seeds which shorten the induction period of C3S hydration.

The initial stages of cement hydration at the molecular level

Cement hydration is crucial for the strength development of cement-based materials; however, the mechanism that underlies this complex reaction remains poorly understood at the molecular level. An in-depth understanding of cement hydration is required for the development of environmentally friendly cement and consequently the reduction of carbon emissions in the cement industry. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations with a reactive force field to investigate the initial hydration processes of tricalcium silicate (C3S) and dicalcium silicate (C2S) up to 40 ns. Our simulations provide theoretical support for the rapid initial hydration of C3S compared to C2S at the molecular level. The dissolution pathways of calcium ions in C3S and C2S are revealed, showing that, two dissolution processes are required for the complete dissolution of calcium ions in C3S. Our findings promote the understanding of the calcium dissolution stage and serve as a valuable reference for the investigation of the initial cement hydration.

Hydration behavior and cementitious properties of steel slag: From an early age to a long-term

In China, steel slag as a solid waste caused land occupation and environmental pollution, and its utilization ratio is relatively low. To increase the utilization field and ratio of steel slag, hydration behavior and cementitious properties of three types of steel slag were investigated and compared based on test results from an early age to a long-term via multiple techniques. Experimental results suggested that steel slag showed a strong latent hydraulic activity at a later age, and the mechanical strength of steel slag paste specimens (w/b=0.3) could reach 15 MPa at 360 days. Cementitious properties of steel slag were primally depended on the hydration of calcium silicate (C3S and C2S), calcium aluminate (ferrite), glassy phase in steel slag, especially for calcium silicate. The sum amount of calcium silicate in used steel slag was approximately from 21% to 28%, and the amount of C2S was significantly greater than that of C3S. The hydration of C2S and glassy phase resulted in the continuous increase in bound water content of steel slag, and a certain content of C2S still existed in pastes at 360 days. The mechanical strength of steel slag pastes markedly increased at a later age due to more hydrates formed in the microstructure.

Synergistic Activation of Electric Furnace Ferronickel Slag by Mechanical Grinding and Chemical Activators to Prepare Cementitious Composites.

The use of electric furnace ferronickel slag (FNS) as a supplementary cementitious material is the current focus of research. This study investigates the effect of mechanical grinding and chemical additives on the activity excition of FNS, as well as the associated synergistic mechanisms. This study shows that the addition of triethanolamine (TEA) increases the fine-grained content in FNS powder, which facilitates the depolymerization of FNS and the early hydration of aluminum tricalcium. Furthermore, the addition of Ca(OH)2 raises the alkalinity of the cementitious system, which promotes the availability of Ca2+ ions and accelerates the hydration process, resulting in the generation of additional hydration products. The enhancement of late hydration of C3S by TEA and its combination with the secondary hydration of Ca2+ at high alkalinity are the pivotal factors to improve the strength of cementitious composite. A mixture of FNS and 0.03% TEA is subjected to grinding for 90 min, using the obtained micropowder which replaces 20% of the cement, and subsequently, after being excited with 3% Ca(OH)2, the FNS micropowder reaches the quality standards of S95 slag powder. It is worth remarking that the micropowder prepared by mixing FNS with 3% Ca(OH)2 and 0.03% TEA and grinding it for 81 min also meets the S95 standard for slag powder. The larger dosage of FNS in cement is supported by the observed synergy between TEA and Ca(OH)2. This research will provide valuable insights for the expanded application of FNS in construction materials.