Hybrid Nanogenerator Research Articles

Polymeric multilayered planar spring-based hybrid nanogenerator integrated with a self-powered vibration sensor for automotive vehicles IoT applications

The industrial revolution in automobiles has offered large-scale integration of sensors and interconnections to facilitate smooth and safe driving. These interconnections draw significant amounts of electricity from the power backups, hampering the overall energy efficiency. Herein, a polymer-based low-stiffness multiturn planar spring-assisted hybrid vehicle energy harvesting module (VEHM) equipped with a self-powered triboelectric vibration sensor (SP-TVS) is proposed that allows mechano-electrical conversion and detection of wide-frequency and low-amplitude vehicle induced vibration. The cylindrical design consists of a solenoid coil pair wrapped with flux-concentrating film (FeSiCr-Ecoflex) and a free-ended Kapton spring holding the magnet (on top) for electromagnetic generator (EMG), while an SP-TVS is realized at the upper end. EMG works effectively in a wide frequency and acceleration range (minimum ∼ 0.1 g), delivering peak power of 1 mW at 0.1 g and 30 mW (average power: 7.5 mW) at 1 g acceleration whereas, SP-TVS can monitor vehicle-induced vibration under various road conditions in real-time. Finally, VEHM has been successfully demonstrated as a self-sustainable wireless vehicle indoor environment (such as temperature, humidity, ambient light, UV Index, door state, magnetic field, and induced vibration) monitoring system, thus maximizing the overall battery life and with self-powered vibration sensing functionality for future autonomous vehicles platforms.

Self-Charging Power System Empowered by Bismuth Halide Perovskite-Based Hybrid Nanogenerator and Lithium-ion Battery.

Halide perovskite, renowned for its multifunctional properties, shows considerable promise for realizing self-charging power systems. In this study, a lead-free methylammonium bismuth iodide (MA3Bi2I9) perovskite is used to create a self-charging power unit (SPU). This involves constructing a hybrid piezoelectric-triboelectric nanogenerator (Hybrid-TENG) and utilizing MA3Bi2I9 for energy storage as an anode in a lithium-ion battery (LIB). Initially, MA3Bi2I9 nanorods are synthesized and composited with a polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene polymer. The dielectric and mechanical properties of composite films having perovskite loading content are investigated. The optimized Hybrid-TENG exhibits superior performance, generating a voltage of 537V, current density of 13.2µAcm- 2, and maximum power density of 3.04mWcm-2, which can be attributed to the high piezoelectric coefficient of MA3Bi2I9 nanorods (≈20.6pmV-1). A MA3Bi2I9 thin film, serving as an electrode in LIB, demonstrates a high specific capacity of 2378.9mAhcm-3 (578.8mAhg-1) with a capacity retention of ≈87.5% over 100 cycles, underscoring its stable performance. Furthermore, a Hybrid-TENG is employed to charge the MA3Bi2I9-based LIB, thus realizing an SPU for driving portable electronics. This study highlights the promising potential of perovskites for developing efficient nanogenerators and LIBs, paving the way for sustainable energy solutions in small-scale electronics.

Flexible hybrid nanogenerator coupling of triboelectric and photovoltaic effects based on fluoride dielectric regulation for energy harvesting

Recently, constructing hybrid nanogenerators (NGs) that can simultaneously harvest frictional and solar energies has attracted a growing interest, among which halide perovskite is considered as one of the most suitable active materials. However, current perovskite-based hybrid NGs are low in performance and limited to rigid substrates. Strategies to minimize performance loss caused by deep defects in perovskite functional layer are still lacking. In this work, we proposed a fluoride additive passivation strategy to fabricate a new kind of flexible, efficient perovskite-based hybrid NGs. The fluoride with high electronegativity can effectively passivate defect density of perovskite film and further enhance its dielectric constant to minimize the ability of defects to capture charges. Hence, more efficient charge transport and suppressed recombination loss are achieved, which maximizes the triboelectric-photovoltaic coupling effect. The maximum current of the hybrid NG is up to 9.7 μA under illumination, which is about 25 times higher than that of the control device. The hybrid NG could light 50 LEDs and charge capacitors. Moreover, it exhibited excellent flexibility to act as a self-powered wearable sensor to detect human motions. Our work proposed a new strategy for flexible triboelectric-photovoltaic hybrid NGs with high-output performance for smart wearable applications.

Triboelectric–Electromagnetic Hybrid Energy Nanogenerator with Variable‐Frequency Effect Inspired by Magnetic Gears for Efficient Use of Low‐Speed Flow Energy

In the macrocontext of a low‐carbon and energy‐efficient economy, the rise of new energy vehicles is expected to replace traditional fuel vehicles. However, with the increasing number of new energy vehicles, the source of electricity for charging facilities faces new challenges. This study proposes a triboelectric–electromagnetic energy hybrid nanogenerator (VF‐TEMG) with a variable‐frequency effect inspired by an axial magnetic gear. The unit consists of one triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) unit and two electromagnetic generator (EMG) units. The TENG unit employs a ternary dielectric structure to achieve kilovoltage output and reduce torque. Moreover, charging efficiency is enhanced using a mixture of high voltage from the TENG and EMG high current. Using the magnetic field modulation principle, the magnetic poles, which are produced by the low‐speed rotor permanent magnets, are modulated by a pole‐modulating piece into a magnetic pole harmonic equal to the number of pairs of high‐speed rotor permanent magnets. Consequently, when the low‐speed rotor starts to rotate, it drives the high‐speed rotor to rotate at high speed, thereby achieving variable‐frequency motion. This work establishes the theoretical and experimental basis for harvesting and effectively utilizing green energy based on frequency conversion.

High-performance triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator using dual-functional flexible neodymium iron boron/ethyl cellulose (NdFeB/EC) composite films for wind energy scavenging

Triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (HNG) with high output performance provides a very promising solution for realizing self-powered microelectronic devices. However, the complex structures and large mass of traditional HNGs make them difficult to prepare and carry. In this study, a rotating HNG based on flexible neodymium iron boron/ethyl cellulose (NdFeB/EC) composite films was designed for wind energy scavenging. A lightweight composite film with triboelectric and ferromagnetic properties, which can significantly reduce the weight of the rotor, was prepared to replace the magnet. Operated at a wind speed of 15.5 m/s, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) unit of the optimized HNG with an interdigitated electrode gap of 2 mm can generate an open-circuit voltage (Voc) and a short-circuit current (Isc) of 55 V and 5.4 μA, respectively. The maximum power of TENG is 99.2 μW under the condition of an external load resistance of 10 MΩ. The corresponding electromagnetic generator (EMG) unit can produce Voc and Isc of approximately 0.16 V and 59.3 μA, delivering an output power of 2.5 μW at a matched loading resistance of 2.3 kΩ. Compared to the individual TENG or EMG units, the HNG exhibited better charging performance. A 470 μF capacitor can charge to 3.4 V within 600 s, and the stored energy can successfully power a commercial soil temperature–humidity meter to work continuously for 75 s and light 30 blue LEDs in parallel. This research is of great scientific significance for developing triboelectric–ferromagnetic dual-functional materials and designing highly integrated and lightweight HNGs.

Achieving Self-Reinforcing Triboelectric-Electromagnetic Hybrid Nanogenerator by Magnetocaloric and Magnetization Effects of Gadolinium.

Triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (TEHG) has emerged as a promising technology for distributed energy harvesting. However, currently reported hybrid generators are straightforward combinations of two functional components. Moreover, inevitable heat from friction intensifies material abrasion and degrades the performance of polymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Here, a self-reinforcing TEHG (SR-TEHG) that harnesses the magnetocaloric and magnetization effects of gadolinium (Gd), is proposed. The synergy between TENG and electromagnetic generator (EMG) renders them an indivisible unit. Leveraging Gd's magnetocaloric effect, an efficient heat transfer mechanism is constructed to cool the tribolayer and strengthen the device's electrical stability. After 80 h of continuous operation, the optimized TENG occupies a charge decay rate of only 0.32% per hour, significantly outperforming most existing TENGs. Additionally, Gd's magnetization effect boosts the power of EMG by ≈80.84%. This work provides a universal solution in hybrid generators where internal components reinforce each other, achieving a synergistic effect of 1 + 1 > 2.

A wind-driven rotating micro-hybrid nanogenerator for powering environmental monitoring devices based on a brush-type triboelectric unit

Abstract The rapid rise of the IoT (Internet of Things) technology and microelectronics technology has promoted the development of sensors to ultra-low power consumption. However, for conventional wired power supply and chemical battery power supply, there are difficulties in wiring, inconvenient battery replacement and environmental pollution problems, so there is an urgent need for a green power supply. The low cost and simple structure of TENG (Triboelectric nanogenerator) have attracted much attention from researchers. However, for most of the existing TENG, there are some problems such as narrow operating frequency range, short life of TENG, insufficient traditional flexible friction contact, and serious wear of rigid friction contact. Herein, we propose a rotary brush-type triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator. Through the experimental tests, the TENG part can output the maximum power of 0.88 mW under the external load of 8 MΩ at 400 rpm (wind speed of about 8.3 m/s). The EMG (Electromagnetic Generator) part can output the maximum power of 15.5 mW under external load of 360 Ω. The LED lighting test proves that the generator broadens the frequency of energy harvesting. In the capacitor charging test, the high voltage characteristics of tribological power generation play the advantages of continuous voltage boost, and the high current characteristics of electromagnetic power generation play the advantages of high power. The hybrid nanogenerator can realize the wind energy harvesting under the broadband wind speed of 3 m/s~14 m/s. At a wind speed of 5.6 m/s, the hybrid nanogenerator ran at about 225 rpm and successfully powered the anemometer after 21 s. After 80,000 cycles, the maximum open circuit voltage only drops by 5.6%, which proves that the rotary TENG unit has a long generation life, and can realize the harvesting of wind energy and the power supply of wind speed sensor.

Using multi-criteria decision-making approach for material alternatives in TiO2/P(VDF-TrFE)/PDMS based hybrid nanogenerator as a wearable device

P(VDF-TrFE)/TiO2/PDMS-based hybrid nanogenerators with excellent piezoelectric performance are of particular interest for the development of sensors, wearable devices, and low-cost biomechanical energy harvesters. In this work, hybrid nanogenerator (HNG) is designed to enhance the energy output by integrating piezoelectric and triboelectric effects. P(VDF-TrFE)/TiO2 nanocomposites are synthesized using electrospinning to design hybrid nanogenerator for energy harvesting from a manual activity. The hybrid nanogenerator device generated 5.36 µA current across 10 MΩ resistor and 52 V electric voltage. An analysis of the effect of varying TiO2 on hybrid nanogenerators is reported here for the first time. The best material for biomechanical energy harvesting applications is selected using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) based material selection and optimization technique TODIM, along with a sensitivity study. SA-4 type nanocomposite is the most suitable material as per the TODIM approach. This nanogenerator shows better performance than most nanogenerators designed with complex and sophisticated approaches.

Ionic liquid modified PVDF/BCZT nanocomposites for space charge induced mechanical energy harvesting performance

Mechanical energy harvesting performances of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) based composites are most often correlated with their polar phase and the individual piezoelectricity of the used filler materials. Here we show that the significant enhancement of space charge polarization of the said composites can play the key dominant role in determining their mechanical energy harvesting performance regardless of their polar phase and individual piezoelectricity of the used fillers. For this purpose, ionic liquid has been incorporated into PVDF/0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3–0.5Ba(Ti0.8Zr0.2)O3 (BCZT) composites which led to a huge enhancement in space charge polarization. The gradual addition of ionic liquid into 10 wt% BCZT loaded PVDF (PBCZT) has helped in extraordinarily enhancing the conductivity gradually which has confirmed the huge enhancement of space charge polarization. However, after a certain limit of ionic liquid addition, the polar phase of the composite films is decreased. Despite this, the output voltages from the piezoelectric and piezo-tribo hybrid nanogenerators (PENGs and HNGs, respectively) fabricated by using the developed films have been found to be increased gradually with the increase in the ionic liquid amount in PBCZT composite. As the amount of BCZT filler was kept fixed for all the films, this result has confirmed the key role of space charge polarization of PVDF-based composites in determining their mechanical energy harvesting performances compared to the effect of polar phase and individual piezoelectricity of filler. The optimized PENG and HNG devices have shown the output voltage as high as 52 and 167 V, respectively, with power densities ∼85 and 152 μW cm−2 which predicted their excellent usability in real life energy conversion devices. This work also shows that the effect of extraordinarily enhanced space charge polarization is effective in improving the performance of all types of mechanical energy harvesting devices regardless of their mechanisms (piezoelectric or hybrid).

High-sensitivity blue-energy-shuttle and in-situ electrical behaviors in ocean

Although various triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and hybrid ocean kinetic energy harvesters (OKEHs) have been devised for blue energy harvesting, the lack of studies in the real ocean has hindered their progress. Here, a high-sensitivity modular shuttle-like hybrid nanogenerator (MSHG) is prepared, comprising contact-separation TENG, piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG), and electromagnetic generator (EMG) components. Its acceleration feature and electrical performance were systematically investigated under various conditions, from laboratory setups to real ocean waves. The MSHG responds sensitively to low-level excitations and exhibits robust energy harvesting capability in the ocean. Statistical analysis shows that its most probable output frequency reaches 0.83 Hz, which is about four times higher than the main frequency of the ocean wave (0.1–0.2 Hz). A 12-integrated MSHG system effectively harvests ocean wave energy to power a water-quality detector, while its most probable acceleration amplitude is approximately 24% of the maximum in a simulated linear motor motion and 57% of the mean value under simulated water wave. The findings provide valuable insights for advancing nanogenerator applications in real oceans.

A self-powered underwater glider using bidirectional swing-rotation hybrid nanogenerator

With the development of marine exploitation, ocean robots pose a great challenge to traditional battery power supply, scavenging green and sustainable energy from the ocean environment to improve duration time and operation range has become a feasible solution. Herein, a self-powered underwater glider using a bidirectional swing-rotation triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (BSR-HNG) has been fabricated to harvest energy from water waves. A mechanical rectification method using a novel gear escapement mechanism is introduced to rectify irregular low-frequency wave excitation into the stable high-frequency rotation, enabling the BSR-HNG to operate stably even at an excitation frequency of 0.1 Hz. Compared to traditional swing-rotation nanogenerators using one-way bearing, the BSR-HNG utilizes symmetrically arranged gear escapement mechanisms to convert bidirectional swing into unidirectional rotation. With the optimized design, the average output power generated in one cycle increases by 48%, and the peak power of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and electromagnetic nanogenerator (EMG) at 0.8 Hz reaches about 0.4 mW and 0.12 W, respectively. Furthermore, a commercial thermometer and a calculator are utilized to demonstrate the high performance of the BSR-HNG in a simulated wave environment. The BSR-HNG is also integrated into the underwater glider as a power source, and a depth-sensor in the underwater glider is successfully powered by BSR-HNG, which provides a new solution to improve the endurance of marine robots.

High-performance flexible lead-free piezo-antiferroelectric based on NaNbO3/PDMS composites for energy harvesting application

To bring the rapidly advancing technology of energy harvesters into commercial use, further development is required for devices that can enhance output performance, flexibility, ease of fabrication, and low cost. A hybrid concept is a promising method. It combines between the piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) and the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to provide a high-performance nanogenerator. This study introduced a high-performance hybrid PENG and TENG device that operates using a NN-BNT/PDMS composite film. The NN-BNT/PDMS composite based nanogenerators were fabricated with varying NN-BNT content. Then, dielectric test and electrical properties were investigated. Adding NN-BNT into the PDMS composite film resulted in a higher dielectric constant compared to pure PDMS, leading to increase of electrical output. Under the optimal condition of a 3 wt%. NN-BNT composite based hybrid nanogenerator, the electrical output was significantly enhanced, reaching 40 V, 0.95 μA/cm2, and 200 μW/cm2 compared to pure PDMS. This nanogenerator further used to the charging of a capacitor to a voltage of around 1 V within 5 s and also powered multiple LEDs. The successful development of this highly efficient NN-BNT/PDMS composite film-based hybrid concept sheds light on energy harvesting devices.

Hybrid nanogenerator for self-powered object recognition

Energy harvesting systems, including piezoelectric (PENG), triboelectric (TENG), and pyroelectric (PYNG) nanogenerator technologies, have emerged as one of the major future energy solutions. Energy harvesting eliminates the need for conventional batteries and encourages eco-friendly alternatives. This study reports hydrothermally synthesized BaTiO3 (BTO) particles with a tetragonal symmetry for hybrid energy harvesting. BTO particles are incorporated with PDMS at various wt% to form a flexible composite film. The 15 wt% BTO-PDMS composite/Al hybrid device (PENG-TENG) produces a peak voltage of 100 V, a current of 980 nA, and a charge of 17 nC, generating a peak power output of 33.64 μW at 100 MΩ. Furthermore, integrating this HNG (external hybridization) yielded an output of 101 V and 980 nA, demonstrating practical applicability. HNG is also employed to interact by touching various objects at different temperatures. The pyroelectric behavior of BTO allows direct thermal sensing of the object. The signals produced are processed using a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based object recognition system, which achieved a remarkable classification accuracy of 99.27% for various objects. External hybridization improves energy efficiency, representing a huge step forward in sustainable technology applications. This research paves the way for developing hybrid energy harvesters and can be employed further for extremely precise battery-free object recognition systems. This unique hybrid nanogenerator, which combines pyroelectric, piezoelectric, and triboelectric components, represents a new method of self-powered object detection. External hybridization improves energy efficiency, representing a huge step forward in sustainable technology applications.

CsPbI3-PVDF Composite-Based Multimode Hybrid Piezo-Triboelectric Nanogenerator: Self-Powered Moisture Monitoring System.

For several decades, the development of potential flexible electronics, such as electronic skin, wearable technology, environmental monitoring systems, and the internet of Things network, has been emphasized. In this context, piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are highly regarded due to their simple design, high output performance, and cost-effectiveness. On a smaller scale, self-powered sensor research and development based on piezo-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerators have lately become more popular. When a material in the TENG is a piezoelectric material, these two distinct effects can be coupled. Herein, we developed a multimode hybrid piezo-triboelectric nanogenerator using the CsPbI3-PVDF composite. The addition of CsPbI3 to PVDF significantly enhances its electroactive phase and dielectric property, thereby enhancing its surface charge density. 5 wt % CsPbI3 incorporation in poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) results in a high electroactive phase (FEA) value of >90%. Moreover, CsPbI3-PVDF composite-based PENGs were fabricated in three modes, viz., nanogenerators in contact-separation mode (TECS), single electrode mode (TESE), and sliding mode (TES), and the output performance of all the devices was investigated. The fabricated TECS, TESE, and TES reveal peak output powers of 3.08, 1.29, and 0.15 mW at an external load of 5.6 MΩ. Through analysis of the contact angle measurement and experimental quantification, the hydrophilicity of the composite film has been identified. The hydrophobicity and moisture absorption capacity of CsPbI3-PVDF film make it an attractive option for self-powered humidity monitoring. The TENGs effectively powered several low-powered electronic devices with just a few human finger taps. This study offers a high-performance PTENG device that is reliant on ambient humidity, which is a helpful step toward creating a self-powered sensor.

Hybrid Piezoelectric/Triboelectric Wearable Nanogenerator Based on Stretchable PVDF-PDMS Composite Films.

Hybrid piezoelectric/triboelectric nanogenerators combine the merits of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), possessing enhanced electrical output and sensitivity. However, the structures of the majority of hybrid nanogenerators are rather complex in integrating both functions, limiting their practical application in wearable electronics. Herein, we propose to construct a piezoelectric/triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator (PT-NG) with a simple structure based on a composite film to simultaneously achieve the coupling of piezoelectric charge generation and triboelectrification with improved energy conversion efficiency. The composite film consists of electrospun PVDF nanofibers embedded in the surface of the PDMS film, which not only forms a rough nanomorphology on the surface of PDMS but also provides structural protection to the PVDF nanofibers by PDMS during compressive deformation. The results have shown that the PT-NG can generate much higher electrical outputs than individual TENG and PENG devices. The PT-NG devices exhibit a high level of mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency with superior performance in charging capacitors and functioning as self-powered wearable sensors for the detection of different signals from finger movement, the recognition of various gestures, and the monitoring of respiration. More importantly, the composite device possesses an impressive structure durability, maintaining its layered structure over 5000 testing cycles without noticing any obvious damage on the nanofibers or detachment between the layers. Our results have demonstrated that the combining of piezoelectric nanofibers and triboelectric substrate is an efficient way to fabricate highly efficient energy harvesting devices for intelligent identification and health monitoring.

A Novel Multifunctional Photonic Film for Colored Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling and Energy Harvesting.

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) materials with sustainable energy harvesting capability is critical to concurrently reduce traditional cooling energy utilized for thermal comfort and transfer natural clean energies into electricity. Herein, a versatile photonic film (Ecoflex@BTO@UAFL) based on a novel fluorescent luminescence color passive radiative cooling with triboelectric and piezoelectric effect is developed by filling the dielectric BaTiO3 (BTO) nanoparticles and ultraviolet absorption fluorescent luminescence (UAFL) powder into the elastic Ecoflex matrix. Test results demonstrate that the Ecoflex@BTO@UAFL photonic film exhibits a maximum passive radiative cooling effect of ∽10.1 °C in the daytime. Meanwhile, its average temperature drop in the daytime is ~4.48 °C, which is 0.91 °C higher than that of the Ecoflex@BTO photonic film (3.56 °C) due to the addition of UAFL material. Owing to the high dielectric constant and piezoelectric effect of BTO nanoparticles, the maximum power density (0.53Wm-2, 1Hz @ 10 N) of the Ecoflex@BTO photonic film-based hybrid nanogenerator is promoted by 70.9% compared to the Ecoflex film-based TENG. This work provides an ingenious strategy for combining PDRC effects with triboelectric and piezoelectric properties, which can spontaneously achieve thermal comfort and energy conservation, offering a new insight into multifunctional energy saving.

A high-performance, biocompatible, and fully biodegradable piezo-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator based on PVA/Glycine/PVA heterostructured piezoelectric film

The emergence of biodegradable nanogenerators (BD-NGs) has provided a promising and safe approach for the development of biotransient medical electronics. However, the rapid advancement of these devices faces a major challenge due to the low output performance of BD-NGs. To address this issue, we develop a high-performance and fully biodegradable piezo-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator (FB-HNG) for the first time. The FB-HNG is based on a sandwich-like heterostructured piezoelectric film composed of PVA/Gy/PVA. By utilizing an electric field-assisted water evaporation method to modulate the crystal process, a PVA/Gy/PVA film with enhanced piezoelectric properties (maximum d33 of 9 pC/N) is prepared. The surface of PVA layer is designed to rub against a PLGA film, forming the triboelectric part, while the inner Gy bulk layer provides impressive piezoelectric output. Through the coupled effects of triboelectric and piezoelectric mechanisms, a maximum output voltage and current of 94 V and 2.3 μA are achieved, respectively. Notably, the current density of 1.53 μA/cm2 and charge density of 6.53 nC/cm2 of the FB-HNG are the highest among reported BD-NGs. Furthermore, the FB-HNG also presents excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability both in vitro and in vivo, which highlights its potential and prospects as a power source for transient medical devices.

Breathable, durable, flexible, and battery-free full action response electronic textiles toward simply achieving the function of human skin

Recently, the advantages of electronic textiles (e-textiles) for electronic skin have attracted great attention. As epidermal electronic products, they need to possess characteristics such as portability, comfortable to wear, durability, and easy to manufacture. However, in practical application scenarios, wearable electronics need to make trade-offs between various functions. Here, we propose a lightweight and breathable multi-functional electronic skin based on the idea of e-textiles, which employs an approach using nanogenerators (NGs), a simple electrospinning and three-dimensional printing (3D-print) process to fabricate a scalable, porous, and triboelectric-conductive-piezoelectric (T-C-P) multilayer structure-based electronic skin (e-skin) called TPSA. The piezoelectric-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator exhibits remarkable electrical behavior due to its unique coupling enhancement effect. TPSA achieves excellent generating capacity (output of up to 105 kV/m2, 1.87 mA/m2, 29.4 mW/m2 in single-electrode working mode), enables full-scale human motion detection, achieves EMI shielding performance of 46.9 dB, possesses a high killing rate of Escherichia coli up to 99%, and exhibits good air permeability up to 35.453 cm3/(m2 *d*Pa). This electronic skin can perform some of the functions of the skin, quickly and without power monitoring of physiological signals and joint movements throughout the body, while ensuring comfort and protection. This work provides a strategy for easy access to versatile e-skins with excellent utility.

Multimodal Energy Generation and Intruder Sensing Platform via Aluminum Titanate/Poly‐Glucosamine Composite Film‐Based Hybrid Nanogenerators

AbstractRecently, a new class of portable self‐powered electronic systems is developed that utilizes highly efficient hybrid nanogenerators that convert mechanical energy into electricity to power various sensors/small‐scale electronics. This article proposes aluminum titanate (Al2TiO5) microparticles (AlT MPs) loaded poly‐glucosamine (PGA) composite film‐based high‐performance hybrid nanogenerators (HNG) employed as a self‐powered sensor for signal indication and as an intruder sensing platform. Initially, AlT MPs are synthesized and various concentrations are loaded into PGA. HNGs are fabricated using composite films/ polydimethylsiloxane, and Al as the positive/negative triboelectric layers and electrode film, respectively. The fabricated HNGs operate in the contact‐separation mode and their produced electrical outputs are comparatively studied to determine the most suitable AlT concentration. The optimized HNG produces the highest electrical output of ≈211 V, ≈5.5 µA, and 79.5 µC/m2. The optimized HNG is employed as a biomechanical energy harvester to scavenge energy from various biomechanical movements and power portable electronics utilizing the developed highly efficient power management circuit. Thereafter, multiple HNGs are utilized to fabricate a self‐powered wireless sensing system and real‐time intruder sensing platform. The proposed highly efficient HNG‐based self‐powered wireless sensing platform is a promising technology that can be used on a large scale in various applications.

Electrospun PVDF-MoSe2 nanofibers based hybrid triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered water splitting system

The development of nanogenerators offers the best hope for the current global energy crisis rises due to social globalization. Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are currently gaining a lot of attention for harvesting mechanical energy from the ambient environment to serve as the power source for powering electronic devices. In the present work, hybrid triboelectric nanogenerator coupling both the piezoelectric and triboelectric effects have been fabricated to drive the environmentally friendly approach of splitting the water for hydrogen production. Here, electrospun PVDF-MoSe2 fiber deposited over aluminium foil, and Nylon fiber based triboelectric negative and positive material, respectively have been used for the hybrid nanogenerator device. It has been observed that MoSe2 incorporation improves the nanogenerators triboelectric as well as piezoelectric performance. The PVDF-MoSe2/Nylon based TENG exhibits remarkable peak to peak open-circuit voltage of 113.6 V and 26.5 µA of short-circuit current. Moreover, it exhibits a high-power density of 230.4 µWcm−2 under piezo-tribo coupling, which is even superior than the majority of previously fabricated similar type of devices. This TENG, which has great output performance, can also capture energy from a variety of mechanical and biological motions, and the device versatility has also been shown by its use in hydrogen evolution.