Configuration Of Hybrid System Research Articles

Techno-economic analysis of off-grid hydrokinetic-based hybrid energy systems for onshore/remote area in South Africa

Hydrokinetic power generation is a relatively recent type of hydropower that generates electricity from kinetic energy of flowing water making the conversion process more competitive compared to traditional micro-hydropower. Few authors have already analyzed the use of standalone hydrokinetic systems for rural electrification, however, there is no available literatures investigating the possibility of using this technology in combination with other renewable energy sources or diesel generator. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the potential use of hydrokinetic-based hybrid systems for low cost and sustainable electrical energy supply to isolated load in rural South Africa where adequate water resource is available. Different hybrid system configurations are modeled and simulated using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) and the results are analyzed to select the best supply option based on the net present cost and the cost of energy produced. The simulation results from two different case studies show that hybrid systems with hydrokinetic modules incorporated in their architectures have lower net present costs as well as lower costs of energy compared to all other supply options where the hydrokinetic modules are not included.

Hybrid Power System Options for Off-Grid Rural Electrification in Northern Kenya

For domestic consumers in the rural areas of northern Kenya, as in other developing countries, the typical source of electrical supply is diesel generators. However, diesel generators are associated with both CO2 emissions, which adversely affect the environment and increase diesel fuel prices, which inflate the prices of consumer goods. The Kenya government has taken steps towards addressing this issue by proposing The Hybrid Mini-Grid Project, which involves the installation of 3 MW of wind and solar energy systems in facilities with existing diesel generators. However, this project has not yet been implemented. As a contribution to this effort, this study proposes, simulates and analyzes five different configurations of hybrid energy systems incorporating wind energy, solar energy and battery storage to replace the stand-alone diesel power systems servicing six remote villages in northern Kenya. If implemented, the systems proposed here would reduce Kenya’s dependency on diesel fuel, leading to reductions in its carbon footprint. This analysis confirms the feasibility of these hybrid systems with many configurations being profitable. A Multi-Attribute Trade-Off Analysis is employed to determine the best hybrid system configuration option that would reduce diesel fuel consumption and jointly minimize CO2 emissions and net present cost. This analysis determined that a wind-diesel-battery configuration consisting of two 500 kW turbines, 1200 kW diesel capacity and 95,040 Ah battery capacity is the best option to replace a 3200 kW stand-alone diesel system providing electricity to a village with a peak demand of 839 kW. It has the potential to reduce diesel fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by up to 98.8%.

Optimum configuration and design of a photovoltaic–diesel–battery hybrid energy system for a facility in University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Optimum configuration, using a hybrid optimisation model for electric renewable software, and design of a photovoltaic (PV)–diesel–battery hybrid energy system has been proposed to power a facility in the University of Port Harcourt, which is located in the suburb of Port Harcourt city, Nigeria. The configuration of the optimum hybrid system is selected based on top-ranked system configuration, according to the net present cost. An optimal system design delivers the best components alongside appropriate operating strategies to provide the most efficient, reliable cost-effective system possible. The system investigated reduces CO2 emissions by 36.3%/year. This will reduce costs imposed on CO2 emissions by future environmental legislation. The system has a better potential for providing the energy needs of the facility considered in this paper compared with a stand-alone PV–battery system as capital costs are reduced by 55%. Reliability was improved as the diesel generator can provide power as and when it is needed.

Research on Optimization Design for Independent Island Micro-Grid

nland grid cannot reach and cover the islands, and it is also difficult to complete the construction of the cross-sea grid, for these islands are usually far from the mainland. The research on the island micro-grid (solar/wind/tide/battery) is carried out based on the corresponding practical project on a island. The multi-object optimizing design method mainly based on the Deficiency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP) and the Levelised Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC) which represent the reliability of the power supply and the economical efficiency of the micro-grid system, respectively. The traversal algorithm is employed to obtain the capacity optimization configuration for the distributed generation units and the battery bank in the independent micro-grid. Meanwhile, a software designed for the capacity optimization configuration of the island hybrid system is presented. At last, the specific design for a independent island micro-grid is proposed, which validate the effeteness of the method presented in this paper.

Feasibility Study of Hybrid Energy Systems for Remote Area Electrification in Odisha, India by Using HOMER

Hybrid energy systems are successfully applied in areas where grid extension is practically impossible or uneconomical. This paper reports the results of optimization of hybrid energy system model for electrification of remote village Gobindapur, located at the foot hills of Similipal forest (Latitude 21055’ N and Longitude 86034’ E) of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha in India. The model is developed with the objective of minimizing cost function based on demand and potential constraints. The model has been optimized using HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) software (2.68 version) package developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Colorado, USA. From the load demand, the capital cost, cost of energy for different types of resources and optimised configuration of hybrid system are determined.

Optimization of economic/emission load dispatch for hybrid generating systems using controlled Elitist NSGA-II

A model is developed for stochastic economic/emission dispatch of thermal/wind/solar hybrid generation system taking into account cost of modern thermal units with multiple valves point effect, polluting gases emission and factors for both overestimation and underestimation of available wind and photovoltaic power. The technique proposed in this work uses novel probability density functions (pdf) of wind power and clearness index to model the wind power and solar irradiance.A multi-objective controlled elitistNSGA-II procedure is proposed to derive a set of Pareto-optimal hybrid system configuration in terms of cost and emission with good diversity. Controlled elitist-NSGA-II favors, not only individuals with better fitness value (rank) as in elitist NSGA-II but also individuals that can help increase the diversity of the population even if they have a lower fitness value. The best compromise solution has been obtained using Fuzzy cardinal priority ranking. Optimal solutions are presented for various values of the input parameters, and these solutions demonstrate that the allocation of system generation capacity may be influenced by multipliers related to the risk of overestimation and to the cost of underestimation of available wind and solar power.A numerical example, including six fossil-fuel-fired generators (FFGs), two Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), and two Photo Voltaic (PV) systems is presented.To validate the effectiveness of the algorithm, results are compared with techniques given in literatures.

Impact of the use of a hybrid turbine inlet air cooling system in arid climates

Cooling the air entering the compressor section of gas turbine power plants is a proven method of increasing their power output, especially during peak summer demand, and it is increasingly being used in power plants worldwide. Two turbine inlet air cooling (TIAC) systems are widely used: evaporative cooling and mechanical chilling. In this work, the prospects of using a hybrid turbine inlet air cooling (TIAC) system are investigated. The hybrid system consists of mechanical chilling followed by evaporative cooling. Such a system is capable of achieving a significant reduction in inlet air temperature that satisfies the desired power output levels, while consuming less power than the conventional mechanical chilling. Furthermore, less water than conventional evaporative cooling can be used, thus combining the benefits of both approaches is proposed in this study. Two hybrid system configurations are studied. In the first configuration, the first stage of the system uses water-cooled chillers that are coupled with dry coolers such that the condenser cooling water remains in a closed loop. In the second configuration, the first stage of the system uses water-cooled chillers but with conventional cooling towers. An assessment of the performance and economics of those two configurations is made by comparing them to a conventional mechanical chilling and using realistic data. It was found that the TIAC systems are capable of boosting the power output of the gas turbine by 10% or more (of the power output of the ISO conditions). The cost operation analysis shows clearly that the hybrid TIAC method with wet cooling has the advantage over the other methods and It would be profitable to install it in the new gas turbine power plants.

Simulation and Optimization of Independent Renewable Energy Hybrid System

In this paper the majority of research refers to the optimal configuration of hybrid system that uses renewable energy and wind energy and solar radiation in association with diesel aggregate and batteries. These independent energy systems (hybrid systems) are becoming popular due to increasing energy costs and decreasing prices of turbines and Photo-Voltaic (PV) panels. But the only drawback is that their outputs depend upon the climatic conditions. The main goal to optimization a hybrid system is necessary to obtain the configuration of the system as well as the control strategy that minimizes the total cost through the useful life of the installation to meet the desired consumption and/or the pollutant emissions. The HOGA (Hybrid Optimizations by Genetic Algorithms) program was used to simulate the system operation and calculate technical economic parameters for each configuration. The system configuration of the hybrid is derived based on the data of wind and solar radiation which are related to the southern Croatian coast, as on a theoretical annual load at an observed location. Also, technical data for components are taken from the manufacturer’s specifications (datasheet). In this paper the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used types of generators (synchronous and asynchronous generators) are presented. Results show that the hybrid systems have considerable reductions in carbon emission and cost of the system.

Investigation of a hybrid renewable– microgeneration energy system for power and thermal generation with reduced emissions

A conceptual study is described into the hybridization of Stirling engine-based residential cogeneration systems with solar thermal systems. Simulation results of four hybrid system configurations applied in various locations in Canada are presented and compared to Base Case systems without solar input. Additional optimization cases are discussed. Adding solar collectors to a residential cogeneration system has a clear potential to reduce natural gas consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The simulated cases showed a 10%–15% decrease in the consumption of natural gas, which corresponds to a greenhouse gas emission reduction of approximately 700–1200 kg/house/year (depending on configuration and location). Hybrid systems are complex and highly integrated systems. A full system optimization was therefore not possible in this study. Recommendations are given for further optimization of this type of systems.

Study on Fault and Isolated Condition in Two Circuit Configurations of PV-ESS Hybrid System

Most photovoltaic (PV) generation systems are connected with a utility grid and recognized as supplemental generation resources; but in some applications such as microgrid concept, a PV system works as a main resource. To improve the availability of PV systems, technological development for higher less output fluctuation in normal condition, higher fault tolerance in fault occurrence, and power demand and supply balancing in isolated condition are required. For these reasons, hybridization of a PV system and an energy storage system (ESS) would become an important technology in the future. This paper presented two kinds of circuit models, conventional “ac-connected PV-ESS,” and proposed “dc-connected PV-ESS” in which ESS is inserted at the dc-side of PV system. This paper also investigated dc-link voltage controlled by dc-dc converter of ESS in dc-connected PV-ESS and suitable control systems are also discussed normal, during fault occurrence and isolated operation.

A215 再生可能エネルギーハイブリッドシステムの最適構成に関する研究(OS2 再生可能エネルギー)

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an optimization technique which models behavior of swarm of insects by particles in cyber space. It is focused because of its high efficiency of search and good convergence. In this study, the authors keep on adopting the PSO technique to find the best configuration of a renewable energy hybrid system which is constituted of WTG and PV cell from the view of CO2 emission reduction. Also, the authors investigated the inference between a change of CO2 emission unit of WTG and CO2 emission of the hybrid system. As a result, it was found that PSO technique could be sufficiently applied to the problem of CO2 minimization of the renewable energy hybrid system. Also, from the results of sensitivity analysis, it was clarified that a loose constraint of cost or a strict constraint of CO2 emission both increase the use of WTG, PV and battery, and decrease the use of diesel fuel..

D212 粒子群最適化の手法を用いた再生可能エネルギーハイブリッドシステムの最適化に関する研究(OS2 再生可能エネルギー(風力設備の被害と最適化))

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an optimization technique which models behavior of swarm of insects by particles in cyber space. It is focused because of its high efficiency of search and good convergence. In this study, the authors adopted the PSO technique and made a program to find the best configuration of a renewable energy hybrid system which is constituted of WTG and PV cell. Also, by using the program, the authors investigated the inference between the cost of each part effects and total cost of the hybrid system. As a result, it was found that PSO technique could be sufficiently applied to the problem of cost minimization of the renewable energy hybrid system. Also, from the results of sensitivity analysis, it was clarified that a raise of fuel cost occurs with an increase in use of WTG, PV and battery.

Disturbance detection in grid-connected distributed generation system using wavelet and S-transform

In this paper, wavelet transform and S-transform based approach is proposed for islanding detection and disturbance due to load rejection in distributed generation (DG) based hybrid system. The two types of distributed generation technology: inverter based and rotating machine based, that consists of photovoltaic, fuel cell and wind systems are considered in hybrid system configuration. The negative sequence voltage signal is analyzed through wavelet transform and S-transform for islanding detection of these resources from the grid. The above two approaches are also used in study of voltage profile at point of common coupling (PCC) with a non-linear load connected. The study for different scenarios in operation of DG system is presented in the form of time–frequency analysis. The energy content and standard deviation (STD) of S-transform contour and wavelet transform signal is also reported for both islanding detection and disturbance due to load rejection.

Optimal configuration assessment of renewable energy in Malaysia

This paper proposes the use of a PV–wind–diesel generator hybrid system in order to determine the optimal configuration of renewable energy in Malaysia and to compare the production cost of solar and wind power with its annual yield relevant to different regions in Malaysia namely, Johor, Sarawak, Penang and Selangor. The configuration of optimal hybrid system is selected based on the best components and sizing with appropriate operating strategy to provide a cheap, efficient, reliable and cost-effective system. The various renewable energy sources and their applicability in terms of cost and performance are analyzed. Moreover, the annual yield and cost of energy production of solar and wind energy are evaluated. The Simulations were carried out using the HOMER program based on data obtained from the Malaysian Meteorological Centre. Results show that, for Malaysia, a PV–diesel generator hybrid system is the most suitable solution in terms of economic performance and pollution. However, the cost of production of solar and wind energy proved to be cheaper and more environmentally friendly than the energy produced from diesel generators.

Membranes coupled with physico chemical treatment in water reuse

In this study, short-term experiments were conducted with different configurations of membrane hybrid systems to treat biological treated sewage effluent containing refractory organic pollutants: (i) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration (SMF) alone; (ii) spiral flocculator (SF)-SMF without settling; (iii) SF-PAC-SMF without settling and (iv) SMF with magnetic ion exchange resin MIEX pretreatment. The results indicated that the pre-flocculation of SF could improve the mitigation of membrane fouling significantly even when the system was operated at a high membrane filtration rate. The transmembrane pressure (TMP) of SF-PAC-SMF only increased marginally (0.8 kPa over 8 hours). SF-SMF without the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) also took a relatively long duration for the TMP to increase. The TMP only increased by 2.5 kPa over 8 hours. The SF-PAC-MF system resulted in a high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal of more than 96%. When used as pre-treatment to submerged membranes, the fluidized bed MIEX contactor could remove a significant amount of organic matter in wastewater. This pre-treatment helped to reduce the membrane fouling and kept the TMP low during the membrane operation.

Steady state and dynamic simulation of a hybrid reactive separation process

AbstractModelling and simulation of hybrid reactive separation system in steady state and in dynamic regime was carried out. The investigated hybrid process consisted of a reactive distillation column and a pervaporation membrane located in the distillate stream to remove water from the process. Heterogeneously catalysed esterification of propionic acid with propan-1-ol to propyl propionate and water was chosen as the model chemical reaction. Esterification reactions are a typical example of equilibrium-limited reactions producing water as a by-product. Using just a pervaporation membrane brings the biggest benefit in increasing the yield of one of the reactants due to the removal of water. To study reactive separation processes, a model of the hybrid system in steady state and in dynamic regime was developed. Steady state behaviour of the model was studied for different hybrid system configurations. The effect of catalyst amount doubling was also investigated. Dynamic behaviour of the system during the step changes of propionic acid feed flow rate and during the membrane module failure was investigated. For this reason, the conversion of propionic acid, purity of the product stream, mole fraction of water, and the temperature in three different parts of the reactive distillation column were monitored.

Scaling a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Hybrid System to Meet a Range of Power Demand

In recent years there has been significant interest in using the heat generated from the normal operation of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) to supplant the normal combustion process of a gas turbine system. By doing this a gas turbine fuel cell hybrid power generation system is formed. Because the heat produced by a SOFC is utilized by the turbine to produce work, the hybrid system can have an overall system efficiency that greatly exceeds those of either the stand alone SOFC system, or the stand alone gas turbine system. One of the most critical problems that must be addressed in gas turbine fuel cell hybrid technology is temperature control. A hybrid system that is designed to operate efficiently for a given base load may not be easily extended to accommodate peek load. In this paper a simple hybrid system configuration using a standard SOFC and a single compressor-turbine pair is presented. This simple system is used to establish the effect that key configuration parameters have on system temperatures. The configuration model is then scaled over a range of fuel input and power output to show the limitations of the system. The system is modeled using the ASPEN PLUS® simulation software with special modules to calculate fuel cell performance.

IBM BladeCenter QS22: Design, performance, and utilization in hybrid computing systems

The IBM BladeCenter® QS22 is a blade server that is based on two IBM PowerXCell™ 8i processors. This server is the successor of the QS21 server, which delivered excellent multicore Cell Broadband Engine® (Cell/B.E.) performance for workstation, server, and supercomputer customers. The IBM PowerXCell 8i processor represents a second generation of the Cell Broadband Engine Architecture. It significantly improves floating-point performance and allows for larger memory configurations. In this paper, we provide an overview of the architecture and design of this newer QS22 system and explain some of the design decisions. We discuss hardware and application performance, power efficiency, manageability, and configuration options, and how these factors affect hybrid system configurations. Finally, we briefly describe two hybrid system configurations that utilize the QS22 system. One configuration involves the Roadrunner system at Los Alamos National Laboratory, the first one-petaflops supercomputer in the world. The second configuration involves a hybrid system with a PCI Express® switch used for coupling.

Hybrid (PAC) systems: pathway to productivity

PurposeClaimed to be programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that act like distributed control systems (DCSs), various people define hybrid systems differently: by functions, by industries served, by architecture, and even by no label at all. As a result, there is still confusion about the label “Hybrid Systems.” This paper aims to explore these issues briefly and to help understand and reduce confusion about these relatively recent hybrid systems, which are now also being called “Programmable Automation Controls” (PAC).Design/methodology/approachThe paper compares DCSs, PLCs, centralized computer systems, use of industrial professional (personal) computers, original hybrid control systems, current hybrid control systems, evolution to PAC and shows evolution of new programming standards.FindingsHybrid control systems can readily become part of the overall plant productivity. This is a stepping‐stone towards complete enterprise control systems.Research limitations/implicationsNo small part of this capability is the emerging standard for easy consistent configuration of hybrid systems, regardless of the vendor who supplies them.Practical implicationsBecause of the emerging configuration standard, the hybrid system can be re‐configured as needed due to plant changes or market swing. This provides the user with “agile manufacturing.”Originality/valueMore than a “cheap DCS,” these hybrid control systems can be an inexpensive stepping‐stone towards managing the business as it was meant to be managed. What is important is that these elements can be introduced in manageable increments to meet tight budgets.

Investigation of electron trajectories of an x‐ray tube in magnetic fields of MR scanners

A hybrid x-ray/MR system combining an x-ray fluoroscopic system and an open-bore magnetic resonance (MR) system offers advantages from both powerful imaging modalities and thus can benefit numerous image-guided interventional procedures. In our hybrid system configurations, the x-ray tube and detector are placed in the MR magnet and therefore experience a strong magnetic field. The electron beam inside the x-ray tube can be deflected by a misaligned magnetic field, which may damage the tube. Understanding the deflection process is crucial to predicting the electron beam deflection and avoiding potential damage to the x-ray tube. For this purpose, the motion of an electron in combined electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields was analyzed theoretically to provide general solutions that can be applied to different geometries. For two specific cases, a slightly misaligned strong field and a perpendicular weak field, computer simulations were performed with a finite-element method program. In addition, experiments were conducted using an open MRI magnet and an inserted electromagnet to quantitatively verify the relationship between the deflections and the field misalignment. In a strong (B >> E/c; c: speed of light) and slightly misaligned magnetic field, the deflection in the plane of E and B caused by electrons following the magnetic field lines is the dominant component compared to the deflection in the E X B direction due to the drift of electrons. In a weak magnetic field (B < or = E/c), the main deflection is in the E x B direction and is caused by the perpendicular component of the magnetic field.