Hybrid Switch Research Articles

Hybrid switch for capacitors bank used in reactive power compensation

Hybrid switch for capacitors bank used in reactive power compensation

Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Optical–Electronic Packet Switch Supporting Different Service Classes

As a solution to the high energy consumption caused by numerous optical–electrical–optical (O-E-O) conversions in electronic switches, and the poor contention handling of all-optical switches, we investigated a hybrid switch that supplements optical switching with an electronic buffer. Our study takes into account reliable, fast, and default packets that have different requirements of quality-of-service performance criteria. We show, by simulations, that with only a few electronic ports to the buffer, the hybrid switch significantly improves the packet loss rates and the sustainable system load compared to an all-optical bufferless switch and meets the different packet classes’ requirements. In addition, we quantified the considerable decrease of O-E-O conversions as well as the switching latency achieved by the hybrid switch compared to an electronic switch.

Design of a Power-Electronic-Assisted OLTC for Grid Voltage Regulation

High penetration of distributed generation (DG) has led to frequent voltage fluctuations in the distribution network. This paper describes the design of a partially rated, power-electronic-assisted onload tap-changing (OLTC) autotransformer. Positive and negative compensation of the grid voltage can be achieved on feeders that have high distributed generation and/or loading. A novel design of taps comprised of several no-load switches and a single semiconductor-mechanical hybrid switch have been proposed, that requires reduced voltage rating and a number of switches. In steady state, the mechanical switch in the hybrid switch conducts the load current resulting in low steady-state losses. During the tap change process, the OLTC uses semiconductor switches, namely insulated-gate bipolar transistor /metal–oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor, thus achieving arc-free tap change and long lifetime of switches. The OLTC system has been customized for both low-voltage and medium-voltage three-phase distribution networks. An open-delta configuration for the medium-voltage application has been proposed that requires only two OLTC units to control all three line voltages. Simulations are carried out to verify the steady-state and transient operation of the proposed OLTC.

A High Step Up Hybrid Switch Converter Connected With PV Array For High Voltage Applications

A High Step Up Hybrid Switch Converter Connected With PV Array For High Voltage Applications

Improved Control Strategy Based on Space Vectors for Suppressing Grid-Side Current Harmonics in Three-Phase Current Source Rectifiers with a Hybrid Switch

This paper analyses the harmonic pollution to power grids caused by several high-power rectifiers, summarizes the requirements for rectifiers in suppressing grid-side current harmonics and optimizes a new-type of current source PWM rectifier with a hybrid switch. The rectifier with a hybrid switch boasts significant current characteristics and cost advantages in the high-power area. To further enhance the working frequency of the current source rectifier with a hybrid switch for suppressing grid-side harmonics and reducing the inductance size, this paper proposes an optimal control strategy based on space vector. It also verifies that the optimal control strategy based on space vector can reduce the total harmonic distortion of the grid-side current of the rectifier with a hybrid switch via circuit simulation and experimental results.

A Hybrid-Switch-Based Soft-Switching Inverter for Ultrahigh-Efficiency Traction Motor Drives

This paper presents a hybrid switch that parallels a power MOSFET and an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) as the main switch of a zero-voltage switching (ZVS) inverter. The combination features the MOSFET conducting in the low-current region and the IGBT conducting in the high-current region, and the soft switching avoids the reverse recovery problem during the device turn-on. A custom hybrid switch module has been developed for a variable-timing-controlled coupled-magnetic-type ZVS inverter with a nominal input voltage of 325 V and the continuous output power of 30 kW for a traction motor drive. Experimental results of the hybrid-switch-based inverter with the total loss projected by temperature indicate that the inverter achieves 99% efficiency at the nominal condition and demonstrate ultrahigh-efficiency operation over a wide load range. At 375-V input, the maximum measured efficiency through temperature projection and loss separation analysis is 99.3%.

Monolithic MZI-SOA hybrid switch for low-power and low-penalty operation

We report the first experimental demonstration of a monolithically integrated hybrid dilated 2×2 modular optical switch using Mach-Zehnder modulators as low-loss 1×2 switching elements and short semiconductor optical amplifiers to provide additional extinction and gain. An excellent 40dB cross-talk/extinction ratio is recorded with data-modulated signal-to-noise ratios of up to 44dB in a 0.1nm bandwidth. A switching time of 3ns is demonstrated. Bit error rate studies show extremely low subsystem penalties of less than 0.1dB, and studies indicate that, by using this hybrid switch building block, an 8×8 port switch could be achieved with 14dB input power dynamic range for subsystem penalties of less than 0.5dB.

Moving the boundary between wavelength resources in optical packet and circuit integrated ring network

Optical packet and circuit integrated (OPCI) networks provide both optical packet switching (OPS) and optical circuit switching (OCS) links on the same physical infrastructure using a wavelength multiplexing technique in order to deal with best-effort services and quality-guaranteed services. To immediately respond to changes in user demand for OPS and OCS links, OPCI networks should dynamically adjust the amount of wavelength resources for each link. We propose a resource-adjustable hybrid optical packet/circuit switch and transponder. We also verify that distributed control of resource adjustments can be applied to the OPCI ring network testbed we developed. In cooperation with the resource adjustment mechanism and the hybrid switch and transponder, we demonstrate that automatically allocating a shared resource and moving the wavelength resource boundary between OPS and OCS links can be successfully executed, depending on the number of optical paths in use.

Scalable, Low-Energy Hybrid Photonic Space Switch

A scalable monolithically integrated photonic space switch is proposed which uses a combination of Mach-Zehnder modulators and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) for improved crosstalk performance and reduced switch loss. This architecture enables the design of high-capacity, high-speed, large-port count, low-energy switches. Extremely low crosstalk of better than -50 dB can be achieved using a 2 × 2 dilated hybrid switch module. A “building block” approach is applied to make large port count optical switches possible. Detailed physical layer multiwavelength simulations are used to investigate the viability of a 64 × 64 port switch. Optical signal degradation is estimated as a function of switch size and waveguide induced crosstalk. A comparison between hybrid and SOA switching fabrics highlights the power-efficient, high-performance nature of the hybrid switch design, which consumes less than one-third of the energy of an equivalent SOA-based switch. The significantly reduced impairments resulting from this switch design enable scaling of the port count, compared to conventional SOA-based switches.

Computing Path Blocking Probability and Delay in Optical Networks With Retrial

Hybrid optical architectures combining path and packet switching can be good candidates for future optical networks because they exploit the best of both worlds. However, the optimization of some parameters of the hybrid switch by some metrics is vital to maximize the benefit of the hybrid architecture. Blocking rate and reservation delay are two of the most important performance metrics in the path switching layer of the hybrid architecture. In this paper, we propose an analytical method with an improved backward blocking analysis to compute both blocking rates and reservation delays in path switching optical WDM networks with destination-initiated reservation allowing retrial of failed reservation attempts. On a mesh topology, we show that the results of our analytical method and simulations were close to each other, while the analytical method was several orders of magnitude faster than the simulation, which may allow much faster performance analysis, design, and optimization of hybrid networks.

A genetic bistable switch utilizing nonlinear protein degradation

BackgroundBistability is a fundamental property in engineered and natural systems, conferring the ability to switch and retain states. Synthetic bistable switches in prokaryotes have mainly utilized transcriptional components in their construction. Using both transcriptional and enzymatic components, creating a hybrid system, allows for wider bistable parameter ranges in a circuit.ResultsIn this paper, we demonstrate a tunable family of hybrid bistable switches in E. coli using both transcriptional components and an enzymatic component. The design contains two linked positive feedback loops. The first loop utilizes the lambda repressor, CI, and the second positive feedback loop incorporates the Lon protease found in Mesoplasma florum (mf-Lon). We experimentally tested for bistable behavior in exponential growth phase, and found that our hybrid bistable switch was able to retain its state in the absence of an input signal throughout 40 cycles of cell division. We also tested the transient behavior of our switch and found that switching speeds can be tuned by changing the expression rate of mf-Lon.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this work demonstrates the first use of dynamic expression of an orthogonal and heterologous protease to tune a nonlinear protein degradation circuit. The hybrid switch is potentially a more robust and tunable topology for use in prokaryotic systems.

Experimentation and Research of Three-Phase Switching Synchronous Operation of Novel High Speed Switch Gear

This paper has proposed a novel high speed switch gear (NHSSG) whose contacts could detach quickly; it exploits the principle of the repulsion force generated by eddy effect. The NHSSG is mainly used in the hybrid switch gear (HSG) to cut off the fault circuit cooperate with the solid state thyristor switch gear (SSTSG) in a short time, so it is important for the NHSSG to motion at a certain time. Consequently, a lot of experiments have been done in different aspects to find out the impact extent of the six factors to the actuation time of the NHSSG, and the three-phase switching synchronous operation (TPSSO) experiments have been done based on the result of the analysis, and the accurate three-phase switching synchronous operation was obtained at last.

Applications of MEMS-MOSFET Hybrid Switches to Power Management Circuits for Energy Harvesting Systems

A hybrid switch that uses a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switch as a gate driver of a MOSFET is applied to an energy harvesting system. The power management circuit adopting the hybrid switch provides ultralow leakage, self-referencing, and high current handling capability. Measurements show that solar energy harvester circuit utilizing the MEMS-MOSFET hybrid switch accumulates energy and charges a battery or drive a resistive load without any constant power supply and reference voltage. The leakage current during energy accumulation is less than 10 pA. The power management circuit adopting the proposed hybrid switch is believed to be an ideal solution to self-powered wireless sensor nodes in smart grid systems.

Implementation possibilities of hybrid IGBT‐IGCT switches in three‐level NPC inverters

PurposeThis paper aims to present an analysis of a hybrid high‐voltage switch based on the parallel connection of IGBT and IGCT. The proposed configuration combines the advantages of both semiconductors, resulting in substantially reduced power losses. Such energy efficient switches could be used in high‐power systems where the requirements of high switching frequency or decreased cooling systems are a major concern.Design/methodology/approachThe operation principle of the switch is described and simulated. The power dissipation is estimated at different operation conditions. Further, the implementation possibilities of the proposed switch configuration in a three‐level NPC inverter are analysed. The operation with the proposed PWM control algorithm is simulated and inverter power loss distribution is estimated.FindingsAccording to estimations, the proposed hybrid switch configuration allows the reduction of total losses in semiconductors by at least 50 percent. If two of these switches are used in a three‐level NPC inverter as outer switches, the total losses of the inverter are reduced by 27 percent, at the same time the losses in the most stressed semiconductor device are reduced by a factor of 2.25. Therefore, achieving higher power density is possible.Practical implicationsThe proposed switch configuration is intended for high‐power (>500 KVA) industrial, marine and railway traction systems, such as FACTS and high power variable frequency AC drives.Originality/valueThe paper presents the novel energy‐efficient high‐voltage switch based on the parallel connection of commercially available IGBTs and IGCTs.

A 55-kW Three-Phase Inverter Based on Hybrid-Switch Soft-Switching Modules for High-Temperature Hybrid Electric Vehicle Drive Application

This paper presents a 55-kW three-phase inverter based on soft-switching modules for hybrid electric vehicle drives at high-temperature conditions. The main switch of the module is composed of the hybrid switch, which is composed of parallel IGBT and MOSFET. Highly integrated soft-switching modules have been employed to achieve switching loss as well as conduction loss reduction. The operation principle of the proposed inverter is analyzed in detail. Experimental evaluations of the inverter have been conducted through both inductive load and motor-dynamometer load at coolant temperatures ranging from 25°C to 90°C. Efficiency measurement using power meter showed that the peak efficiency is around 99%, and it drops slightly at lower speed and higher temperature conditions. To ensure measurement fidelity, a double-chamber differential calorimeter system was designed and calibrated for the inverter testing. Through long-hour testing, the measured efficiencies consistently showed 99% and higher. The soft-switching inverter has been operated reliably and demonstrated high efficiency at different temperature and test conditions.

Fast response 2 \times 2 thermo-optic switch with polymer/silica hybrid waveguide

A polymer/silica hybrid 2 \times 2 multimode-interference Mach–Zehnder interferometer thermo-optic (TO) switch is designed and fabricated. Instead of polymer, silica is used as under-cladding to accelerate heat release because of its large thermal conductivity. The developed switch exhibits low power consumption of 6.2 mW, low crosstalk of about –28 dB, and short response time. The rise and fall times of 103 and 91 \mu s for this hybrid switch are shortened by 40.8% and 52.4%, respectively, compared with those of the fabricated TO switch (174 and 191 \mu s) using polymer as both upper- and under-claddings.

Overview of networked control system based on hybrid control theory

Networked control system (NCS) is a distributed system in which the communication between sensor, actuator and controller occurs over a shared digital network. NCS can be treated as a hybrid system and in the past few years we have witnessed significant progress on using hybrid control theory for NCS. In this survey, we review the typical applications of hybrid control in NCS in the three aspects: 1) modelling and control associated with switched systems, asynchronous dynamical systems, and mixed logical dynamic systems; 2) scheduling design focused on hybrid switch method; 3) hybrid control theory to analyse the stability of NCS. As the conclusion of this paper, we also offer our view on the future research direction of this technically important area.

Micro-Electro-Mechanical System/Field-Effect-Transistor Hybrid Switch for Energy Scavenging System

An innovative micro-electro-mechanical system/metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MEMS/MOSFET) hybrid switch is presented. The main switch of the hybrid device is a MOSFET switch whose gate voltage is supplied through a MEMS switch. The electrostatic operation mechanism and inherent hysteresis characteristics of MEMS switch combined with the characteristics of MOSFET provides a high current handling capability, a low power consumption, self-referencing, a high noise immunity, and an ease of control and all of these advantages are experimentally demonstrated in practical circuits. This hybrid switch can be employed in energy scavenging system and in other electronic devices in order to save standby energy.

Hybrid switch with controlled switching for circuits with capacitor banks

An original scheme for constructing a hybrid switch (HSW) for switching capacitor banks is proposed and proven. The experimental studies of the transient processes during current commutation in the hybrid switch are conducted. The dependences of the transition time of the current between a vacuum arcquenching chamber (VDK) and a diode unit on the switching current are determined. A mathematical model of the current transition between the vacuum arc-quenching chamber and diode units under different switching modes is developed.

25Gb/s hybrid silicon switch using a capacitively loaded traveling wave electrode

We demonstrate a hybrid silicon modulator and switch operating up to 25 Gb/s with over 10 dB extinction ratio. The modulator has voltage-length product of 2.4 V-mm while the switch has switch time less than 35 ps and crosstalk smaller than -12 dB.