Hybrid Nanoparticles Research Articles

Enhancing thermal performance in power electronic modules through a novel micro-nozzle model and hybrid nanoparticles with varied shape factors

Temperature uniformity in high-heat-flux electronic devices is an important concern in the field of micro-scale heat transfer. The present study recommends four novel configurations of cone-shaped nozzles to reduce the temperature of Si-IGBT electrical modules. Moreover, the thermal characteristics of working fluid (H2O) improved using a 1 % to 5 % volume fraction of Fe3O4 –Ag (50 % -50 %) nanoparticles with Spherical, Blades, and Lamina synthetic shapes. The constant heat flux ranging from 110 W/cm2 to 240 W/cm2 was considered a boundary condition for the top of the module, i.e. IGBT and the Diode. The simulation was conducted by computational fluid dynamic software ANSYS-FLUENT-18.2 which employed the Realizable k-ε model for turbulence flow. The outputs indicated that the spiral nozzles (Case 4) increase the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) compared to simple cone-shaped nozzles (Case 1). It was also found that the use of hybrid nanoparticles causes an increase in the cooling of the fluid and moves away from the critical point (393.15 K). On the other hand, the synthetic forms of Lamina have caused a reduction of the temperature by almost 2.3 % relative to other forms of nanoparticles because of their higher thermal permeability.

Development of Hybrid Implantable Local Release Systems Based on PLGA Nanoparticles with Applications in Bone Diseases.

The current strategy for treating osteomyelitis includes surgical procedures for complete debridement of the formed biofilm and necrotic tissues, systemic and oral antibiotic therapy, and the clinical use of cements and three-dimensional scaffolds as bone defect fillers and delivery systems for therapeutic agents. The aim of our research was to formulate a low-cost hybrid nanoparticulate biomaterial using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), in which we incorporated the therapeutic agent (ciprofloxacin), and to deposit this material on titanium plates using the matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique. The deposited material demonstrated antibacterial properties, with all analyzed samples inhibiting the growth of tested bacterial strains, confirming the release of active substances from the investigated biocomposite. The poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-ciprofloxacin (PLGA-CIP) nanoparticle scaffolds displayed a prolonged local sustained release profile over a period of 45 days, which shows great promise in bone infections. Furthermore, the burst release ensures a highly efficient concentration, followed by a constant sustained release which allows the drug to remain in the implant-adjacent area for an extended time period.

Self-assembled lipid-based nanoparticles for chemotherapy against breast cancer.

Self-assembled lipid-based nanoparticles have been shown to have improved therapeutic efficacy and lower toxic side effects. Breast cancer is a common type of malignant tumor in women. Conventional drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) have shown low therapeutic efficacy and high drug toxicity in antitumor therapy. This paper surveys research on self-assembled lipid-based nanoparticles by categorizing them under three groups: self-assembled liposomal nanostructures, self-assembled niosomes, and self-assembled lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles. Subsequently, the structural features and operating mechanisms of each group are summarized individually along with examples of representative drugs from each group.

Hybrid nanofluid flow in chamber containing heated and concentrated internal source under the effectiveness of applied magnetic field

Extensive applications of buoyancy-induced flow owing to temperature and concentration gradients have been found exclusively in diversified industrial and technological processes, such as heat exchange systems, solar collectors, heat sinks, and power plants. Additionally, installation of internal sources in confined configurations is essential in operation performance of many devices relevant to transformers, radiators, air cooling engines, fuel cells, semiconductor instruments and so forth. Furthermore, in recent decades, hybridized nanoparticles have been added to different setups to increase their efficiency. Therefore, the premier motive of current work is to examine mass and heat transport mechanisms in water-based fluids encompassed in a corrugated rectangular chamber with the induction of copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2O3) in a hybrid manner. A horizontally oriented magnetic field is assumed, along with the adjustment of a uniformly heated and concentrated source. The thermal conductivity relation proposed by Maxwell is obliged to scrutinize the performance of hybridized nanoparticles in controlling heat exchange in the domain. In this study, a power-law viscosity model is manifested along with utilization of other conservation laws and model structuring in the form of dimensionless expressions is performed by accomplishsing variables. Finite element simulations are executed by utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 to solve developed governing equations system. The quantities of interest, such as average heat and mass fluxex, along with presentation of percentage change versus sundry factors, through graphical and tabular display. From a thorough examination, it is inferred that magnetic field plays an effective significance in controlling the excessive thermosolutal gradients. In addition, inudction of hybridized nanoparticles will positively affect thermal exchange in the base liquid compared to the situation when nanoparticles are not added. It is also deduced that average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers decreased up to 3 % and 2.4 % respectively for hydromagnetic situation (Ha = 0) in comparison to hydrodynamic case (Ha ≠ 0). Decrement in coefficients representing thermosolutal exchange reach up to 55 % and 66 % approximately against increment in number of corrugations. Induction of hybrid nanoparticles resulted in an increase in the coefficients of thermal and solutal transfer up to 14 % and 22 %, respectively, compared to the scenario where the base fluid contained no particles. For shear thinning aspects of non-Newtonain liquid, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers exceeds in comparison to Newtonian case and contrary aspects are observed for shear thickening materials.

Morphology Control of Polymer-Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials Prepared in Miniemulsion: From Solid Particles to Capsules.

The preparation of so-called hybrid nanomaterials has been widely developed in terms of functional and morphological complexity. However, the specific control of the arrangement of organic and inorganic species, which determines the properties of the final material, still remains a challenge. This article offers a review of the strategies that have been used for the preparation of polymer-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles and nanocapsules via processes involving miniemulsions. Different polymer-inorganic nanostructures are classified into four main groups according to the sequential order followed between the synthesis of the polymer and the inorganic species, and the presence or not of their counterpart precursors. The minimization of the energy of the system governs the self-assembly of the different material components and can be addressed by the miniemulsion formulation to reduce the interfacial tensions between the phases involved. The state of the art in the preparation of hybrid nanoparticles is reviewed, offering insight into the structural possibilities allowed by miniemulsion as a versatile synthetic technique.

Hepatic stellate cell-targeted chemo-gene therapy for liver fibrosis using fluorinated peptide-lipid hybrid nanoparticles

Exploring precise and effective treatments for liver fibrosis is urgent. The effective therapy for liver fibrosis depends on the specific delivery of antifibrotic drugs to activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs). However, this is a challenging task due to pathological barriers, primarily caused by collagen deposition. This study developed vitamin A-functionalized fluorinated peptide/lipid hybrid nanoparticles to co-deliver sorafenib and siRNA against HSP47 (SF-siHSP47@VFPL NPs). This nanoparticle formulation offers significant advantages due to its fluorine‑fluorine and electrostatic interactions, allowing for high SF and siHSP47 loading efficiency and sustained drug release. Importantly, in vitro cell uptake and in vivo biodistribution revealed that VA functionalization significantly improved aHSC-targeted delivery efficiency by engaging retinol-binding protein receptors on HSCs. Furthermore, it dramatically reduced extracellular matrix deposition, as evidenced by diminished levels of liver fibrosis-associated genes (HSP47, TIMP-1, and collagen I), promoting collagen breakdown and preventing collagen production, thus overcoming drug delivery barriers. Thus, SF-siHSP47@VFPL NPs demonstrated optimal antifibrotic effects by triggering apoptosis and ferroptosis in aHSCs. In liver fibrosis mouse models, SF-siHSP47@VFPL NPs remodeled the pathological environment and restored liver functionality through a marked reduction in serum liver transferases, hydroxyproline content, collagen deposition, and α-SMA and CD31 expression in liver tissue, resulting in alleviated liver fibrosis. Consequently, SF-siHSP47@VFPL NPs showed significant potential for HSC-targeted, chemo-gene therapy in the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Shape factor and thermal radiation effects on convective MHD flow of Casson blood ternary hybrid nano‐fluid through a stretched rotating rigid disk

AbstractThe mathematical modeling of blood flow with the incorporation of ternary hybrid nanoparticles (i.e., titania, silica, and alumina nanoparticles) is the focus of this work. The flow of blood is simulated using the Casson fluid model. The impacts of ternary hybrid nanoparticles, shape factor, and Geometry of solid nanoparticles are visualized and investigated. The momentum and thermal characteristics of a flowing liquid are determined by considering magnetization, porosity, and nonlinearized radiating thermal flux. The basic partial differential equations resulting from mathematical modeling are turned into non‐linear ordinary differential equations using suitable velocity transforms. The derived nonlinear equations are then numerically calculated using the 4th‐5th order Runge‐Kutta‐Fehlberg method with the shooting technique and analytically solved by the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). The effects of the factors involved on the dimensionless profiles produced are fully addressed. It is found that the Skin friction factor and heat transfer rate in the radial direction upsurge with the augment of both rotation parameter and nanoparticles volume fraction; however, the Skin friction factor drops in the azimuthal direction. Also, results obtained reveal an enhancement in the local Nusselt number with the upsurge in the magnitude of radiation parameter, Rd, solid nanoparticles concentration, , shape factor value, s, and disk temperature, . For validation, the outcomes of this inquiry were compared to the outcomes of the HAM‐based Mathematica software. In addition, the acquired analytical DRA data are compared to numerical RKF45 values and those given in the literature.

Miniaturized Electrochemical Gas Sensor with a Functional Nanocomposite and Thin Ionic Liquid Interface for Highly Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Hydrogen.

Hydrogen has been widely used in industrial and commercial applications as a carbon-free, efficient energy source. Due to the high flammability and explosion risk of hydrogen-air mixtures, it is vital to develop sensors featuring fast-responding and high sensitivity for hydrogen leakage detection. This paper presents a miniaturized electrochemical gas sensor by elaborately establishing a nanocomposite and thin ionic liquid interface for highly sensitive and rapid electrochemical detection of hydrogen, in which a remarkable response time and recovery time of approximately 6 s was achieved at room temperature. A screen-printed carbon electrode was modified with a reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotube (rGO-CNT) hybrid and platinum-palladium (Pt-Pd) bimetallic nanoparticles to realize high sensitivity. To achieve miniaturization and high stability of the sensor, a thin-film room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) was employed as the electrolyte with a significantly decreased response time. The fast-responding hydrogen sensor demonstrates excellent performance with high sensitivity, linearity, and repeatability at concentrations below the lower explosive limit of 4 vol %. The engineered high-performance interface and gas sensor provide a promising and effective strategy for gas sensor design and rapid hazardous gas monitoring.

Revolutionizing Influenza Treatment: A Deep Dive into Targeted Drug Delivery Systems.

Influenza, a highly transmissible respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses A and B, poses a persistent threat to global public health due to its high mutation rate, ability to develop resistance to existing antiviral drugs, and capacity for rapid spread. Current treatment options, including four main classes of antiviral agents-adamantanes, neuraminidase inhibitors, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors, and polymerase acidic endonuclease inhibitors- are limited by the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains, non-specific drug distribution, and adverse side effects. Moreover, the effectiveness of traditional vaccines is often compromised by antigenic drift and shift, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. This review comprehensively explores the potential of novel targeted drug delivery systems to address these limitations and improve influenza management. Nanotechnology-based platforms, including lipid-based, polymer-based, inorganic, and hybrid nanoparticles, offer enhanced drug delivery through improved bioavailability, targeted action, and controlled release, thus minimizing systemic toxicity and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Inhalation delivery systems such as dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, and nanotechnology-based inhalation formulations provide direct delivery of antiviral agents to the respiratory tract, ensuring rapid onset of action with reduced systemic side effects. Transdermal delivery methods, including microneedle patches and hydrogel-based systems, offer non-invasive alternatives that enhance patient compliance and allow for sustained drug release. Furthermore, this review discusses recent innovations, such as responsive drug delivery systems and multifunctional nanoparticles capable of simultaneous delivery of multiple therapeutic agents, representing a significant advancement in the fight against influenza. These novel approaches promise improved targeting and efficacy and enable personalized treatment strategies, enhancing patient outcomes in both seasonal flu and pandemic scenarios. Integrating these advanced drug delivery systems into clinical practice could revolutionize the management of influenza, offering a promising pathway toward more effective and safer therapies.

Impacts of conduction and radiation modes on freezing within an enclosure utilizing hybrid nanoparticles by means of mathematical modeling

Impacts of conduction and radiation modes on freezing within an enclosure utilizing hybrid nanoparticles by means of mathematical modeling

Efficient Electrosynthesis of Valuable para-Benzoquinone from Aqueous Phenol on NiRu Hybrid Catalysts.

Electrocatalytic oxidation of aqueous phenol to para-benzoquinone (p-BQ) offers a sustainable approach for both pollutant abatement and value-added chemicals production. However, achieving high phenol conversion and p-BQ yield under neutral conditions remains challenging. Herein, we report a Ni(OH)2-supported Ru nanoparticles (NiRu) hybrid electrocatalyst, which exhibits a superior phenol conversion of 96.5% and an excellent p-BQ yield of 83.4% at pH 7.0, significantly outperforming previously reported electrocatalysts. This exceptional performance benefits from the triple synergistic modulation of the NiRu catalyst, including enhanced phenol adsorption, increased p-BQ desorption, and suppressed oxygen evolution. By coupling a flow electrolyzer with an extraction-distillation separation unit, the simultaneous phenol removal and p-BQ recovery are realized. Additionally, the developed electrocatalytic system with the NiRu/C anode displays good stability, favorable energy consumption, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for phenol-containing wastewater treatment, demonstrating its potential for practical applications. This work offers a promising strategy for achieving low-carbon emissions in phenol wastewater treatment.

Conjugation of Multiple Proteins Onto the Surface of PLGA/Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles are increasingly being used in the development of vaccines for disease prevention or treatment. Recent research has demonstrated that conjugating a protein onto the surface of nanoparticles can significantly increase its immunogenicity. Considering various pathogens that threaten human health, multivalent vaccines are often desirable. Up to now, nanoparticle-based vaccines are mostly limited to one protein per nanoparticle. No research has been conducted to explore the possibility of conjugating more than one protein onto the surface of a nanoparticle. Here we developed a specific conjugation strategy to conjugate multiple proteins to the PLGA/lipid hybrid nanoparticle surface. The maleimide-thiol Michael addition, Aizde-DBCO (Dibenzocyclooctyne), and TCO (trans-cycloctene)-Tetrazine click chemistry were employed to conjugate three different proteins, subunit keyhole limpet hemocyanin (sKLH), Ovalbumin (OVA), and cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197), to the surface of PLGA/lipid hybrid nanoparticles (hNPs). The successful results of this study pave the way for developing multivalent vaccines against different pathogens.

Homotopic dynamic solution of hydrodynamic nonlinear natural convection containing superhydrophobicity and isothermally heated parallel plate with hybrid nanoparticles

Abstract The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of thermal radiation on convective heat transfer for an electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid moving perpendicularly through a microchannel with parallel plates heated under isothermal conditions, while subjected to a transverse magnetic field. In this case, one surface exhibited a superhydrophobic slip and temperature jump, whereas the others did not. The objective of the study was to determine the impacts of thermal radiation, heat generation, and magnetism on the volume flow rate, velocity, and bulk temperature when either surface is heated by a constant wall temperature. Our findings reveal that the radiation parameter significantly influences both the Nusselt number and skin friction differently depending on the surface conditions, while also reducing flow rate and bulk temperature. The heat generation parameter similarly affects these variables but varies with the type of surface being heated. Additionally, both the velocity and temperature profiles increase with the porosity parameter and heat generation coefficient, regardless of the heated surface. Statistical analysis confirms the significance of magnetic and heat generation parameters in determining skin friction and the Nusselt number, and streamlines and isotherms illustrating the effects of thermal radiation and magnetism on two different hybrid nanofluids when heated on nonslip and superhydrophobic surfaces were provided. These insights provide valuable information for the design and maintenance of mini- and microdevices in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Single-Dose Physically Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid and Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles Containing Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate Eliminate Established Tumors.

Activating the STING pathway in the cytosol of tumor-infiltrating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) represents a promising strategy to elicit potent antitumor immune responses for cancer therapy. However, STING agonists are mostly small hydrophilic molecules that suffer from rapid clearance and poor cytosolic delivery following systemic administration. While various nanoparticles have been developed to promote cytosolic delivery, they often exhibit premature drug release during circulation. Alternatively, stable nanoparticles with sustained release during circulation have poor cytosolic delivery. In this study, we have developed physically cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA) and lipid hybrid nanoparticles containing cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), denoted as HLHC, to address these challenges. The HLH delivery system has sustained drug release due to multiple lipid layers physically cross-linked by HA. HLHC efficiently delivers cGAMP to the cytosol of APCs, inducing more IFNβ than cGAMP and liposomal cGAMP. HLH also improves the drug circulation time and biodistribution to the tumor compared with the liposomal formulation and free drug. Strikingly, a single dose of HLHC, but not liposomal cGAMP or free cGAMP, elicits potent antitumor immunity and regresses established MC38 tumors. A single dose of HLHC even regresses established B16F10 tumors upon combination with αPD-L1. Moreover, cured animals were protected from rechallenge with the same tumor cells. HLHC represents an efficient strategy to address delivery challenges associated with STING agonists and may have broad applications for the delivery of drugs acting in the cytosol.

Electroosmotically assisted peristaltic propulsion of blood-based hybrid nanofluid through an endoscope with activation energy

The main aim of this research work is to analyze the peristaltic pumping of hybrid nanofluid through an endoscope. Here, blood is considered as base fluid and iron-oxide and gold are considered as nanoparticles. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood is studied through the Casson fluid model. The effect of nanoparticles is included in the mathematical formulation by using the modified version of Buongiorno model. Moreover, the effects of motion due to electroosmosis, activation energy, and Joule heating are also considered in fluid flow. The obtained non-linear system of equations after imposing lubrication approach is solved using Mathematica. The flow properties subject to variation in different involved parameters is analyzed through graphical results. It is assessed from graphical results that for larger Casson fluid parameters, fluid flow is more accelerated. It is also observed that presence of hybrid nanoparticles improves the velocity profile as well as cooling tendency of the working fluid when compared with the case of mono nanofluid. The electroosmotic phenomenon works a key parameter that can control the fluid flow by either assisting and opposing the flow. It has observed that a larger Debye length parameter, assisting electric field, and larger activation energy parameter reduce the nanoparticle concentration.

Enhancing thermo-physical properties of hybrid nanoparticle-infused medium temperature organic phase change materials using graphene nanoplatelets and multiwall carbon nanotubes

Phase change materials (PCMs) have emerged as an intriguing option for the storage of thermal energy because of their remarkable capacity to store latent heat. However, the practical application of these materials is hindered by their low thermal conductivity and limited photo-absorbance. For this investigation, graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) hybrid nanoparticles were disseminated in RT-54HC organic PCMs at different weight fractions. The nanoparticles were incorporated into the base PCMs using a melt blending technique. Based on the findings, one combination of GNP to MWCNT in a 0.25:0.75 ratio has shown the highest thermal conductivity, with an increase of 40% (0.28 Wm−1 K−1) compared to other hybrid combinations. This breakthrough could potentially open new avenues in the field of thermal energy storage. The chemical stability of the hybrid nanoparticle dispersed composites was assessed through FTIR analysis. In addition, the composites exhibited excellent thermal stability, maintaining their structural integrity even at temperatures as high as 300 ℃. The melting temperature of the composites also showed minimal variation. Based on the evaluation of latent heat enthalpy, the organic PCM known as base RT-54HC demonstrated a heat storage capacity of 230 J/g. However, the composites exhibited a slight decrease in latent heat with increasing nanoparticle weight fraction. In addition, the composite with added hybrid nanoparticles demonstrated an increase in optical absorbance, accompanied by a decrease in transmissibility. Therefore, the hybrid nano-enhanced composites have demonstrated enhanced thermo-physical properties, making them not only suitable but also highly promising for use in applications with mid-range melting temperatures.Graphical

The effects of magnetic/nonmagnetic hybrid nanoparticles on the dynamic of Boger fluid over a coaxial disk

The effects of magnetic/nonmagnetic hybrid nanoparticles on the dynamic of Boger fluid over a coaxial disk

Saponin is Essential for the Isolation of Proteins and RNA from Biological Nanoparticles.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), biomimetics, and other biological nanoparticles (BNs) produced from human cells are gaining increasing attention in the fields of molecular diagnostics and nanomedicine for the delivery of therapeutic cargo. In particular, BNs are considered prospective delivery vehicles for different biologics, including protein and RNA therapeutics. Moreover, EVs are widely used in molecular diagnostics for early detection of disease-associated proteins and RNA. Technical approaches for measuring biologics mostly originated from the field of EVs and were later adopted for other BNs, such as extracellular vesicle-mimetic nanovesicles, membrane nanoparticles (nanoghosts), and hybrid nanoparticles, with minimal modifications. Here, we demonstrate that BNs are highly resistant to protocols that severely underestimate the protein and RNA content of BNs, and provide the relevance of these data both for general BNs characterization and practical applications of CRISPR/Cas-based therapies. We demonstrate that the addition of saponin leads to an ∼2- to 7-fold enhancement in protein isolation and an ∼2- to 242-fold improvement in RNA recovery rates and detection efficiency. Differences in the proteolipid contents of BNs, measured by Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, correlate with their susceptibility to saponin treatment for cargo extraction. Finally, we develop a unified protocol using saponin to efficiently isolate proteins and RNA from the BNs. These data demonstrate that previously utilized protocols underestimate BN cargo contents and offer gold standard protocols that can be broadly adopted into the field of nanobiologics, molecular diagnostics, and analytical chemistry.

Concurrent photothermal therapy and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging with plasmonic–magnetic nanoparticles: A numerical study

Background and Objective: Theranostics is the combination of the diagnostic and therapeutic phases. Here we focus on simultaneous use of photothermal therapy and magnetic resonance imaging, employing a contrast-photothermal agent that converts incident light into heat and affects the transverse relaxation time, a key magnetic resonance imaging parameter. Our work considers a gold–magnetite nanoshell platform to gauge the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging monitoring of the heating associated with phototherapy, by studying the modification of the transverse relaxation rate induced by laser illumination of a solution containing these hybrid nanoparticles. Methods:We simulate a system composed of an aqueous solution with hybrid nanoshells under continuous laser irradiation, enabling the evaluation of spatial variations of the transverse relaxation rate within the sample. We work with the hybrid nanoshell platform comprising a metal/gold shell for thermoplasmonic effects and a magnetite core for magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement. The optical properties of the nanoshells are first obtained through simulations using the finite element method. Next, the heating generated by the laser illumination is calculated by numerical integration. Finally, the transverse relaxation rate is obtained through the application of an analytical model. Additionally, we conduct an optimization of the nanoshell geometry to fulfill requirements of both magnetic resonance imaging and phototherapy techniques. Results:Our findings demonstrate a narrow range of nanoshell sizes exhibiting both a plasmonic absorption peak in the human biological window and a high response to laser illumination of the transverse relaxation rate. Furthermore, the illumination can induce up to a 30% modification in transverse relaxation rate compared to the non-illuminated scenario in this range of nanoshell sizes. Conclusions:In this work we establish the numerical understanding of the interplay between phototherapy and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging when employed concurrently. This allows magnetic resonance imaging monitoring of the heating associated with phototherapy.

Preparation and Characterization of Papain Loaded Phosphatidyl Choline-PLGA Hybrid Nanoparticles as Novel Drug Delivery Systems

Preparation and Characterization of Papain Loaded Phosphatidyl Choline-PLGA Hybrid Nanoparticles as Novel Drug Delivery Systems