Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Research Articles

Comparative numerical analysis of dissipative radiative $$\left(ZnO{-}Ti{O}_{2}/PG\right)$$ hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer towards a nonlinear radial stretching sheet

Comparative numerical analysis of dissipative radiative $$\left(ZnO{-}Ti{O}_{2}/PG\right)$$ hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer towards a nonlinear radial stretching sheet

Hydrothermal analysis of hybrid nanofluid flow inside a shell and double coil heat exchanger; Numerical examination

In a shell-and-coil heat exchanger, employing a double coil instead of a simple coil causes more heat transfer compared to a simple coil because the double coil improves heat exchange through enhanced fluid flow and turbulence, enabling a longer tube length in constrained locations.. In addition to reducing fouling and the requirement for maintenance, the helical shape may also provide the benefit of a self-cleaning action. Ensuring a more even flow distribution also maximizes the heat exchanger's surface area use and reduces low flow zones. Applications needing compact solutions without compromising performance especially benefit from this design's versatility, allowing customization to meet unique operational demands. In numerous industrial applications, helical coils offer substantial benefits in terms of effectiveness, upkeep, and design freedom.In the present work, heat transfer and fluid flow in a shell-and-coil tube heat exchanger equipped with a double helical coil are evaluated numerically. The employed heat transfer fluids are water-based hybrid nanofluids, including TiO2-Mgi/water and AG-HEG/Water. The obtained outcomes are compared with the results of pure water. The range of considered Reynolds numbers is 500 – 2000. This work consists of two sections. In the first part, the impact of the type of hybrid nanofluid on the hydrothermal behaviour of the proposed heat exchanger is analysed. The volume concentration of the nanoparticles here is ϕ1 = ϕ2 = 0.3. In the second section, the best hybrid nanofluid is selected according to the results of the first section; then, the impact of the nanoparticles' volume concentration on the thermal performance of the proposed heat exchanger is evaluated. Three various nanoparticle volume concentrations, including ϕ1 = ϕ2 = 0.1, ϕ1 = ϕ2 = 0.3, and ϕ1 = ϕ2 = 0.5, are considered, and the results are compared with those of the pure water case (ϕ1 = ϕ2 = 0).The obtained results show that amongst the different heat transfer fluids considered, the Water/MgO-TiO2 model shows the most outstanding value of thermal performance in all the studied Reynolds numbers. Also, the obtained numerical results show that the use of the proposed double coil tube leads to an increase in the heat transfer rate.

Non-Newtonian blood flow across stenosed elliptical artery: Case study of nanoparticles for brain disabilities with fuzzy logic

This analysis aimed to explore the blood-based non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid flow in elliptical stenosed artery with single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as nanoparticles. The Carreau fluid model is incorporated to assess the non-Newtonian rheology of blood-based nanofluid for mild stenosis. In particular, the carotid artery is responsible for delivering blood to the brain. If normal blood circulation is disrupted or in the case of severe stenosis, blockage of the carotid artery can lead to the development of brain disability or stroke, which in turn can lead to death. The idealized mathematical equation is transformed into a nondimensional form and solved analytically via the perturbation method through a novel polynomial technique. These analytical solutions are explored and explained graphically. The system’s disorder and variability are assessed by completing an entropy production analysis. The disruption in blood flow due to the presence of nanoparticles causes uncertainty in the flow nature. This uncertainty is dealt with by fuzzy analysis of temperature distribution by accounting for the nanoparticle volume fractions as triangular fuzzy numbers. It is noticed that stenosis shapes and height greatly impact the flow characteristics. The nanoparticles’ percentage in fluid affected the temperature profile. The non-Newtonian characteristics of blood are found to be more dominant along the minor axis, and an effectively higher disorder is produced in this direction. It is observed that the temperature of nanofluid emerged as a triangular fuzzy number of symmetric shape.

Thermal performance analysis of oriented MHD convective flow and entropy production of hybrid nanofluids in a cavity induced by semicircles at different radii ratios

AbstractThe current study numerically treats the magnetic field impacts on the natural convection flow and entropy generation in a square cavity filled with hybrid nanofluid and induced by two isothermally heated semicircles at the bottom and left walls of the cavity. The cavity is filled by hybrid nanofluid (titanium oxide/silver‐water) and oriented under different inclination angles with the applied magnetic field. The simulations in this study were executed via a home‐made code written in the FORTRAN programing language. The numerical methodology considered to solve the coupled equations of continuity, momentum, energy, and entropy generation equations with the associated boundary conditions is the finite volume method and the full multigrid acceleration. Various wake parameters are considered in this research study, namely, the inclination angle of the cavity (α), the magnetic field inclination (γ), the Hartmann number (Ha), the Rayleigh number (Ra), the volume fraction of the hybrid nanofluid (ϕ) and the internal semicircles radii ratio (β). The major findings issued from the impact of these parameters on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics reveal that heat transfer and entropy generation are a decreasing function of the Hartmann parameter. Moreover, the total entropy generation is intensified by 85.23% from Ra = 103 to Ra = 106 for Ha = 10, by 85.818% for Ha = 50 and 83.813% for Ha = 100. Besides, the flow magnitude is found decreasing with increasing the radii ratio β of the semicircles. It is also found that optimal heat transfer rates deducted from the variation of average Nusselt number versus Ra for different volume fractions of the hybrid nanoparticles are obtained for the extreme values of the pertinent parameters (β = 1, ϕ = 8%, Ra = 106). Hence, the present work offers a useful tool and a parametric study for the research community and engineers on the design and optimization of thermal management systems used in a variety of industrial applications, such as heat exchangers, nuclear reactors, and energy systems.

Diversified characteristic of carbon nanotube nanoparticles on the entropy minimization for the flow of hybrid nanofluid through a convectively heated surface

AbstractAn analysis of entropy is essential to determine the heat transfer efficiency characteristics of nanofluids in different applications. Implementation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that is the combined effect of “single‐wall carbon nanotube” (SWCNT) and “multi‐wall carbon nanotube” (MWCNT) in water shows their effective properties in enhancing the heat transport phenomena. In general, these are useful in different industrial processes for the better shape of the product proposed as a coolant, cancer therapy, solar radiation, etc. Based on special characteristics, the current investigation analyses the flow properties of water‐based CNT cross‐hybrid nanofluid past a convectively heated surface. The heat transport characteristic enriches by the insertion of dissipative heat, thermal radiation, and external heat source/sink. The appropriate choice of similarity rules is useful in transforming the governing designed problem in non‐dimensional form and further, a “spectral quasi‐linearization method (SQLM)” is imposed to solve the set of equations. After getting the result, the process of irreversibility due to various factors is obtained, that is, the analysis of entropy is presented briefly. The physical significance of designed factors is deployed graphically and described in the discussion section. However, the validation with the earlier result is projected to show a good correlation.

Features of melting heat transfer in magnetized squeezing radiative flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid

The increasing need for a steady energy supply to enhance efficiency is progressively growing in both residential and manufacturing industries. This demand can be addressed by utilizing advanced technologies like a melting heat generator to produce significant amounts of heat and prevent overheating. Based on the above applications of melting heat, the consequences of melting heat transfer induction on ternary hybrid nanofluid (T-HNF) exposed to solar radiation mechanism in an erratic squeezing flow are considered. The nanoparticles Copper (Cu), Silicon dioxide (SiO2), Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) are immersed in base fluid Engine oil (EO) resulting in T-HNF (Cu + SiO2 + ZrO2/EO). The model equation also takes into account the entropy generation minimization and Bejan number. Both the spectral collocation technique (SCT) and finite element scheme (FES) are applied to solve the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through the Mathematica package. Our results reveal that the impact of three-component nanoparticles increases, while the solar radiation parameter raises the energy profile. Also, an increase in the magnetic field deteriorates the velocity distribution. The research has various potential applications, such as in ice and snow melting, solar thermal energy storage, and the food industry.

Enhanced heat transfer rate on the flow of hybrid nanofluid through a rotating vertical cone: a statistical analysis

The recent study needs the optimal conditions for maximizing heat transfer rate with minimizing energy consumption. This is a basic objective of several industries in their production processes along with in improving the efficiency in electronic gadgets. Therefore, hybrid nanofluid plays an important role in enhancing heat transport phenomena. The current study investigates the improved heat transfer properties of a water-based hybrid nanofluid containing Al2O3 and Cu nanoparticles flowing through a rotating vertical cone embedded in a porous medium. The convective flow is enhanced by a magnetic field and thermal radiation, contributing to the complexity of the flow dynamics. However, the dimensional physical quantities are transformed to non-dimensional parameters by the implementation of suitable similarity rules. Furthermore, the transformed equations are numerically solved using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta shooting method. Henceforth, to get the optimal heat transfer rate, a robust statistical technique called response surface methodology (RSM) and for the validation a hypothetical test is organized by using analysis of variance. The parametric behavior is conducted via graphs and the physical description is presented briefly. Further, the major outcomes of the study are: both the particle concentrations attenuate the axial velocity whereas the fluid temperature enhances significantly. Increasing radiative heat augments the heat transport phenomena and the observation reveals that the case of hybrid nanofluids overrides the case of nanofluids.

A neuro‐computational study of viscous dissipation and nonlinear Arrhenius chemical kinetics during the hypodicarbonous acid‐based hybrid nanofluid flow past a Riga plate

AbstractWe examine the flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid (Cu+/) through a Riga plate sensor with perforations that act as an electromagnetic actuator. The hypodicarbonous acid is considered a base fluid. The impact of Arrhenius chemical kinetics and viscous dissipation are taken into account during the dynamics. The problem is formulated by considering the heat and mass transfer. An appropriate scaling is used to reduce the complexity of the problem, and further transform it into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The reduced system is further set for the first‐order system of equations that are analyzed with the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which is trained with the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The results for the state variables are displayed through graphs and tables by performing 1000 independent iterations with tolerance and . The Hartman, Casson, and Richardson numbers with their increasing values enhance the velocity profile. The chemical reaction parameter and the Prandtl number decline the thermal and concentration profiles, respectively. The Statistical analysis in the form of regression and histograms is also carried out in each case. The absolute error (AE) ranges up to and validations that range up to are presented for the varying values of each parameter. A comparative analysis of the nanofluid (NF) and hybrid nanofluid (HNF) is performed in each case study. The results for skin friction and Nusselt number are displayed numerically in the form of tables and are compared with the available literature, where the accuracy and performance of ANN are proved.

Analysis of chemical characteristics of engine‐oil‐based Prandtl hybrid nanofluid flow

AbstractThe literature showed that an empirical experiment creates another part of exploration that has been made in the field of thermal science, such that today, modern researchers are more directed to utilize hybrid types of nanoparticles due to their efficient thermal conductivity compared to single nanoparticles. The study of the hybrid flow of nanofluid is essential in many scientific and industrial arguments, such as power generation, medical equipment, oil refineries, and so forth. Furthermore, it has distinctive features to advance the expertise of their energy sources and cooling methodologies. Incentives by this research postulation: The significant objective of this investigation is to design a mathematical model of Prandtl hybrid nano liquid flow over a Riga plate when nanoparticles of aluminum alloys (AA7072 and AA7075) are suspended in engine oil. Mixed convection, activation energy, and heat radiation are also considered. The nanomaterial is modeled using a modified Buongiorno model that considers the functional qualities of hybrid nanofluids. The simulated PDEs are converted into a collection of nonlinear ODEs with appropriate and relevant similarity transformations, which are numerically addressed using finite‐difference‐oriented bvp4c procedure in MATLAB. Graphs and tables are used to evaluate and show the impacts of different factors on velocity, temperature, concentration fields, skin friction number, and Nusselt number. The velocity profile develops with the enhancement of Prandtl fluid parameters. With the increment in the magnetic parameter, both temperature and concentration profiles improve, but in the case of the Brownian motion parameter, the concentration profile declines. In terms of heat transfer, hybrid nanofluids outperform ordinary nanofluids. The current results provide an equitable contrast against the results that already exist.

Asymptotic analysis of MHD chemically reacting boundary layer flow of Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid

AbstractFluids with enhanced heat transport characteristics are essential for efficient convection heat transportation. Hybrid nanofluids have demonstrated their effectiveness as viable substitutes for conventional heat transport fluids. This study explores the heat and mass exchange occurring within a chemically reactive, unsteady boundary layer flow of a copper oxide‐multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CuO‐MWCNTs)/ethylene glycol Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid. Additionally, the influence of heat source/sink effects in a hydromagnetic environment is carefully added. The study employs a non‐Newtonian flow model and incorporates the Arrhenius activation energy for analysis. The hybrid nanofluid consists of a base fluid, ethylene glycol, enriched with copper oxide nanoparticles and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes. The governing coupled non‐linear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations, considering appropriate free stream, and wall boundary conditions; then, the Shooting method is employed to solve the resulting ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in MATLAB. The graphical and numerical outcomes are studied for various parameter combinations. The graphs illustrate the numerical results for the CuO‐MWCNTs/ethylene glycol hybrid nanofluid. These results are comprehensively discussed to analyze the influence of different thermo‐fluidic parameters on the Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid's heat, mass, and flow characteristics. The skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are provided in a numerical table that displays the alterations of these parameters across various parameter values. As the Jeffrey fluid parameter rises, the Nusselt number and skin friction escalate, while the Sherwood number diminishes. Conversely, as the Deborah number rises, the Nusselt number and skin friction decline, but the Sherwood number increases. A comparative analysis with published results confirms the consistency of the present results.

Darcy–Forchheimer modelling on unsteady MHD convection flow of a hybrid nanofluids (CNTs–Al2O3/H2O) over a stretching sheet

AbstractThe present article provides a detailed analysis of the Darcy–Forchheimer flow of hybrid nanofluid past a porous stretching sheet. The carbon nanotubes and Al2O3 (aluminium oxide) are used to synthesize hybrid nanofluid. The nanoparticles of carbon nanotubes have attained fame to enhance the thermo‐physical features of fluid particles. The inclusion of nanoparticles of multi‐wall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)/single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and alumina in water past a stretching sheet by the magnetic field, thermal radiation, heat dissipation as well as slip conditions is computationally explored. The hybrid nanofluid flow experiences the unsteady non‐Darcy relation across two‐dimensional stretchable surface. At first, the governing partial differential equations of the projected modelling are in non‐dimensional and to attain the ordinary differential equations via the appropriate dimensionless similarity transformations and are then computationally explored by bvp4c MATLAB solver. The pertinent parameters of the associated model are demonstrated by the graphical profiles and tables. Furthermore, magnetic parameter, porosity parameter and inertia coefficient parameter tend to retards the flow pattern of hybrid nanofluid. The SWCNTs‐alumina/water experiences more resistive force as compared to the MWCNTs‐alumina/water. Higher values of Forchheimer parameter retards velocity profile as MWCNTs‐alumina/water flow overshoots SWCNTs‐/alumina water. The enhancement of volume fraction of MWCNTs and SWCNTs enhanced the rate of heat transfer throughout the fluid region.

Electroosmotic effect on the flow of hybrid nanofluid containing para and ferri-magnetic nanoparticles through the micro-channel implementing Darcy law

This study investigates the flow of an incompressible electroosmotic hybrid nanofluid through a micro-channel. The hybrid nanofluid consists of paramagnetic (Ta) and ferrimagnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles suspended in ethylene glycol. The Darcy model is applied to the porous media in the momentum equation, and its effects are also considered in the temperature equation, accounting for frictional and Joule heating effects. The micro-channel is influenced by both pressure and magnetic flux. The study derives an exact solution for the proposed model and evaluates key engineering parameters, such as the heat transfer rate. The findings show that a higher particle volume fraction reduces the velocity distribution, while an increased Darcy parameter decreases the rate of heat transfer. Additionally, the heat transfer rate diminishes with increasing Darcy parameter and electric flux. Notably, the ferrimagnetic nanofluid exhibits better thermal conductivity than the paramagnetic nanofluid.

Thermal analysis on Ferro Casson nanofluid flow over a Riga plate with thermal radiation and non-uniform heat source/sink

Ferro hybrid nanofluids can be used in electronics and microelectronics cooling applications to reduce heat accumulation and efficiently remove surplus heat. These nanofluids aid to maintain optimum operating temperatures and reduce device overheating by enhancing the heat transfer rate. With this motivation, the aim of the present numerical analysis is to study the three-dimensional incompressible hybrid nanofluid flow over a slippery Riga surface by combining the Casson fluid model. Mathematical modeling is constructed with nanoparticles as Fe3O4 and CoFe2O4 with base fluid as water. The non-uniform heat source/sink and thermal linear radiation effects are taken into account with the Hamilton–Crosser thermal conductivity model. A system of nonlinear PDEs is produced by the proposed problem and then the relevant similarity variables are implemented to transform the set of partial differential equations and their accompanying boundary conditions into the coupled nonlinear differential equations with one independent variable. These modified ordinary differential equations (ODEs) were then successfully solved with the Runge–Kutta fourth-order method by combining via the shooting technique. With the aid of graphical representations, the effects of various influencing parameters were presented and analyzed comprehensively. Furthermore, the impacts of relevant parameters on heat transfer rates and shear stress are concisely discussed and illustrated in tabular forms. The significant findings include the enhancement of the radiation parameter increases the thermal boundary layer thickness and the thickness increases whenever surface experiences slippery conditions. The axial and transverse momentum of the fluid are controlled with the Casson parameter. An effective connection is noticed once the current numerical solutions are verified under particular conditions that were previously described.

Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over a Shrinking Rotating Disk: Response Surface Methodology

For efficient heating and cooling applications, minimum wall shear stress and maximum heat transfer rate are desired. The current study optimized the local skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number in Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid flow over a permeable shrinking rotating disk. First, the governing equations and boundary conditions are solved numerically using the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. Von Kármán’s transformations are used to reduce the partial differential equations into solvable non-linear ordinary differential equations. The augmentation of the mass transfer parameter is found to reduce the local skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number. Higher values of these physical quantities of interest are observed in the injection case than in the suction case. Meanwhile, the increase in the magnitude of the shrinking parameter improved and reduced the local skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number, respectively. Then, response surface methodology (RSM) is conducted to understand the interactive impacts of the controlling parameters in optimizing the physical quantities of interest. With a desirability of 66%, the local skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are optimized at 1.528780016 and 0.888353037 when the shrinking parameter (λ) and mass transfer parameter (S) are −0.8 and −0.6, respectively.

Darcy-Forchheimer MHD micropolar water based hybrid nanofluid flow, heat and mass transfer features past on stretching/shrinking surface with slip and radiation effects

Hybrid nanofluids (HNF) play a vital role in enhancing the heat transfer characteristics of all types of traditional fluids, both in industrial and experimental applications. In this regard, the laminar two-dimensional (2D) boundary layer magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Darcy-Forchheimer flow, heat transfer, and mass transfers characteristics of Cu–MoS2/micropolar water-based hybrid nanofluid have been considered over a stretching/shrinking surface. The thermal radiation and partial slip effects are considered in a porous medium. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using appropriate similarity transformations. The equations are numerically solved using the shooting method in Maple software, and dual solutions are obtained for different ranges of the applied parameters. The effects of the different physical parameters and nanoparticle volume fractions on velocity, microrotation, temperature, and concentration profiles along with skin friction, couple stress, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are examined. The main findings of this study show that the velocity profiles decrease with an increase in the suction, the Darcy-Forchheimer number, velocity slip, magnetic and micromaterial parameters, while oppositely, it increases with an increase in nanoparticle volume fractions. Moreover, an increase in the magnetic field, nanoparticle volume fractions, and thermal radiation increases the temperature profiles, while an increase in the Prandtl number, suction, and thermal slip parameters decreases it. An increase in nanoparticle volume fractions decreases skin friction, the couple stress coefficient, and the Nusselt number, but increases the Sherwood number with the variation of suction.

Ternary hybrid nanofluid flow through an inclined shrinking sheet when soret, dufour and quadratic thermal radiation are significant: an irreversibility analysis with various shape factors

As nanofluid technology continues to evolve, the knowledge gained from studying flow over an inclined shrinking sheet can be applied to various emerging applications. These could include heat pipes for spacecraft thermal management, thermal management systems for wearable electronics, or even designing microfluidic channels for efficient desalination processes. A ternary hybrid nanofluid (Ethylene Glycol, Copper (II) oxide, Titanium dioxide, and Silicon dioxide) is the main focus of this study, which aims to theoretically analyse its behaviour through a tilted shrinking sheet in the presence of heat source, Dufour, and Soret effects. Governing equations are transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations and then solved using bvp4c solver. The main findings of this study are that enhancing the value of the couple stress parameter leads to a decline in fluid velocity, and increasing the Dufour number will upsurge the temperature of the fluid. It has been noticed that the Sherwood number exhibits a decline when the Soret number increases. We find that the Nusselt number noticeably increases by 0.147404161 (spherical), 0.151277029 (brick), and 0.156726935 (cylinder) for values of the Dufour number within the range of 0 to 3.

Heat and mass transfer analysis of hybrid nanofluid flow over a rotating permeable cylinder: A modified Buongiorno model approach

Many external factors influence the properties of nanoparticles in the working fluid, which subsequently determines the efficacy attributes of the ensuing nanofluid. Incorporating these factors is essential for studying heat and mass transfer in hybrid nanofluids, as it provides a detailed representation of the mechanism. Such factors are porous medium, heat source, Thermophoresis, and Brownian motion. The rotation of a cylinder can alter the flow field and boundary layer around it, which could be used for flow management scenarios such as drag reduction or separation of boundary layers control, and the complex flow patterns generated through a rotating cylinder could be utilized for improved mixing and heat transfer in processes in industry. Thus, the current novel aspect of the study examines the impacts of thermophoresis and Brownian motion over a rotating cylinder in the presence of a porous media comprised of water-based TiO2 and Fe2O4. The physical circumstances are primarily represented as PDEs based on the considered flow conditions, which then get transformed into a system of ODEs using the relevant similarity variables. The numerical solution is obtained by using RKF-45th and the shooting procedure. The flow symmetry and the effects of the specific variables associated with the problem are examined and delivered graphically. The findings confirm that the drag coefficient improves with porous material, altering fluid dynamics. Heat transmission steadily drops as the thermophoretic parameter gets larger, but mass transfer displays a contrary trend for evolving Brownian motion parameters. Also, the current results are validated with existing past studies.

Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over a Shrinking Darcy-Forchheimer Porous Medium with Shape Factor and Solar Radiation: A Stability Analysis

This research aimed to develop a numerical solution to analyze the effects of solar radiation and nanoparticle shape factors on the flow of a hybrid nanofluid past a shrinking Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium. The base fluid chosen for this study is water (H2O), and the hybrid nanofluid consists of nanoparticles of silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) in four different shapes: bricks, cylinders, platelets, and blades. To account for solar radiation, the energy model incorporated a radiative heat flux, while the momentum problem considers the influence of a magnetic field. The application of an appropriate similarity transformation method converts the partial differential equations (PDEs) model into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The mathematical model is solved using the shooting technique method and the bvp4c solver. The obtained results, along with the effects of the nanoparticle shape factor, solar radiation parameter, shrinking parameter, Darcy-Forchheimer number, and nanofluid volume fraction, are visually presented through figures and tables. It is worth noting that, in our numerical results, we observed the presence of dual solutions when λ < 0. Our findings indicate that the thermal transmittance increases with an increase in the nanoparticle shape factor and solar radiative parameter. Additionally, we observed an escalation in the velocity distribution in relation to the shrinking parameter and nanofluid volume fraction. Before reaching the two solutions, a flow stability analysis revealed that the first branch appears to be the most stable. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the behaviour of hybrid nanofluid flow in the presence of solar radiation and porous media.

Numerical and semi-analytical approaches for heat transfer analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow: A comparative study

This study presents a meticulous investigation into the intricate dynamics of a Fe3O4(25%)–Al2O3(50%)–ZnO(25%)/water ternary hybrid nanofluid within the framework of the Darcy–Forchheimer model, inclusive of heat source and suction/injection phenomena on two stretching surfaces. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations by strategically applying similarity variables. These equations are then solved using the efficient analytical approach of the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) and numerically using the implicit finite difference-based Keller Box Method (KBM). We further compare the solutions obtained through HAM with the numerical results from the KBM approach. The inquiry discerns those pivotal parameters such as porosity (Pm) and magnetic (M) amplifying the velocity profile (g), while parameters including Reynolds number (Re), inertia coefficient (Fr), rotational (Ro), and stretching (α) manifest diminishing effects. Furthermore, the study reveals a direct correlation between temperature escalation and the amplification of Eckert number (Ec), magnetic (M), radiation (R), heat source (Q), and stretching (α) parameters. In the case of suction applied to the lower and upper surfaces, the velocity profiles f′ and g, decrease whereas for injection, the opposite trend is observed. When there is suction at the upper surface the temperature profile decreases, but for suction at the upper surface the same increases. However, when there is injection, a reverse pattern is observed. Compared to water, suspension of nanoparticles with a 5% volume fraction of spheres, cylinders, platelets, and blades achieves 13%, 23%, 27%, and 36% heat transfer rates, respectively. This research provides crucial insights into nanofluid flow and heat transfer, with significant implications for various technological applications.

Comparative approach of Darcy–Forchheimer flow on water based hybrid nanofluid ([formula omitted]) and mono nanofluid ([formula omitted]) over a stretched surface with injection/suction

The hybrid nanofluids are crucial for enhancing heat transfer efficiency in different technological and industrial operations like nuclear reactor cooling, fuel cells, drug delivery systems, etc. Taking this factor into account, the current investigation focused on the MHD Darcy–Forchheimer flow of water-based hybrid nanofluid (Cu-Al2O3) and mono nanofluid (Cu) past a stretched surface with injection/suction. Additionally, the investigation focuses on analyzing the consequences of nonlinear thermal radiation and heat consumption/generation. The governing higher-order PDEs are rehabilitated into ODEs through a suitable transformation process. Finally, we solve these equations using the quantitative approach of the Bvp4c algorithm in MATLAB and visualize the results in tables and graphs. Our study revealed that the intensified magnetic field, porosity, and injection/suction parameters suppress the fluid velocity. The fluid heat is enhanced when intensifying the radiation, and nanoparticles volume fraction parameters. Augmenting the magnetic field parameter results in a reduction in the skin friction coefficient. It is also found that the highest dwindling percentage of the skin friction coefficient is 24% (HNF), 33.38% (NF), and 25.70% (VF) when the magnetic field parameter changes from 0 to 1. The largest growing percentage of the local Nusselt number is 34.02% (HNF), 36.75% (NF) and 39.52 (VF), which occurs when the suction/injection parameter is modified from −0.3 to 0.