Hybrid MAC Research Articles

Mobility Aware Adaptive Hybrid MAC Protocol for WSN

Mobility Aware Adaptive Hybrid MAC Protocol for WSN

Priority-Based Hybrid MAC Protocol for VANET with UAV-Enabled Roadside Units

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) connect vehicles with other network units through wireless communication, thus improving traffic efficiency and safety by interacting with traffic information in networks. Roadside unit (RSU) plays an important role in VANETs in connecting vehicles with the transportation centre. With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), UAV-enabled RSU (U-RSU) is an effective way to promote the performance of VANETs. In this paper, a novel medium access control (MAC) layer protocol named PHB-MAC is proposed based on the priority setting of transmitted messages. Firstly, the priority-based contention mechanism is presented to ensure the transmission efficiency of the safety message. Then, the proposed MAC protocol combining contention and adaptive scheduled scheme is described in detail. Finally, the numerical analysis and simulation results of PHB-MAC and other existing protocols are presented. It is revealed that the proposed protocol improves throughput by at least 30%. Meanwhile, it reduces packets drop rate and delay by 21% and 22%, respectively. Finally, the numerical analysis and simulation results are given to prove the advancement of the proposed protocol on throughput, packets drop rate (PDR), and delay.

Novel approach for hybrid MAC scheme for balanced energy and transmission in sensor devices

<p><span>Hybrid medium access control (MAC) scheme is one of the prominent mechanisms to offer energy efficiency in wireless sensor network where the potential features for both contention-based and schedule-based approaches are mechanized. However, the review of existing hybrid MAC scheme shows many loopholes where mainly it is observed that there is too much inclusion of time-slotting or else there is an inclusion of sophisticated mechanism not meant for offering flexibility to sensor node towards extending its services for upcoming applications of it. Therefore, this manuscript introduces a novel hybrid MAC scheme which is meant for offering cost effective and simplified scheduling operation in order to balance the performance of energy efficiency along with data aggregation performance. The simulated outcome of the study shows that proposed system offers better energy consumption, better throughput, reduced memory consumption, and faster processing in contrast to existing hybrid MAC protocols.</span></p>

Cross-layer design based hybrid MAC protocol for cognitive radio network

A minimal interrupted communication link setup is the primary objective of the MAC layer. The MAC layer is responsible for accessing the communication channel. At MAC, a control channel is used in the selection of collision free paths for data transfer. Therefore, the design of the control channel plays a pivotal role in achieving desired QoS in cognitive radio (CR) technology. Various schemes of control channel design help the CR network (CRN) to obtain better performance. The reported work focuses on a hybrid MAC protocol. The novelty of the scheme lies in the process of hybridization. A cross-layer framework is proposed for hybridization. The cross-layering has been done between network and MAC layer to achieve hybridization between different control channel design approaches. The broad categorization of control channel designs is between licensed in-band and dedicated unlicensed out-band approaches. In the in-band control channel design approach, the opportunistic use of data channel as control channel fulfills the decorum of CR technology. As soon as the primary user activity rises in the data channels, the in-band approach suffers from poor performance. On the other hand, the dedicated unlicensed out-band control channel design approach provides global coverage and all-time availability but suffers from channel saturation and intruder attacks. Interference in the control channel limits the use of out-band design. This motivates authors to develop a hybrid MAC protocol that can float between licensed in-band design and unlicensed out-band design to access the control channel. The hybridization is possible by sharing a primary user free channel list (PCL) among CR nodes. In conventional hybrid MAC protocols, the PCL is shared as a control beacon in the channel. Extra packet requirement as control beacon affects the performance of CR scenario. The proposed cross-layer design based hybrid MAC protocol avoids the need of an extra control beacon for PCL transmission. Further, the hybridization helps in achieving advantages of both in-band and out-band control channel design approaches. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid MAC protocol performs satisfactorily in terms of packet delivery ratio, average throughput, average delay and control overhead. The performances are also tested in the worst scenarios.

Elastic hybrid MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

The future is moving towards offering multiples services based on the same technology. Then, billions of sensors will be needed to satisfy the diversity of these services. Such considerable amount of connected devices must insure efficient data transmission for diverse applications. Wireless sensor network (WSN) represents the most preferred technology for the majority of applications. Researches in medium access control (MAC) mechanism have been of significant impact to the application growth because the MAC layer plays a major role in resource allocation in WSNs. We propose to enhance a MAC protocol of WSN to overcome traffic changes constraints. To achieve focused goal, we use elastic hybrid MAC scheme. The main interest of the developed MAC protocol is to design a medium access scheme that respect different quality of services (QoS) parameters needed by various established traffic. Simulation results show good improvement in measured parameters compared to typical protocol.

An intelligent hybrid MAC protocol for a sensor-based personalized healthcare system

Sensors based on personalized healthcare systems have been widely used in the medical field. However, energy limitations have greatly hindered the further development of medical sensors. For the traditional Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, the duration of low-power listening is fixed because it ignores that the available energy of sensors is different in some situations, which leads to a high delay and low energy utilization. In this paper, a Maximum Listening Length MAC (MLL-MAC) protocol is proposed to fully utilize the energy in the sensor-based systems. The MLL-MAC protocol is an improvement of the Receiver-Initiated (RI) MAC protocol. The main advance is that the sensor node performs the following additional operations: (1) The sender sends a beacon when it wakes up and sends data, thus establishing a communication link with the receiver in the listening state; (2) The receiver keeps listening as long as possible to reduce the delay when it wakes up and listens to the channel, which is different from the previous strategy in which the node turns into a sleep state immediately without receiving data. Furthermore, the sensor node can dynamically determine whether to send beacons and prolong listening duration according to its available energy level. The MLL-MAC protocol is evaluated through theoretical analysis and experimental results. The results show that, compared with the RI-MAC protocol, the MLL-MAC protocol can reduce the average end-to-end delay by 41.4% and improve the energy utilization by 15.1%.

Throughput analysis in a millimeter-wave network for a hybrid unsaturated RCAP/CTAP MAC protocol

With the explosive growth of mobile data demand, millimeter-wave (mm wave) bands are a favorable technology to support high data rate communication. The IEEE 802.15.3c standard is an attractive candidate for millimeter-wave carrier frequencies for short-range indoor applications. Providing a detailed analytical model of the medium access control (MAC) layer gives prominent information to improve network performance. In this paper, a novel comprehensive analytical model based on the two-dimensional Markov chain for hybrid MAC of IEEE 802.15.3c standard has been proposed. The M/G/1 and M/D/1 queue have been considered for the unsaturated region of the Channel Time Allocation Period (CTAP) and Regular Contention Access Period (RCAP)area. One of the main contributions of this paper is extracting mathematical equations from the novel model. Extracting mathematical equations provides a methodology for analyzing the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters of the IEEE802.15.3c MAC standard. The most essential analytical parameters are queue size, waiting time, queue saturation boundary and system instability, as considered clearly in this paper. In addition, the throughput calculation is put forth for the RCAP and CTAP areas. OPNET simulation validates our represented analytical model. In this paper, our proposed model is shown much more accurately than other articles.

Mutual authentication and data security in IOT using hybrid mac id and elliptical curve cryptography

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new emergent technology of the Internet. The Internet that we use today runs with human interposing. The Internet of Things which is the extended version of the internet which aims to offer the machine to machine communication or the device may be referred to as objects we call it object to object communication, which is without the involvement of the humans. With the growth of IOT in the market there are many considerable subjects relating to privacy, authentication, data confidentiality, data protection and other problems where solutions to these issues to be derived. This paper works on providing Mutual authentication and data security. A light weight Approach has been employed by generating Hybrid MAC ID for mutual authentication and using Elliptical Curve for secure data transfer which provides authentication and data confidentiality in the IoT Network.

A Joint Optimization Scheme for Hybrid MAC Layer in LEO Satellite Supported IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to interconnect and converge the physical world and cyberspace. It represents the future of networking, and leads the wave of the third industrial revolution. As IoT applications evolve, more and more regions lacking infrastructures are also experiencing an urgent need to deploy and connect IoT devices into the network. Low earth orbit satellites, due to its wide coverage and relatively low latency, can provide network access for IoT system. In this article, we propose a low-latency heterogeneous network MAC approach for space-earth integrated IoT network, which can significantly reduce network latency, improve system scalability and balance total system load. Specifically, we design a geographic priority time slot allocation strategy which ensures optimal load and latency, besides, we also design a continuous forward time slot allocation strategy, which guarantees data timeliness while reducing the utilization of satellite resources. Then we design three algorithms based on above strategies, which can effectively reduce network latency and balance the satellite resources. The simulation experimental results are consistent with the theoretical results, which embodies the effectiveness of the algorithm.

An energy efficient hybrid MAC protocol for smart home networks

In this paper cluster-based hybrid MAC (CB-HMAC) protocol, based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC is proposed for smart home networks. The CB-HMAC is specially designed for short packet transmission in a dense home network environment. Simulation results show that the proposed CB-HMAC is more energy-efficient than other medium access control (MAC) protocols without sacrificing much delay and throughput.

CFFD-MAC: A Hybrid MAC for Collision Free Full-Duplex Communication in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

Infrastructure-less (sometimes known as ad-hoc) networking paradigm is very appealing and potentially shaping its future into almost all emerging networks (i.e., IoT, wireless sensor networks, vehicular ad-hoc networks, emergency, and tactical radio networks, etc.). However, when conventional networking protocols are used, such networks often perform poorly, mainly because of interference within the network and limited network throughput. Recent advancements in wireless communications have enabled full-duplex (FD) operation by suppressing self-interference, which can theoretically double the network throughput. However, conventional medium access control (MAC) protocols like carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) favor half-duplex (HD) operation and fail to benefit from FD transmission opportunities. This article proposes a novel hybrid MAC protocol for full-duplex ad-hoc networks. The proposed MAC combines time division multiple access (TDMA) and IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) strengths in chains of time-slotted contention-based control frames and collision-free data frames. The aim is to fully utilize FD transmission opportunities to increase network throughput. The proposed protocol modifies request-to-send (RTS) and clear-to-send (CTS) frames in IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC to form FD-RTS/CTS frames. These frames are used to enable collision-free FD communications among neighbors. The proposed scheme mitigates conventional MAC issues like hidden-node problem (HNP) and exposed-node problem (ENP). It also allows concurrent FD data transmissions in a collision-free manner. The model is generic and can be applied to any ad-hoc wireless network. In this article, the design is applied to a single channel ad-hoc network with FD transceivers. We compared the proposed design with IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA protocol with both HD and FD transceivers. The simulation results show a 30% gain in throughput, reduced latency, and fairness among participating wireless nodes.

Hybrid Medium Access Control Protocol for Radio-Over-Fiber Networks

The oncoming Internet-of-things (IoT) applications and smart machine-to-machine (M2M) communication lead to an enormous increase in network traffic. To meet the escalating demands of these time-critical applications, we need a hybrid optical-wireless network, for which the radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology is a promising candidate. These networks need to support the stringent delay requirements of the above applications for a large number of mobile users. However, the existing user registration and identification approaches for these networks are not efficient for a high user density and cannot keep the overall mean delay within the permissible limit for such applications. In this article, we present a hybrid medium access control (MAC) protocol for the RoF network, for which we propose hybrid user identification and neighbor-aware hybrid user identification algorithms for high user density. Further, the MAC protocol uses a gated polling method for data transfer. Moreover, we propose an analytical delay model for the hybrid MAC protocol, which gives overall end-to-end mean delay considering user identification and data transfer. We verify it with the results obtained from the simulations. Finally, we evaluate the mean delay and packet loss rate of the proposed algorithms by varying the network load, user density, and fiber length and benchmark the performance of the proposed algorithm with the state-of-the-art (SoA).

A Hybrid Multi-Class MAC Protocol for IoT-Enabled WBAN Systems

This study proposes a hybrid MAC protocol that can efficiently and effectively optimize the communication channel access of a WBAN multi-class system. The proposed protocol consists of two major processes that include the contention phase (CP) and the transmission phase (TP). In the CP, only the biomedical devices that have health packets to transmit randomly contend with equal probabilities using a slotted ALOHA scheme for transmission opportunities and the successful biomedical devices are allocated a transmission time-slot by employing a reservation-based time division multiple access (TDMA) scheme in the transmission phase. A multi-objective optimization problem was formulated to maximize the system sum-throughput, packet success-access-ratio, as well as the reservation ratio, and solved by the controller (i.e., access point) to determine the optimal length of the CP and the number of biomedical devices that can transmit in the TP. Monte Carlo simulation was performed and the optimization solution improved the proposed protocol’s performances. For validation purposes, the simulated results in MATLAB revealed that the proposed protocol performs better than the contemporary system in the context of the system sum-throughput, reservation ratio, and the average health packet delay with performance gains of about 9.2%, 9.5%, and 9.6% respectively.

Hybrid MAC Protocol for Brain–Computer Interface Applications

Brain-computer interface (BCI) can permit individuals to use their thoughts as the sole means to control objects such as smart homes and robots. While BCI is a promising interdisciplinary tool, researchers are confronting network lifetime as an obstacle to further development. Furthermore, the medium access control (MAC) protocol is the bottleneck of the network reliability. There are many standards for MAC protocols that can be utilized for productive and dependable transmission by altering the control parameters. Modifying these parameters is another source of concern due to the scarcity in knowledge about its effect. In addition, there is no instrument accessible to receive and actualize these parameters on transmitters embedded inside the cerebrum. In this article, we give the transmission instrument to both ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) and ultra-wideband (UWB) signals for multiple transmitters and ultrasonic technology mimicking the neural dusts by modifying the superframe structure. In this article, a hybrid MAC protocol is proposed, and the results show that the traffic received can be increased by 700% for UHF-RFID and more than 100% for UWB and ultrasonic technology. Comparative results for wireless channel MAC protocols using these different transmission techniques are discussed in terms of network delay, data dropped, traffic sent, and traffic received.

SPEECH‐MAC: Special purpose energy‐efficient contention‐based hybrid MAC protocol for WSN and Zigbee network

SummaryEnergy‐efficient Zigbee‐based wireless sensor network (WSN) occupies a major role in emergency‐based applications. The foremost drawback of such applications is maintaining the battery power because frequent changing is not possible in those conditions. In the earlier days, several researches created new model MAC protocols in terms of increase the lifetime of the WSN. But still, there is a research gap particularly in emergency applications. In order to improve the lifetime of such applications, we introduced a novel hybrid MAC protocol, namely, special purpose energy‐efficient contention‐based hybrid MAC (SPEECH‐MAC) protocol. This protocol includes dual hop concept considerably to save the energy. Both the single hop network and the dual hop networks are developed, and the results are analyzed. Prioritization mechanism for SPEECH‐MAC protocol is introduced to analyze the emergency conditions in detail. In summary, according to the simulation, the calculated parameters are total residual energy, end‐to‐end delay, packet drop, packet delivery ratio, and network throughput.

An Analytical Model for CBAP Allocations in IEEE 802.11ad

The IEEE 802.11ad standard extends WiFi operation to the millimeter wave frequencies, and introduces novel features concerning both the physical (PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers. The hybrid MAC layer provides for two different kinds of resource allocations: Contention Based Access Periods (CBAPs) and contention-free Service Periods (SPs). In this paper, we propose a Markov Chain model to represent CBAPs, taking into account operation interruptions due to scheduled SPs and the deafness and hidden node problems that directional communication exacerbates. We also propose a mathematical analysis to evaluate the interference among stations and derive analytical expressions to assess the impact of various system parameters on some key performance metrics such as throughput, delay, and packet drop rate. This information may be used to efficiently design a transmission scheduler that allocates contention-based and contention-free periods based on the application requirements.

Adaptive Networking Control Method for 5G VANET Nodes

With the development of Internet and Internet of Things, 5G has opened a new era of interconnection, and the technology of Vehicle Ad-hoc Network (VANET) has attracted great attention from all walks of life. However, the MAC protocol proposed at present has many drawbacks in supporting real-time services. To solve this problem, Hybrid MAC protocol, ET-MAC, came up with this paper by combining the Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) defined in IEEE 802.11p technology. Then, a performance comparison with the MAC protocol of the TDMA is performed in a simulation experiment to evaluate the function of the protocol. Finally, the simulation experiment proves that ET-MAC protocol is obviously superior to the MAC protocol based on TDMA is based on transmission delay, network throughput and packet loss rate, and more suitable for the current situation of high-density vehicle network in urban environment.

ReMAC: a novel hybrid and reservation-based MAC protocol for VANETs

ReMAC: a novel hybrid and reservation-based MAC protocol for VANETs

Energy-efficient hybrid MAC protocol for railway monitoring sensor network

In the present work, a new protocol is proposed i.e. application-specific hybrid medium access control (ASHMAC) to efficiently handle data traffic generation in the railway track condition monitoring system. ASHMAC protocol is an improved version of the bit-map-assisted (BMA) medium access control (MAC) protocol by which it can efficiently handle continuous monitoring data traffic as well. Simulation and mathematical models have been developed and proposed for ASHMAC protocol. Its performance is compared with the other MAC protocols. The results reveal that the proposed protocol consumes 25–50% less energy w.r.t. time division multiple access (TDMA), energy-efficient TDMA, and BMA at low to medium data traffic conditions. For high data traffic conditions, the energy consumption of the proposed ASHMAC protocol is approximately equal to the other protocols. The transmission latency of ASHMAC is approximately 50% less than energy-efficient BMA. Both analytical and simulation results show the overall superiority of the proposed protocol.

Implementation of FMAC in Healthcare System of Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network is the network of sensor nodes. The nodes transmit data to the sink node. Each sensor nodes have its own battery and ability to communicate with sink node. Network of such nodes is called sensor network. The successful operation of WSN largely depends on MAC sublayer which deals with addressing and channel access control. WSN has varied design constraints such as energy consumption, scalability, delay, traffic control, packet delivery throughput and overheads that need an effective MAC protocol to deal with these problems. Energy must be utilized efficiently in order to increase the lifetime of the Wireless Sensor Network. MAC protocols reduce the cost of energy consumption by providing an efficient communication for transmission and hence improves network lifetime. This paper shows the implementation of FMAC Protocol in healthcare system for different reporting rates. The purpose of the study is to identify the best MAC protocol in Healthcare System. Results for implementation of Hybrid MAC for hospital network are presented in the paper. Results for Data transmission between nodes and sink node has been evaluated to identify Good MAC protocol. Paper represents how low energy consumption can be achieved by combining TDMA and CSMA MAC protocols.