Abstract

Brain-computer interface (BCI) can permit individuals to use their thoughts as the sole means to control objects such as smart homes and robots. While BCI is a promising interdisciplinary tool, researchers are confronting network lifetime as an obstacle to further development. Furthermore, the medium access control (MAC) protocol is the bottleneck of the network reliability. There are many standards for MAC protocols that can be utilized for productive and dependable transmission by altering the control parameters. Modifying these parameters is another source of concern due to the scarcity in knowledge about its effect. In addition, there is no instrument accessible to receive and actualize these parameters on transmitters embedded inside the cerebrum. In this article, we give the transmission instrument to both ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) and ultra-wideband (UWB) signals for multiple transmitters and ultrasonic technology mimicking the neural dusts by modifying the superframe structure. In this article, a hybrid MAC protocol is proposed, and the results show that the traffic received can be increased by 700% for UHF-RFID and more than 100% for UWB and ultrasonic technology. Comparative results for wireless channel MAC protocols using these different transmission techniques are discussed in terms of network delay, data dropped, traffic sent, and traffic received.

Highlights

  • B RAIN–COMPUTER interface (BCI) is a system that enables transmitting the human brain signals to an external device, which enables connecting the central nervous system of human beings with the external world [1]

  • BCI systems can be generally classified as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), wireless body area networks (WBANs), or wireless personal area networks (WPANs)

  • The characteristics of the brain environment are different from such networks [15], [16], which leads to a modest performance when WSN, WBAN, or WPAN protocols are adopted for BCI [11], [17]

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Summary

INTRODUCTION

B RAIN–COMPUTER interface (BCI) is a system that enables transmitting the human brain signals to an external device, which enables connecting the central nervous system of human beings with the external world [1]. Embedding the sensors inside the skull, invasive, is more complicated because the sensors have to be surgically implanted on the surface or within the depth of the brain; it provides high-quality signals and allows fast data transfer. The sensors in this case should be equipped with a transmitter to allow sending the signal out of the skull and acquired by a number of receivers attached to the scalp [9]. MAC design becomes crucial, and the MAC design for BCI applications is becoming a fertile research field [11]–[13]

Basic MAC Protocols
Related Work
Motivation and Main Contributions
Article Organization
BCI SYSTEM MODEL
PROPOSED HYBRID PROTOCOL
Scheduling Algorithm
Sender and Receiver Behavior
Delay and Throughput of Various MAC Protocols
Model Efficiency
Findings
CONCLUSION
Full Text
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