Hybrid Inclusions Research Articles

Duality of fractional derivatives: On a hybrid and non-hybrid inclusion problem

Abstract The main goal of this paper is to investigate a newly proposed hybrid and hybrid inclusion problem consisting of fractional differential problems involving two different fractional derivatives of order μ, Caputo and Liouville–Riemann operators, with multi-order mixed Riemann–Liouville integro-derivative conditions. Although α is between one and two, we need three boundary value conditions to find the integral equation. The study investigates the results of existence for hybrid, hybrid inclusion, and non-hybrid inclusion problems by employing several analytical approaches, including Dhage’s technique, α - ψ {\alpha-\psi} -contractive mappings, fixed points, and endpoints of the product operators. To further illustrate our findings, we present three examples.

Yield analysis and corn earworm feeding in Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids across diverse locations.

Corn, Zea mays L. (Poales: Poaceae), growers in the US Cotton Belt are required to plant 20% of total corn acres to non-Bt hybrids for resistance management (non-Bt refuge). Most growers do not meet this requirement, in part, because they perceive non-Bt hybrids to yield less than Bt hybrids. We planted multiple non-Bt and Bt hybrids from a single company in small-plot replicated trials at a single location from 2019 to 2023, as well as in small-plot replicated trials at multiple locations during 2022 and 2023. In the single location, we measured kernel injury from corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and we recorded yield at all locations. In the single location trial, yields only separated among hybrids in 3 out of 5 years. In the multiple location trial, yields were variable between both years. We found that Bt hybrids tended to yield higher than non-Bt hybrids overall, but this was influenced by the inclusion of non-Bt hybrids that had a lower overall genetic yield potential in the environments we tested them in. In both tests, when hybrids were analyzed during each year, both Bt and non-Bt hybrids were among the statistically highest yielders. Our study demonstrates the importance of comparing multiple Bt and non-Bt hybrids to draw yield comparisons. This highlights the need for corn seed company breeders to put effort into improving yield for non-Bt hybrids. Hopefully this effort will translate into increased planting of non-Bt refuge corn for growers in the US Cotton Belt.

Design of ternary solid lubricants SiO2/Ti3C2/PTFE for wear-resistant, self-lubricating polyimide composites

BackgroundPolyimide is widely used in aerospace, electronics and electrical appliances, automotive, chemical and other fields due to its high temperature stability, excellent mechanical properties. However, polymer materials are often subjected to severe wear and tear under complex operating conditions due to their poor lubrication performance. Therefore, the improvement of lubrication performance is a key strategy to extend the service life of polyimide. MethodsHerein, a ternary solid lubricant SiO2/Ti3C2/PTFE (STP) is innovatively prepared by solution dispersion for reducing the friction of polyimide to increase the lubricity. Specifically, SiO2 and PTFE are intercalated accordion-like Ti3C2 nanosheets, thereby causing the nanosheets to slide relative to each other under external frictional stress. Then, STP was introduced into polyimide to prepare the ultra-wear-resistant and self-lubricating composites by blending. Significant findingsThe results of the study showed that the STP significantly enhanced the lubrication properties of the composites, the lowest coefficient of friction (0.29) of the composites is 22.81 % lower than that of the polyimide. In addition, the inclusion of hybrids helps to form a transfer film, which effectively improves the abrasion performance of polyimide, and the lowest wear rate (0.18 × 10−5 mm3/(N·m)) was 93.35 % lower than that of polyimide.

163 Effect of Enogen Feed Corn Inclusion in Conventional and Natural Finishing Cattle Diets

Abstract A finishing experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Enogen Feed Corn inclusion in comparison with a control corn hybrid within natural and conventional feeding programs on finishing performance. The experiment used 400 crossbred steers (initial BW = 384 ± 33 kg) and 200 crossbred heifers (initial BW = 330 ± 19 kg) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 10 replications of steers and 5 replications of heifers per treatment. Factors were Enogen Feed Corn (EFC) or control corn hybrid inclusion as dry-rolled corn and corn silage within conventional and natural feeding programs. Cattle assigned to the conventional program were fed rations that contained feed additives and received implants whereas cattle in the natural program received neither. Performance data were analyzed as a 2×2×2 factorial assessing interactions between sex, feeding program, and corn hybrid inclusion. A sex by feeding program by corn hybrid (P = 0.01) interaction was observed for dry matter intake (DMI). Interactions between sex and feeding program were observed for carcass adjusted final BW (final BW; P < 0.01), average daily gain (ADG; P < 0.01), feed efficiency (G:F; P < 0.01), and hot carcass weight (HCW; P = 0.01). No significant corn hybrid by sex interactions (P ≥ 0.12) or corn hybrid by feeding program interactions (P ≥ 0.13) were observed. Inclusion of EFC in natural heifer diets tended to increase DMI by 0.4 kg/d (P = 0.10), while hybrid inclusion had no impact on DMI of conventional heifers. Feeding EFC in conventional steer diets tended to increase DMI by 0.4 kg/d (P = 0.06) compared with steers consuming the control corn hybrid diet. Corn hybrid had no impact on DMI in natural steer diets (P = 0.15). Carcass adjusted final BW decreased by 75 kg in natural steers and 41 kg in natural heifers compared with conventional programs (P < 0.01). Natural heifers gained 0.24 kg/d less than conventional heifers (P < 0.01). Feeding steers in the natural program reduced ADG by 0.43 kg/d in comparison with conventional program steers (P < 0.01). Compared with natural cattle, G:F improved by 13.0% when heifers were fed in a conventional program (P < 0.01) and 19.4% when steers were fed in a conventional program (P < 0.01). Feeding program had no effect on marbling (P = 0.38) while conventional cattle had greater 12th rib fat than natural cattle (P < 0.01). Inclusion of EFC had no effect on ADG (P = 0.71), G:F (P = 0.22), or HCW (P = 0.57). The incorporation of implants and feed additives within the finishing period increased final BW, HCW, and ADG leading to improved G:F in steers and heifers, with the improvement being greater in steers.

A direct proof of Conley’s decomposition for well-posed hybrid inclusions

A direct proof of Conley’s decomposition for well-posed hybrid inclusions

Interfacial microstructure and strengthening mechanism of stainless steel/carbon steel laminated composite fabricated by liquid-solid bonding and hot rolling

Stainless steel/carbon steel (SS/CS) laminated composites were prepared by liquid-solid (L-S) bonding followed by hot rolling under different reduction rates, and the microstructure characteristics at the cladding interface zone and their influences on the interfacial bonding strength of the SS/CS laminated composites were analyzed. A metallurgical bonding interface was obtained by the L-S bonding method, and coarse equiaxed grains, decarburization layer and oxides formed at the cladding interface zone. During hot rolling, heterodeformation occurred in the SS/CS laminated composites, resulting in asynchronous dynamic recrystallization and the refinement of grains in both SS and CS. The thickness of the decarburization layer and elements diffusion distance obviously decreased after hot rolling, while the ratio of the diffusion distances of Cr and Ni elements to the width of the decarburization layer increased with increasing reduction rates. Additionally, the oxides at the cladding interface zone transformed into hybrid inclusions after hot rolling, and the maximum equivalent diameter and volume fraction of the inclusions decreased with increasing reduction rates. The interfacial shear strength of the L&R bonded SS/CS laminated composites increased with increasing reduction rates, and a maximum value of 400 MPa was obtained at a reduction rate of 75%, which is 34% higher than that of the L-S bonded SS/CS laminated composite due to the grain refinement, improved relative diffusion distance of Cr and Ni elements, reduced and refined inclusions at the cladding interface zone.

Reset control systems: The zero-crossing resetting law

A novel representation of reset control systems with a zero-crossing resetting law, in the framework of hybrid inclusions, is postulated. The well-posedness and stability issues of the resulting hybrid dynamical system are investigated, with a strong focus on how non-deterministic behavior is implemented in control practice. Several stability conditions have been developed by using the eigenstructure of matrices related to the periods of the reset interval sequences and by using Lyapunov function-based conditions.

Combined effect of low ZrO2 content and carbon nanostructures on mechanical and wear properties of hot-pressed Al2O3/ZrO2 hybrid nanocomposites

Al2O3/ZrO2 systems with higher ZrO2 amounts (≥20 wt%) are known to offer improved properties such as fracture toughness, but are restricted in their hardness, wear and strength performances. The incorporation of a third phase carbon nanostructure (such as CNTs and GN) to Al2O3/ZrO2 reinforced with low ZrO2 content (≤5wt%) has emerged as a novel process to overcome this property trade-off by exploring the remarkable mechanical properties of these hybrid nanocomposite systems. Therefore, in the current work, colloidal mixing followed by hot-pressing process (@ 1600°C) were used to consolidate monolith Al2O3, Al2O3/ZrO2, Al2O3/ZrO2/CNTs and Al2O3/ZrO2/GN nanocomposite structures using low ZrO2 content (4wt%) and optimum amounts of CNTs (2wt%) and GN (0.5wt%) as the hybrid reinforcement phases. Microhardness, fracture toughness and flexural strength properties were improved from 19GPa, ∼3MPa.m1/2 and ~260MPa up to 24GPa, ∼7MPa.m1/2 and ~374MPa respectively, with hybrid additions of ZrO2/CNTs and ZrO2/GN to the monolith Al2O3. The primary source of the property enhancement in the hybrid nanocomposites was due to reduction in the matrix and ZrO2 grain sizes (decreased up to ∼78%), good interaction between reinforcement phases and combined mechanisms such as crack bridging and deflection, matrix grain wrapping and grain gluing by CNTs and GN. The wear rate of the parent Al2O3 was also improved from 9.71 × 10−5 mm3/N.m up to 0.81 × 10−5 mm3/N.m (showing ∼92% decrease) with ZrO2/CNTs and ZrO2/GN hybrid inclusions, which was attributed to the overall enhanced mechanical properties and wear resistant mechanisms during the dry sliding.

Sequential Fractional Hybrid Inclusions: A Theoretical Study via Dhage’s Technique and Special Contractions

The most important objective of the present research is to establish some theoretical existence results on a novel combined configuration of a Caputo sequential inclusion problem and the hybrid integro-differential one in which the boundary conditions are also formulated as the hybrid multi-order integro-differential conditions. In this respect, firstly, some inequalities are proven in relation to the corresponding integral equation. Then, we employ some newly defined theoretical techniques with the help of the product operators on a Banach algebra and also with the aid of some special functions including α-ψ-contractions and α-admissible mappings to extract the existence criteria corresponding to the given mixed sequential hybrid BVPs. Some important useful properties such as the approximate endpoint property, (Cα)-property, and the compactness play a key role in this regard. The final part of the manuscript is devoted to formulating and computing two applicable examples to guarantee the correctness of the obtained results.

Boosted viscoelastic and dynamic mechanical behavior of binary nanocarbon based polyurethane hybrid nanocomposite foams

An effective approach for improving dispersion states of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) was employed via hybrid inclusion of the nanofillers in polyurethane matrix to further enhance viscoelastic properties. Nanocomposites based on MWCNTs, two groups of graphene and hybrid MWCNT/graphene with varied weight fractions and ratios were fabricated via a facile and scalable approach. Dynamic mechanical analysis results indicated an improvement of up to 86% in storage modulus at 25°C for hybrid MWCNT/GNP-S750 at only 0.25 wt% loading, whereas solely MWCNTs and graphene nanocomposites showed 9% and 15% enhancement at the same content, respectively. The glass transition temperature value was enhanced by about 9.5°C with 0.25 wt% inclusion of well-dispersed three-dimensional MWCNT/GNP-S750 structure, which disclosed a noticeable synergistic effect in thermomechanical properties. The reinforcement coefficient, adhesion factor, reinforcement efficiency factor, degree of entanglement and cross-link density of nanocomposites were also examined to evaluate the interaction of single and hybrid carbon nanofillers with PU matrix.

Multiscale 3D finite element analysis of aluminum matrix composites with nanoµ hybrid inclusions

The present work proposed a multiscale finite element (FE) analytical approach to investigate the mechanical behavior of elasto-plastic aluminum matrix composites reinforced with nano-micro hybrid inclusions. To study the effect of microstructural effects, 3D representative volume elements (RVEs) of nano- and micro-scales are established, where the nano-RVE considers the aluminum matrix with carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-reinforcement whose homogenization is treated as the equivalent matrix (EM) phase for micro-RVE with SiC particles. The FE-based ABAQUS simulation is employed to recover the local stress distributions within RVE of either scales, and the corresponding effective stress–strain relationship, damage and failure behavior are calculated and predicted. Results generated from the present simulations are validated against the experimental measurement of CNTs/SiC/Al composites and good agreement is generally obtained. What’s more, several microstructural parameters are tested on the composites’ effective behavior, including the elaso-plastic constitutive relation and damage response of aluminum matrix, the elastic-brittle failure mechanical behavior of the micro-scale SiC particles. We also consider the traction-separation mechanical behavior at the SiC-Al interface. It is demonstrated that the present numerical method is suitable to study the comprehensive behavior of composites with hybrid inclusions.

Reset-and-Hold Control of Systems With Time Delay

Reset control is a kind of hybrid control which is capable of overcoming fundamental limitations on the performance intrinsic to linear time invariant (LTI) systems. In this work, we develop a novel control strategy for first order LTI plants with time delay, based on the proportional-integral plus Clegg integrator (PI+CI) controller, a hybrid extension of the proportional-integral (PI) controller, augmented with a new mechanism for keeping its state constant during a given interval of time (reset-and-hold strategy). This strategy is capable of producing an approximation of a flat response which greatly improves the performance in comparison with non-hybrid linear strategies, extending previous results developed for first order systems without delay. Well-posedness and closed-loop stability of the resulting control system are analyzed under the Hybrid Inclusions (HI) framework, and a set of sufficient stability conditions are provided. Furthermore, a case study is developed that showcases the possibilities of this new approach.

Diversification strategy in agro-industrial complex

The relevance of the topic of the article is determined by the importance of diversification of production aimed to increase the competitiveness of agro-industrial complex at the present stage of economic development. The goal is to analyze the features of transformation of organizational and production structure of agricultural enterprise, which consists in supplementing it with new types of products, technologies, suppliers, etc. Objectives to show the importance of diversification processes to ensure sustainability of agricultural producers to negative changes in the external and internal environment. Results – it is noted that the priority areas of diversification in agro-industrial production include the organization of new branches of crop and livestock production, the inclusion of productive species, varieties or hybrids of crops in crop rotations, the development of processing sectors, the system of material and technical supply and marketing of products, etc. commodity diversity, reorientation of sales markets in agro-industrial complex is especially important in view of high risks of doing business associated with the high dependence of its results on weather conditions of the year, soil and natural-climatic factors, etc. The conducted analysis shows that the important conditions for deepening structural restructuring include developed agricultural policy of the State, a system of effective measures for regulating and supporting the industry, attracting investment in the development of agricultural sector and financial markets. The performed studies allowed us to draw the following main conclusions – diversification of production is a promising direction for the development of economic activity of enterprises, ensuring the growth of their proceeds from product sales, profits and profitability.

Cancellation of Auxetic Properties in F.C.C. Hard Sphere Crystals by Hybrid Layer-Channel Nanoinclusions Filled by Hard Spheres of Another Diameter.

The elastic properties of f.c.c. hard sphere crystals with periodic arrays of nanoinclusions filled by hard spheres of another diameter are the subject of this paper. It has been shown that a simple modification of the model structure is sufficient to cause very significant changes in its elastic properties. The use of inclusions in the form of joined (mutually orthogonal) layers and channels showed that the resulting tetragonal system exhibited a complete lack of auxetic properties when the inclusion spheres reached sufficiently large diameter. Moreover, it was very surprising that this hybrid inclusion, which can completely eliminate auxeticity, was composed of components that, alone, in these conditions, enhanced the auxeticity either slightly (layer) or strongly (channel). The study was performed with computer simulations using the Monte Carlo method in the isothermal-isobaric () ensemble with a variable box shape.

Teaching Transnational Buddhist Meditation with Vipassanā (Neiguan 內觀) and Mindfulness (Zhengnian 正念) for Healing Depression in Contemporary China

This paper examines how the teaching of embodied practices of transnational Buddhist meditation has been designated for healing depression explicitly in contemporary Chinese Buddhist communities with the influences of Buddhist modernism in Southeast Asia and globalization. Despite the revival of traditional Chan school meditation practices since the Open Policy, various transnational lay meditation practices, such as vipassanā and mindfulness, have been popularized in monastic and lay communities as a trendy way to heal physical and mental suffering in mainland China. Drawing from a recent ethnographic study of a meditation retreat held at a Chinese Buddhist monastery in South China, this paper examines how Buddhist monastics have promoted a hybrid mode of embodied Buddhist meditation practices, mindfulness and psychoanalytic exercises for healing depression in lay people. With analysis of the teaching and approach of the retreat guided by well-educated Chinese meditation monastics, I argue that some young generation Buddhist communities have contributed to giving active responses towards the recent yearning for individualized bodily practices and the social trend of the “subjective turn” and self-reflexivity in contemporary Chinese society. The hybrid inclusion of mindfulness exercises from secular programs and psychoanalytic exercises into a vipassanā meditation retreat may reflect an attempt to re-contextualize meditation in Chinese Buddhism.

Forward Invariance of Sets for Hybrid Dynamical Systems (Part II)

This article presents tools for the design of control laws inducing robust controlled forward invariance of a set for hybrid dynamical systems modeled as hybrid inclusions. A set has the robust controlled forward invariance property via a control law if every solution to the closed-loop system that starts from the set stays within the set for all future time, regardless of the value of the disturbances. Building on the first part of this article, which focuses on analysis, in this article, sufficient conditions for generic sets to enjoy such a property are proposed. To construct invariance inducing state-feedback laws, the notion of robust control Lyapunov function for forward invariance is defined. The proposed synthesis results rely on set-valued maps that include all admissible control inputs that keep closed-loop solutions within the set of interest. Results guaranteeing the existence of such state-feedback laws are also presented. Moreover, conditions for the design of continuous state-feedback laws with minimum point-wise norm are provided. Major results are illustrated throughout this article in a constrained bouncing ball system and a robotic manipulator application.

The im-/possibility of hybrid inclusion: Disrupting the ‘happy inclusion’ story with the case of the Greenlandic Police Force

The notion of uniqueness, as articulated at the centre of most organisational inclusion literature, is inextricably tied to Western-centric idea(l)s of the autonomous, individual and self-sufficient subject, stripped of historical inequalities and relational embeddedness. Following a critical inclusion agenda and seeking alternatives to this predominant view, we apply a Bhabhaian postcolonial lens to the ethnographic study of organisational efforts to include indigenous Kalaallit people in the Greenlandic Police Force. Greenland has home rule, but is still part of the Kingdom of Denmark and is subject to Danish defence policy and the police force. With Bhabha’s notion of mimicry, we explore how police officers, through performing ‘Danish’ (Western) culture and professionalism, both confirm and resist colonial stereotypes and even open up pathways towards hybridity. Building on the officers’ experiences, we introduce the term ‘hybrid inclusion’ by which we emphasise two interrelated dimensions necessary for advancing critical inclusion studies: first, a certain understanding of the to-be-included subject as fluid, emergent and thus ontologically singular but at the same time relationally embedded in a collective colonial past and present; second, organisational practices for inclusivity that address and work with the actual impossibility of a ‘happy inclusion story’, free of contradictions and conflicts.

Sufficient conditions for forward invariance and contractivity in hybrid inclusions using barrier functions

This paper studies set invariance and contractivity in hybrid systems modeled by hybrid inclusions using barrier functions. After introducing the notion of barrier function, we investigate sufficient conditions to guarantee different forward invariance and contractivity notions of a closed set for hybrid systems with nonuniqueness of solutions and solutions terminating prematurely. We consider forward (pre-)invariance of sets, which guarantees that the maximal solutions starting from the set stay in it, and (pre-)contractivity, which further requires that the solutions starting from the boundary of the set evolve immediately (continuously or discretely) towards its interior. Our conditions for forward invariance and contractivity are infinitesimal and in terms of the proposed barrier functions. Examples illustrate the results.

Fractional hybrid inclusion version of the Sturm\u2013Liouville equation

The Sturm–Liouville equation is one of classical famous differential equations which has been studied from different of views in the literature. In this work, we are going to review its fractional hybrid inclusion version. In this way, we investigate two fractional hybrid Sturm–Liouville differential inclusions with multipoint and integral hybrid boundary conditions. Also, we provide two examples to illustrate our main results.

Analysis and design of event‐triggered control algorithms using hybrid systems tools

SummaryThis article proposes a general framework for analyzing continuous‐time systems controlled by event‐triggered algorithms. Closed‐loop systems resulting from using both static and dynamic output (or state) feedback laws that are implemented via asynchronous event‐triggered techniques are modeled as hybrid systems given in terms of hybrid inclusions. Using recently developed tools for robust stability, properties of the proposed models, including stability of compact sets, robustness, and Zeno behavior of solutions are addressed. The framework and results are illustrated by several event‐triggered strategies available in the literature, and observations about their key dynamical properties are made.