Hybrid Glass Ionomer Research Articles

Clinical and radiographic evaluation of silver diamine fluoride versus mineral trioxide aggregate as indirect pulp capping agents in deeply carious first permanent molars a randomized clinical trial

AimClinical and radiographic evaluation of SDF versus MTA as indirect pulp capping agents in deeply carious first permanent molars.MethodologyThis study was conducted on (30) first permanent molars indicated for indirect pulp capping (IPC) randomly allocated to either SDF or MTA groups (n = 15). The molars were finally restored with glass hybrid glass ionomer restoration. Clinical assessment was conducted at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, while radiographic assessment was performed at 6 and 12 months using predetermined criteria. Data was statistically analyzed.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference between both groups for all assessed clinical and radiographic parameters, including dentin bridge formation, at all follow-up periods. There was no evidence of clinical or radiographic failure in either group.ConclusionsSDF showed a high success rate compared to MTA and can be considered a promising alternative IPC agent in permanent molars.

Effects of Finishing on Surface Roughness of Four Different Glass-Ionomer Cements and One Alkasite: In Vitro Investigation over Time Using Aging Simulation.

In 2017, Europe implemented a ban on amalgam restorations for children aged <15 years and for pregnant/breastfeeding women, highlighting the need for alternative filling materials exhibiting less surface roughness and enhanced longevity. This in vitro study aimed to examine the surface roughness variations of five amalgam-replacement materials across three time points and using six finishing methods: (1) no finishing (control), (2) Arkansas burs, (3) diamond burs, (4) tungsten carbide burs, (5) SofLex discs in descending grit size, and (6) coarse SofLex discs combined with silicone polishing. We prepared 960 samples. Each material group, i.e., Cention Forte (CNF), DeltaFil (DLF), Ketac Universal (KTU), IonoStar Molar (ISM), and Equia Forte HT (EQF), comprised 60 samples (n = 10 per finishing method) created using standardized 3D-printed metal molds. Surface roughness (Sa) was measured immediately after finishing, after 30 days of storage in distilled water, and after thermocycling (5000 cycles) using a non-contact profilometer. The results indicate that conventional and hybrid glass-ionomer cements have smoother surfaces than high-viscosity GICs. The DLF and CNF groups exhibited stable outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate finishing methods based on the restorative material to minimize surface roughness.

Color Stability of Different Restorative Approaches for the Masking of Silver Diamine Fluoride after Thermal Aging.

The present study aims to evaluate the color stability of different masking modalities of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on extracted carious teeth after thermal aging. One hundred and eight recently extracted carious permanent teeth were used. All sample teeth had SDF applied over the carious lesion. The teeth were then divided into six groups: group A (SDF, potassium iodide (KI), and packable composite resin), group B (SDF, flowable, and packable composite resin), group C (SDF, KI, resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and packable composite resin), group D (SDF, KI, and RMGI), group E (SDF, hybrid glass ionomer (HGI), packable composite resin), and group F (SDF and RMGI). VITA Easyshade was used to evaluate color stability. Initial masking of the dark staining was improved in groups in curing light groups (groups D and F). Groups restored with RMGI demonstrated the greatest color changes after aging. The groups that showed the greatest color stability of the materials after 5 years of aging were groups A, B, and E. Highest color change was observed during the first clinical year for all groups. KI is effective at reducing SDF staining. Composite (CMP) provides a long-term color-stable restoration. Thermocycling had the greatest effect on HGI restorations. One of restorative dentistry's most important clinical parameters is the color stability of tooth-colored dental restorations. Choosing a suitable restorative material is essential to overcome SDF's staining effects. Applying KI and composite resin restoration was the most effective, long-term color-stable restorative material for masking the SDF staining. Ozuna J, Nguyen C, Abubakr NH. Color Stability of Different Restorative Approaches for the Masking of Silver Diamine Fluoride after Thermal Aging. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(9):987-992.

Comparison of Bulk Polymeric Resin Composite and Hybrid Glass Ionomer Cement in Adhesive Class I Dental Restorations: A 3D Finite Element Analysis.

This study aimed to investigate the mechanical behavior of resin composites and hybrid glass ionomer cement in class I adhesive dental restorations under loading and shrinkage conditions. Three CAD models of a mandibular first molar with class I cavities were created and restored with different techniques: a bi-layer of Equia Forte HT with Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative composite (model A), a single layer of adhesive and Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative (model B), and a single layer of Equia forte HT (model C). Each model was exported to computer-aided engineering software, and 3D finite element models were created. Models A and B exhibited a similar pattern of stress distribution along the enamel-restoration interface, with stress peaks of 12.5 MPa and 14 MPa observed in the enamel tissue. The sound tooth, B, and C models showed a similar trend along the interface between dentine and restoration. A stress peak of about 0.5 MPa was detected in the enamel of both the sound tooth and B models. Model C showed a reduced stress peak of about 1.2 MPa. A significant stress reduction in 4 mm deep class I cavities in lower molars was observed in models where non-shrinking dental filling materials, like the hybrid glass ionomer cement used in model C, were applied. Stress reduction was also achieved in model A, which employed a bi-layer technique with a shrinking polymeric filling material (bulk resin composite). Model C's performance closely resembled that of a sound tooth.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength of Three Different Hybrid Tooth-Colored Restorative Materials to Dentin: An In-Vitro Study.

Silver amalgam, glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, compomers, light polymerized hybrid composite resin, and hybrid glass ionomer are among the most frequent restorative materials used as cavity-based or post-endodontics. Thus, to meet the needs of both patients and dentists, Cention N reimagines the traditional filling by integrating bulk placement, ion release, and durability into a dual-curing, aesthetically pleasing solution. Hoewver, we do not have enough information from studies comparing this hybrid restorative material's shear bond strengths to dentin to draw any firm conclusions. Cention N, zirconomer, and Vitremer are three hybrid tooth-colored restorative materials that were evaluated for their shear bond strength to dentin. This research aimed to compare and evaluate these materials. The purpose of this research was to use a universal Instron machine to measure the shear bond stress of three distinct hybrid tooth-colored restorative materials in relation to dentin.The research samples consisted of 45 extracted lower first premolars from humans.The teeth were then assigned into three groups of 15 samples each according to different color acrylic resin blocks, namely, group A (pink acrylic blocks), which had Cention in cement; group B (white acrylic blocks), which has zirconomer cement; and group C (violet acrylic blocks), which had Vitremer cement. There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups and the normal distribution, as shown by the negligible values in the tests involving the three groups. Put simply, each of the three categories exhibits data that follows a normal distribution. This allows for further data analysis to be conducted using the parametric test of significance. The shear bond strength of hybrid glass ionomer restorative materials has to be further investigated in both laboratory and living organism settings.

Evaluation of color Stability of Different Restorative Materials Used in Pediatric Dentistry

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the color changes of restorative materials (Filtek z550, EverX Posterior, Dyract XP, EQUIA Forte Fill), which are frequently used in pediatric dentistry, after aging with beverages (cola, cherry juice) that children and adolescents frequently consume in their daily life. Methods: Four different restorative materials; nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z550), glass fiber reinforced bulk fill composite (EverX Posterior), polyacid modified composite resin (Dyract XP) and glass hybrid glass ionomer cement (EQUIA Forte Fill) were used. A total of 120 samples were prepared for each material using plexiglass molds with a thickness of 2 mm and a diameter of 10 mm. A total of 30 samples from each group were divided into 3 group (n=10) to be immersed in cola, cherry juice and distilled water. After the initial color measurements, the samples were stored in beverages for 7th and 14th days. Color change values (ΔE) were calculated after 7th and 14th days. Results: When the ΔE values of materials were examined, it was observed that EQUIA Forte Fill group had the highest color change and Filtek z550 group had the lowest color change. Conclusion: The glass hybrid GIC showed the most distinct color change in all time periods and beverages. ΔE values in cola and cherry juice of all resin-based restorative materials tested were less than or equal to 3.3. Therefore, color changes were clinically acceptable as they were not visually perceptible Key words: Bulk-Fill Composite Resin, Color Stability, Glass Hybrid Glass Ionomer Cement

Radiopacity evaluations of the novel calcium-silicate and glass-Ionomer-based materials

Aims: Radiopacity is a crucial property for a liner or base material, and these materials should provide an optimal contrast for detecting secondary caries in radiographic examinations. The purpose of this study was to assess the radiopacity characteristics of four calcium-silicate-based and two glass-ionomer-based materials used as a liner or base in direct or indirect vital pulp therapy.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 60 cylindrical-shaped and 1 mm thick specimens were prepared from a calcium-silicate (Biodentine, Septodont), a calcium-silicate (MTA, Angelus), a light-cured resin-modified calcium silicate (TheraCal LC, Bisco), a dual-cured resin-modified calcium silicate (TheraCal PT, Bisco), a glass hybrid glass-ionomer (Equia Forte HT, GC), and a resin-modified glass ionomer (Glass Liner, Wp Dental) material (n=10). Digital radiographic images of the specimens, a molar tooth section with 1 mm thickness, and an aluminum step wedge were obtained by a digital radiography system (Heliodent Plus, &#x0D; Dentsply Sirona) with 60 kV voltage, 7 mA current, and 0.25 seconds exposure time. The mean gray values (MGV) of digital images were determined using the ImageJ software program (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (pBiodentine&gt;Equia Forte HT&gt;Theracal PT&gt;Theracal LC&gt;Glass Liner, respectively. All the tested liner or base materials exhibited significantly greater radiopacity values when compared to those of dentin (p

Integrated approach to the study of biodegradation of composite materials for the restoration of hard dental tissues

Objective. To study the stress-strain state of demineralized tooth enamel after its impregnation with a low-viscosity composite in a long-term period of functioning in the oral cavity in a series of equivalent cyclic tests; to study the correlation of the experimental results with clinical observations of the treatment of enamel caries using a modified infiltration technique. Materials and methods. The parameters of laser holographic interferometry and atomic force microscopy, reflecting the timing, type and severity of deformation defects in samples of demineralized tooth enamel were analyzed in a series of equivalent cyclic tests. During the experiment the samples underwent classical infiltration with composite using ICON technology (main group) and a 2-stage enamel caries treatment technique, including carrying out a time-modified conditioning of classical infiltration and the final stage (stages) of enamel coating with a bioactive hybrid glass ionomer (comparison group). Results. The first signs of the deformation defects generation in demineralized enamel filtered on the classical method (the appearance of perifocal microcracks) were recorded in 11.2 % of the tested samples after 0.9 · 106 cycles (equivalent to 9 months of functioning of a tooth with treated enamel caries in the oral cavity), during further cyclic tests the percentage of samples with local defects increased progressively. Signs of a violation of the stress-strain state in the enamel after combined treatment (samples of the comparison group) were revealed in cycles corresponding to 2–3 years of being in an artificial environment of the oral cavity. Experimental data correlated with the clinical observations both in time and frequency of complications (secondary/recurrent caries) in the long term after treatment of enamel caries by various methods. Conclusions. In the process of equivalent cyclic tests, heterogeneous elastic-plastic deformations develop in the thickness of a section of demineralized enamel impregnated with a flowing composite and along its perifocal zones, most pronounced at the interface between intact and treated enamel, which leads to the development of local defects, delaminations, cracks, and destruction of the structurally heterogeneous environment of tooth enamel. According to the results of the comparative analysis, the most favorable results in terms of the timing of development, frequency and severity of deformation defects were obtained in samples of demineralized enamel after its treatment using a modified caries infiltration technique followed by coating with a bioactive hybrid glass ionomer.

An influence of finishing procedures and protective coating on the ultrastructure of conventional and hybrid glass ionomer cement restorations

Introduction. In addition to the advantages of glass ionomer cements that have led to their wide application, hybrid glass ionomer cements have been developed to overcome the shortcomings in mechanical resistance. The aim of the study was to perform an ultrastructural analysis of restorations made from conventional and hybrid glass ionomer cements after recommended finishing procedures and application of a protective coating. Materials and Methods. This study analyzed 30 samples of conventional glass ionomer cement Fuji IX? and 30 samples of hybrid glass ionomer cement EQUIA Forte HT Fil?. The samples were prepared in cylindrical molds and divided into the three groups. The first group of samples, after adaptation, was left untreated and served as a control group. The second group consisted of samples that were finished with a cylindrical diamond bur with water cooling. The samples in the third group were finished and protected with appropriate coatings (G-COAT PLUS? and EQUIA Forte Coat?). The samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Results. The finishing procedures of Fuji IX? samples significantly reduced crack width (t = 3.42, p &lt; 0.005; Z = 3.25, p = 0.001). Similarly, the crack width in EQUIA Forte HT Fil? samples was also significantly smaller in treated samples (t = 4.78, p &lt; 0.001; Z = 4.28, p &lt; 0.001). Ultrastructural analysis of both materials showed the complete absence of cracks in finished samples protected by coatings. Conclusion. Finishing of conventional and hybrid glass ionomer cements results in a reduction in the number of cracks as well as a decrease in their widths, and the protective coatings completely cover remaining cracks.

Comparative Evaluation of Compressive Strength and Diametral Tensile Strength of Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement and a Glass Hybrid Glass Ionomer Cement.

The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate compressive strength (CS) and diametral tensile strength (DTS) of a conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) and a glass hybrid GIC. Five samples each were prepared of GC Fuji IX and EQUIA Forte cements for CS testing and five samples of each material for tensile strength testing. Specimens were subjected to a universal testing machine. Comparison of CS and DTS among two study groups was made using an independent t-test for each. Level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Both test values were on the higher side for EQUIA Forte cement as compared to conventional GIC (p ≥ 0.05). However, the differences in values were not statistically significant. EQUIA Forte can serve as an alternative to conventional GIC in stress-bearing primary teeth areas. Considering several factors like cost-effectiveness, surface to be restored, moisture contamination, and time considerations, the material of choice can be tailored to one's needs. EQUIA Forte can serve as a viable alternative to conventional GIC because of its improved qualities. Kunte S, Shah SB, Patil S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Compressive Strength and Diametral Tensile Strength of Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement and a Glass Hybrid Glass Ionomer Cement. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(4):398-401.

In Vitro Mastication Simulation and Wear Test of Virgilite and Advanced Lithium Disilicate Ceramics.

To compare wear behavior, durability during in vitro mastication simulation, and fracture force of an established and a novel lithium disilicate CAD/CAM material, as well as to examine the impact of cementation and reduced ceramic thickness on durability and fracture force. Specimens (n = 8 per group) were prepared from lithium disilicate (LS2; IPS e.max, Ivoclar Vivadent) and advanced lithium disilicate (ALD; Cerec Tessera, Dentsply Sirona). Specimens were polished, and two-body wear test and thermocycling were performed (50 N, 120,000 cycles, 1.6 Hz, H2O dist., 5°C/55°C, 600 cycles). Maximum vertical loss, surface roughness, surface roughness depth, and antagonist wear were determined. Single crowns (n = 8 per group; thickness 1.5 mm/1.0 mm) were manufactured from LS2 and ALD and mounted on human molar teeth with adhesive resin (AB; CalibraCeram, Dentsply Sirona), glass-ionomer cement (GIC; Ketac Cem, 3M ESPE), and hybrid glass-ionomer cement (HGIC; Calibra Bio, Dentsply Sirona). Thermocycling and mechanical loading (2 × 3000 × 5°C/55°C, 2 minutes, H20 dist., 1.2 × 106 50 N) were performed. Fracture force was determined by a universal testing machine (1446, ZwickRoell), and one-way analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test (α = .05) were used for statistical analyses. Mean (ALD: 210 ± 42.4 μm; LS2: 264.3 ± 56.1 μm) and maximum (ALD: 391.1 ± 86.3 μm; LS2: 518.3 ± 113.2 μm) wear between groups were significantly different (P ≤ .047). Fracture force varied between 1,911.4 ± 468.4 N (ALD/AB 1 mm) and 2,995.3 ± 880.6 N (LS2/GIC), without significant differences (P ≥ .152). ALD showed better wear behavior than LS2, but provided similar fracture force. Cementation and reduction of ceramic thickness had only minor effects on fracture force.

Effect of Nanofilled Resin-Based Coating on the Compressive Strength of Glass Ionomer Cement – in vitro

Glass ionomer cement as one of the restoration materials requires high compressive strength so it can last during functional activity. The latest glass ionomer cement comes with glass hybrid technology and a nanofilled resin-based protective coating which is said to increase the compressive strength of glass ionomer cement. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of nanofilled resin-based coating and the types of glass ionomer cement materials on their compressive strength. Two types of commercial glass ionomer cement material were used; conventional (Fuji IX GP Extra), and hybrid (EQUIA Forte Fill) glass ionomer cement. Forty cylindrical (4 x 6 mm) samples were prepared in each group. The main group was divided into 4 subgroups (n=10) based on the protective coating used (EQUIA Forte Coat, Varnish, Control, Water + EQUIA Forte Coat). Eight subgroups were immersed in 37 °C distilled water for 7 days, then a compressive strength test was performed using a universal testing machine. The data analysis showed no significant difference in the compressive strength between the two types of glass ionomer cement materials (p&gt;0.05). The use of a protective coating was associated with a significant decrease in the compressive strength (p&lt;0.05). The use of glass ionomer cement without the application of a protective coating was considered to be quite good because the compressive strength value of the restoration still met the standards of the American Dental Association.

Comparative Evaluation of Three Different Glass Ionomer Cements

Context: Newer glass ionomer cements with improved properties are constantly being developed. One such material is the novel Hybrid Glass-Ionomer cement (HGIC) with properties yet to be studied. Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the flexural strength, shear bond strength, wear resistance and fluoride release of Hybrid Glass Ionomer restorative with Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (CGIC) and Resin modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC). Settings and Design: This was an in vitro study. Methods and Material: A total of 300 samples were tested in this study, with 100 samples per group and each group was further subdivided into 5 sub-groups with 20 samples each. Flexural and Shear bond strength values were determined by subjecting the specimens to a universal testing machine. For wear resistance, the specimens were assessed using a pin on the disc tribometer. For fluoride release, the test specimen suspended in 10 mL deionised water was tested at 24 h and 1 week. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA. Results: RMGIC had the highest flexural and shear bond strength values followed by HGIC and CGIC. HGIC had the least wear rate followed by RMGIC and CGIC. At 24 h and 1 week, HGIC had the highest fluoride release among the study groups. Conclusions: HGIC exhibited the highest wear resistance and fluoride release among the cements studied. However, flexural and Shear bond strength values, of RMGIC, was comparatively higher.

Experimental analysis of crack resistance indicators of demineralized tooth enamel after combined infiltration treatment

Objective. To study the indicators of crack resistance of the demineralized enamel treated with combined infiltration method using the method of scratch testing. Materials and methods. To study the elastic-strength properties of the enamel in vitro, 24 intact teeth removed by orthodontic indications were used, on the vestibular surface of the crown of which, there was modelled an artificial caries of the enamel by the patented technology. A number of multilevel studies confirmed the formation of caries. Scratch testing was performed on the sections of the intact enamel; demineralized enamel infiltrated by light composite using the modified method with a four-minute regime of conditioning; enamel laminated with bioactive hybrid glass ionomer. Results. The developed model of artificial caries corresponded to the enamel in vivo. The critical load of the start of formation of the intact enamel microcracks (Lc1) was 9.82 0.81 N; demineralized enamel 6.34 0.92 N; infiltrated by modified method 8.23 0.61 N; bioactive glass ionomer 0.82 0.17 N. The critical load of formation of the chevron cracks (Lc2) of the intact enamel was 18.21 0.68 N; demineralized 14.21 1.35 N; after infiltration 10.1 0.30 N; in bioactive glass ionomer, no parameters were registered on all the tested samples. The critical load of formation of the intact enamel chips (Lc3) was 15.73 0.73 N; demineralized enamel 5.02 0.64 N; after infiltration 22.43 0.44 N; bioactive covering 2.21 0.12 N. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the results of scratch testing of the enamel permitted to characterize the biomaterial from the position of physical material science, determine the critical loads of the start of forming microcracks, double-helical cracks, chips.

Effect of the incorporation of hydroxyapatite on the diametral tensile strength of conventional and hybrid glass ionomer cements.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of calcium hydroxyapatite particles (HAp) in the diametral tensile strength of a conventional type II glass ionomer (GC Gold Label 2) and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GC Gold Label 2 LC R). Two experimental HAp (E1HAp or E2HAp) were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction and Confocal Raman spectroscopy. Both HAp were added into the powder of a conventional or resin-modified glass ionomer cement at 5 or 10 wt.%. A commercial HAp (CHAp) was used as reference material. For each glass ionomer cement, a group without the incorporation of HAp was used as a control. A universal testing machine was used for the mechanical test. The results were analyzed through a two-way ANOVA test followed by a complementary Tukey test. For all analyzes, the level of significance was set at α = 0.05. The average particle size for E1Hap was 15µm, E2HAp was 35μm and for CHAp was 1µm. For conventional GIC, the addition of 10% E1HAp and 5% CHAp significantly increased the diametral tensile strength values (p ≤ 0.005). On the other hand, for the resin-modified GIC, except for the 5% E2HAp group, all experimental groups significantly reduced the values of diametral tensile strength (p ≤ 0.007). The addition of HAp improved the mechanical properties only for the conventional glass ionomer cement.

The study of physical and mechanical properties of tooth enamel using kinetic microindentation

The work carried out a comparative assessment of the physical and mechanical properties of tooth enamel that was healthy, demineralized, demineralized and subsequently infiltrated with a fluid composite according to a standard, modified and combined technique, completed by the lamination of the infiltrated enamel with a bioactive hybrid glass ionomer. An original in vitro model of artificial caries of human enamel was used for the study, its clinical-topographic and color-textural physical and mechanical properties correspond to the characteristics of enamel caries in vivo. Comparative analysis of the results of kinetic microindentation of enamel samples allows us to characterize the biomaterial from the standpoint of physical materials science, to determine the advantages and disadvantages of various technological options for the infiltration treatment of caries (focal demineralization) of enamel.

Clinical performance of Equia Forte: A glass hybrid GIC versus Tetric N Ceram; a bulk fill composite in class II carious primary molars: A 12 month split mouth clinical trial

The present study aims to clinically evaluate the performance of a glass hybrid glass ionomer cement (GIC), Equia forte (GC India) and a bulk fill composite, Tetric N Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent) in restoration of class II carious lesions in primary molars for a period of 12 months. A total of 39 patients of 5-9 years with occlusoproximal carious lesion on primary maxillary or mandibular molars were selected and randomly allotted into two groups i.e Group A (Equia Forte) and Group B (Tetric N Ceram). A total of 78 restorations (39 teeth for each group) was placed using Equia Forte and Tetric N Ceram using a split mouth design and were evaluated for a period of 12 months at regular time intervals using FDI criteria by two blinded examiners for esthetic, functional and biological properties. The data were analyzed using one way ANOVA for intragroup comparison and student t test for intergroup comparison. There was no statistically significant difference seen at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months for esthetic, functional and biological properties within the group. On inter group comparison, there was no statistically significant result observed except for functional property at 6 months with a p value of 0.02. The current study suggests that both Equia Forte and Tetric N Ceram can be a choice of restorative material in class II carious lesions in primary molars.

Clinical evaluation of glass ionomer with glass hybrid technology versus conventional high viscosity glass ionomer in class I cavities in patients with high caries risk: Randomized controlled trial

Aim: Glass ionomer is a well-known name in caries management and control. Meanwhile, the dark side in its history is being limited as an interim restoration inside patient mouth. The recently introduced glass ionomer with glass hybrid technology could be a new breakthrough in its future. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of glass hybrid glass ionomer compared to conventional high-viscosity glass ionomer in class I cavities in patients with high caries risk. Materials and Methods: In a split-mouth design, 31 high caries risk patients with class I cavities received randomly two pairs of restorations, either EQUIA Forte (glass ionomer with glass hybrid technology) or EQUIA Fil (conventional high-viscosity glass ionomer); both materials were applied according to manufacturer’s instructions. Restorations were evaluated at baseline (1 week) and after 1 year by two blinded assessors using Federation Dentaire Internationale criteria for assessment of dental restoration measuring (functional properties and biological properties). Results: Chi-square test was used to compare the difference between glass-ionomer restorative materials at the base line and after 1 year. A value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference between both materials for all tested outcomes with 100% success rate (score 1 or 2). Conclusion: Glass hybrid glass-ionomer restoration has shown clinical performance similar to conventional high-viscosity glass-ionomer restoration in class I cavities in patients with high caries risk after 1 year of clinical service.

Mechanical Properties of High Viscosity Glass Ionomer and Glass Hybrid Restorative Materials.

Objectivesto determine the mechanical properties of hybrid and high-viscosity glass ionomer cements. Compressive strength and hardness of three glass ionomer cements (GIC) were measured: Ketac ™ Universal Aplicap ™, EQUIA Fil® and EQUIA FORTE Fil®, and the SEM sample analysis were performed.Materials and MethodsThe samples for measuring the compressive strength were prepared using silicone molds with standard dimensions of 6 mm x 4 mm and stored in deionized water for five days, while the samples for hardness measurement were prepared using Teflon molds with a cylindrical opening in the middle, dimensions 2 mm in height and 5 mm in width. For each material, one sample was made (n = 1) and stored in deionized water at 37ºC for 25 days. A representative sample of each material was analyzed using SEM. For the comparison of obtained values, the ANOVA test was used, while Tukey test was used for the multiple comparison.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the compressive strength of the three tested materials (p <0.05). The hardness values were: 157 HV0,2 for Ketac ™ Universal Aplicap ™, 47 HV0,2 for EQUIA Fil® and 39 HV0,2 for EQUIA FORTE Fil®, respectively, and were significantly different, implying that Ketac ™ Universal Aplicap ™ has much higher hardness values than the other materials tested. SEM sample analysis revealed similar fracture modes of the tested materials.ConclusionIt was concluded that there were no statistically significant differences in compressive strength and fracture modes between the tested materials, while Ketac ™ Universal Aplicap ™ hardness results were significantly higher than the ones measured for EQUIA Fil® and EQUIA FORTE Fil®.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ВЫБОРА ПЛОМБИРОВОЧНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА ДЛЯ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ПРИШЕЕЧНОГО КАРИЕСА ПАЦИЕНТАМ С ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫМИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ ПАРОДОНТА ПРИ ПРОВЕДЕНИИ КЮРЕТАЖА ДЕСНЫ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ МОДЕЛИ

Background. The problem of choice of filling material in cervical caries treatment of patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases is considered in the article. It was evaluated the adaptation of filling materials to tooth tissues, as a result of mechanical some aggressive methods applied for treatment of periodontal tissues with curettes using ultrasonic apparatus. The following filling materials were suggested: composite light-curing filling material, hybrid composite light-cured material, and hybrid glass ionomer material with triple curing.&#x0D; Objectives. The aim of the work is to give arguments for the choice of filling material for cervical caries treatment of patients with inflammatory diseases of the periodontium during the treatment with the use of gingival curettage.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Carious cavities were artificially prepared on the teeth removed for surgical indications in the cervical areas and, according to the manufacturer's instructions, filled with: light-curing composite filling material, hybrid light-curing composite, hybrid glass-ionomer triple-curing cement and immersed for maturation at 37 °C into isotonic solution for 5 days. After that, there was removal of dental deposits and gum curettage carried out according to the Protocol developed by Moscow state medical and dental University under the name of A. I. Evdokimov, the Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation. The fillings were isolated with1 mm indentation from the edge of the insulating coating. All available cavities and apical holes of the roots are filled with wax. Then the teeth were placed in the eosin-B solution for 2 hours at a temperature of 37 °C. On the longitudinal saws in the center of the filling, a visual assessment of the edge permeability of the filling material was carried out using a Khera S .C., Chan K.C. five-point system.&#x0D; Results. The best results were obtained by light-curing composite filling material. So, it did not reveal the edge permeability of the filling material in 26 % of case and did not reveal any case of staining in the bottom of cavity. Also, in the composite of light curing, no staining of the bottom of artificial cavity was revealed. However, only 9 % of the samples had no permeability. In hybrid glass ionomer triple-cured cement, the greatest penetration of colorant beyond the edges of the artificial cavity was observed and amounted to 87 % of cases. Staining at the bottom of the artificial cavity was revealed in 13 % of cases. &#x0D; Summary. The carried out studies on experimental models have shown that after the gingival curettage the lowest indices of edge permeability and better adaptive properties has composedly light-curing material. It proved the best resistance to traumatic and aggressive factors. It is optimal to use a light-cured composite filling material to cure patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases in the cervical areas, with mandatory compliance in the stages of preparation, filling and polishing.