Hybrid Fruit Research Articles

Optimum deployment of sensor nodes in wireless sensor network using hybrid fruit fly optimization algorithm and bat optimization algorithm for 3D Environment

Optimum deployment of sensor nodes in wireless sensor network using hybrid fruit fly optimization algorithm and bat optimization algorithm for 3D Environment

Characteristics of Interspecific Hybridization and Inbred Progeny of Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) and Winter Squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.)

Hybrid incompatibility and F1 hybrid dysgenesis in the interspecific hybridization between pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) and winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) have been previously noted. For this reason, it is difficult to obtain F2 generations due to F1 sterility. However, back-crossing and add-crossing can be utilized to overcome these incompatibility barriers in interspecific hybridization. To date, few studies have focused on parental selection, the back-crossing process, and offspring characteristics related to interspecific hybridization. Hence, we explored the F1 seed acquisition rate, plant characteristics, and F2 generation fertility after interspecific back-crossing and add-crossing hybridization of C. moschata and C. maxima. Moreover, as a female parent, X-1 (C. moschata) yielded F1 seeds when crossed with winter squash (C. maxima) 10-04-3, 10-37, or 10-05-2. BC1F1 seeds and plants could be obtained with winter squash (C. maxima) as the recurrent parent. Some healthy F2 seeds and plants were obtained from the interspecific hybrids, including ZJ-13, ZJ-8, and ZJ-11. Further fruit nutrition quality analysis showed that the starch, polysaccharide, cellulose, and dry material contents of ZJ-7 and ZJ-8 were significantly higher than those of the parent pumpkin and winter squash lines. The bioflavonoid content of ZJ-8 was lower than that of its parents, and its soluble protein was at the median value. Meanwhile, the bioflavonoid content of ZJ-1 was lower than that of its parents, but its soluble protein was significantly higher. These results suggest that back-crossing and multi-crossing can overcome the barriers to interspecific crossing of C. moschata × C. maxima. Some interspecific hybrid fruits had nutritional contents much higher than those of their parent lines. Additionally, X-1 (C. maxima) was found to act as a bridge species in interspecific hybridization. Collectively, in this study, the barriers to interspecific hybridization of C. moschata × C. maxima were addressed through crossing methods and choice of parents, and the obtained results are expected to provide novel support for interspecific hybrid breeding between C. moschata and C. maxima.

Multi-Objective Optimal Power Flow Solution Using a Non-Dominated Sorting Hybrid Fruit Fly-Based Artificial Bee Colony

A new optimization technique is proposed for solving optimization problems having single and multiple objectives, with objective functions such as generation cost, loss, and severity value. This algorithm was developed to satisfy the constraints, such as OPF constraints, and practical constraints, such as ram rate limits. Single and multi-objective optimization problems were implemented with the proposed hybrid fruit fly-based artificial bee colony (HFABC) algorithm and the non-dominated sorting hybrid fruit fly-based artificial bee colony (NSHFABC) algorithm. HFABC is a hybrid model of the fruit fly and ABC algorithms. Selecting the user choice-based solution from the Pareto set by the proposed NSHFABC algorithm is performed by a fuzzy decision-based mechanism. The proposed HFABC method for single-objective optimization was analyzed using the Himmelblau test function, Booth’s test function, and IEEE 30 and IEEE 118 bus standard test systems. The proposed NSHFABC method for multi-objective optimization was analyzed using Schaffer1, Schaffer2, and Kursawe test functions, and the IEEE 30 bus test system. The obtained results of the proposed methods were compared with the existing literature.

Effect of varieties and storage on the quality parameters of nectarine (Prunus persica)-based intermediate moisture food (IMF) products

Fruits play an important role in maintaining a healthy life. Nectarine is a hybrid fruit of peach and plum, wherein efforts were made to develop intermediate moisture food products (jam and jelly) from nectarine varieties (May Fire, Snow Queen, and Silver King). The study aimed to determine the effect of storage on the nutritional (TSS, pH, acidity, ascorbic acid, and sugars) and sensory parameters (color, taste, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability) of jam and jelly at different storage intervals. Storage had a nonsignificant effect on the total soluble solids, with reported mean values of 69.670 Brix, while the pH content of jam varied significantly from 2.90-2.20 during 6 months of storage. The values for acidity and total sugars increased (P≤0.05) significantly from 1.92-2.03 percent and 57.04 to 56.93 percent, respectively. However, the ascorbic acid content decreased significantly from 4.64 - 1.66 mg/100 g. In the case of jelly, the total soluble solids and pH decreased from 67.78 – 67.440 Brix and 2.70 – 2.48, respectively, during storage for 6 months at ambient temperature. The ascorbic acid content decreased from 4.56-2.10 mg/100 g. Among cultivars, there was a nonsignificant difference in the nutritional parameters of jam, but in the case of jelly, different cultivars had a significant effect on TSS, pH, and ascorbic acid content. Organoleptically, the nectarine jam was rated as ‘liked very much’, while the jelly ‘liked slightly’, with good storage acceptance up to 6 months. Being nectarine as a superfood can be explored to develop speciality food products for vulnerable sections of society.

First Report of Aspergillus versicolor Associated with Fruit Rot Disease of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) from India.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop and cultivated throughout India. During 2019-20, Karnataka produced 2163 tonnes of tomato, accounting for 10.51 percent of total production (https://agricoop.gov.in/horticulture-reports). During a survey conducted in September 2019 in southern Karnataka region, severe fungi fruit rot symptoms were observed on at harvest in a 18 hectare production operation. The incidence of fruit rot disease was estimated around 12–14% in an area of 18 hectares (~62 fields). The necrotic lesions on infected fruit were covered with. The fruit rot was characterised by necrosis lesions filled with black fungal fruiting bodies, which later became soft and fully necrotic. A total of 20 samples were used for isolation and diagnostics. Infected fruit rot samples were surface sterilized with 2% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed thrice in sterile distilled water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium amended with chloramphenicol (40mg/L). The plates were incubated at 28±2 °C and pure cultures were obtained by hyphal tip excision. On PDA medium, fungal colonies were initially white, but later turned to yellow green, often intermixed with pink sections. They produced sulcate and centrally raised sporulating conidiophores which were hyaline or slightly pigmented with smooth walls. Vesicles produced on conidiophores were sub-globose to ellipsoidal with phialides borne on metulae. Conidia were globose, brownish and conspicuously echinulate. On the basis morphological and cultural characteristics, the causative pathogen was identified to be Aspergillus versicolor (Jurjevic et al., 2012). Further molecular characterization was also done by amplifying internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using universal ITS1-ITS4 primers with three representative isolates (White et al. 1990). Genomic DNA was isolated using CTAB using 15 days old culture followed by PCR amplification using ITS1-ITS4 primer pair and sequencing. The sequences analysis had 100% (561/561 base pairs) similarity with the reference sequences of Aspergillus versicolor (KU318417.1, MT798844.1) according to BLAST analysis in GenBank. The representative sequence of ITS-rDNA for three isolates viz., A. versicolor NCM_1, NCM_2 & NCM_3 were deposited in GenBank (Accession number: MZ520551.1 – MZ520553.1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 10 healthy mature fruit of tomato F1 hybrid (INDAM 3003) using wound inoculation (conidial suspension 3 × 106 conidia mL−1). Several tomato fruit (n=5) were only inoculated with sterile water to serve as controls. The experiments were conducted in triplicates with 10 fruits each and repeated three times (Mahadevakumar et al. 2019). Within 7 days of post-inoculation, fruit rot symptoms similar to those in the original out break in Karnataka were observed on all inoculated fruit. Control fruit remained asymptomatic even after 10 days. The pathogen was reisolated from diseased fruit and the identity was confirmed based on morphology and ITS sequencing. A. versicolor has been reported as a post-harvest fungal pathogen on other various vegetable crops (Aidoo, 1993). Tomato fruit rots are known to be a major problem (Nizamani et al., 2021) in the region. However, there no reports of tomato fruit rot caused by A. versicolor in India (Farr and Rossman, 2021), which warrants additional attention as a potential threat to regional production.

Energy efficient and delay aware clustering in mobile adhoc network: A hybrid fruit fly optimization algorithm and whale optimization algorithm approach

AbstractThe energy efficient and delay are the two important optimization issues in the mobile adhoc network (MANET), where the nodes move randomly at any direction with limited battery life, resulting in occasional change of network topology. In this article, a hybrid fruit fly optimization algorithm and whale optimization algorithm (FOA‐WOA) is proposed for energy efficient with delay aware cluster head (CH) selection. The major objective of the proposed method is “to solve the problems of energy efficient with delay and develop a clustering mechanism”. The performance of the hybrid FOA‐WOA is evaluated based on packet delivery ratio (PDR), delay, energy consumption, and throughput. Moreover, the proposed method is analyzed with two existing algorithms, like ant colony optimization (ACO) and genetic algorithm (GA). The experimental results show that the proposed method attains 11.6% better than ACO and 1.8% better than GA based on packet delivery ratio, 57.6% better than ACO and 27.3% better than GA based on delay and 15.3% better than ACO and 36.4% better than GA based on energy consumption.

Fault diagnosis of electric rudder system using PSOFOA-BP neural network

Electric rudder system exerts an immense influence on the movement of aircraft, missiles and ships. To solve the problem of low automation in traditional rudder system, we developed a novel intelligent electric rudder system test equipment, and proposed a new machine learning algorithm for fault diagnosis. This study mainly focuses on the multidimensional data set test and fault diagnosis of the rudder system. Additionally, so as to further the accuracy of the classification model, we optimized back propagation neural network (BPNN) with particle swarm optimization hybrid fruit fly algorithm (PSOFOA), which we called particle swarm optimization hybrid fruit fly algorithm-based back propagation neural network (PSOFOA-BP), and PSOFOA effectively resolved the weights and biases of BPNN. The experimental results indicate that the novel model proposed in this study has higher performance in fault diagnosis of rudder system, which can provides a new concept for rudder testing and production in the future.

Pengaruh formulasi metil eugenol block plus terhadap tangkapan lalat buah Bactrocera spp. pada tanaman cabai

Fruit fly Bactrocera spp. is one of important pests in chili pepper. The use of methyl eugenol (ME) block plus as an attractant in traps is one method of controlling fruit flies populations. This study aims to find out the appropriate formulation of ME block plus formulation in increasing fruit fly catches on chili pepper. The experiment was carried out from January to April 2018 in Lembang Village, Lembang District, West Bandung Regency. The experiment used a randomized block design consists of eight treatments and three replications. The treatments tested were ME 2 ml was applied to all treatments using cotton; block; chili essence 4 ml block; 4 ml block of guava essence; orange essence 4 ml block; starfruit essence 4 ml block; mango essence 4 ml block; an attractant block product with the active ingredient ME. Although the results showed that all the treatments tested could not attract female fruit flies, the essence formulation was successful in attracting male fruit flies by 87%. The 4 ml chili essence in the 2 ml ME block formulation was the most effective treatment to increase male fruit fly catches by as much as 377 fruit flies/traps/week specifically the species Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock, Bactrocera umbrosa Fabricius, and hybrid fruit flies B. dorsalis x B. carambolae.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of a hybrid blackberry (Rubus spp.) cultivar

Blackberry (Rubus spp.) is an important hybrid fruit crop popular in the US Pacific Northwest and the European region with complex origins. In this study, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of a hybrid blackberry cultivar ‘Arapohol’ using next-generation sequencing technology. The complete chloroplast genome size is 156,621 bp. The genome contains 134 genes, including 40 tRNA genes, 86 protein-coding genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 11 complete chloroplast genomes revealed that taxa is closely related to Rubus niveus. The complete chloroplast genome of this Rubus sp. provides valuable information for understanding the origination of this crop species.

Efficient feature selection technique for brain tumor classification utilizing hybrid fruit fly based abc and ann algorithm

In medical science, information technology plays a main role in image processing for medicinal investigation and classification. For this reason “Magnetic Resonance Imaging” (MRI) can be useful today in the medical world which in turn is used to generate a comprehensive picture of the body's soft tissue and bones. The suggested technique utilizes an effective technique for brain tumor segmentation and classification. To segment and classify the brain tumor MR image by Modified fuzzy c means clustering (MFCM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). From the input image the proposed method extracts the shape, intensity and texture features. Here the extracted features are optimally selected by means of Hybrid Fruit fly and artificial bee colony (HFFABC). Both the segmentation and classification performance of the implemented technique is estimated in terms of “Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, Ppv, Npv, Fpr And Fnr”. The implementation result shows the efficiency of proposed tumor segmentation and classification technique in segmenting the tissues perfectly from the MRI images of human nervous system. The classification performance of the implemented techniques is evaluated in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The implementation results show the sensitivity, specificity & efficiency as 98.1%, 99.8% and 99.59%respectively.

Analysis of Sterol Glucosides in Momordica charantia L. Extracts and Nutraceutical Products

Sterol glucosides were biosynthesised in Momordica charantia L. and used as markers for the standardization of M. charantia extracts. The sterol glucoside, charantin, used as a marker consisted of equal amounts of two sterol glucosides, namely, 5, 25-stigmastadienol glucoside (1) and β-sitosterol glucoside (2). Most quantitation methods either mixed up both isomers, namely (1) and stigmasterol glucoside (3) or both the sterol glucosides (1) and (2) were not separated in the quantitation methods. The labelling of individual sterol glucosides needs to be clearly stated in nutraceutical products. This study aimed to resolve the separation of the commonly mixed-up sterol glucosides and further validate a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) method for the quantification of individual sterol glucosides in M. charantia. The HPLC-PDA instrument was used for method development as it is a universal instrument available in most nutraceutical companies. Sterol glucosides (1)-(3) were separated with a Zorbax SB-C18 column and an isocratic HPLC mobile phase system of 88% methanol in deionized water. The wavelength of the PDA detector was set at 200 to 500 nm with a linearity range of 90 to 300 µg/mL and a good correlation coefficient of r2 > 0.99. The validated method was applied to fresh fruits and nutraceutical products. The sterol glucoside (1) is the major constituent in charantin. Hybrid fruits biosynthesised higher content of sterol glucosides compared to non-hybrid fruits. The content of (1)-(3) in the final nutraceutical products fluctuates and dependent on the source of raw material. Thus, standardization of extracts is essential in nutraceutical production to ensure uniform content of secondary metabolites and reproducible therapeutic effect.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Capacity of the Extracts of Fruits of the Sechium Hybrid

In addition to their own antioxidants, human cells feed on external antioxidants, such as the phenolic compounds of fruits and vegetables, which work together to keep oxidative stress in check. Sechium edule, an edible species of chayote, has phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity and antineoplastic activity. A Sechium hybrid shows one thousand times greater antineoplastic activity than edible species, but its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and the content of phenolic compounds are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of the extract of fruits of the Sechium hybrid in vitro and in vivo. Phytochemical analysis using HPLC showed that the extract of the Sechium hybrid has at least 16 phenolic compounds; galangin, naringenin, phloretin and chlorogenic acid are the most abundant. In an in vitro assay, this extract inhibited 2,2-diphenyl-L-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity and protected the dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) phospholipid model cell membrane from oxidation mediated by hypochlorous acid (HClO). In vivo, it was identified that the most abundant metabolites in the extract enter the bloodstream of the treated mice. On the other hand, the extract reduces the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) but increases interleukin-10 (IL-10) and glutathione peroxidase levels. Our findings indicate that intake of the fruits of the Sechium hybrid leads to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model. Therefore, these results support the possibility of exploring the clinical effect of this hybrid in humans.

Comparison of anthocyanin distribution in berries of Haskap (Lonicera caerulea subsp. edulis (Turcz. ex. Herder) Hultén), Miyama-uguisukagura (Lonicera gracilipes Miq.), and their interspecific hybrid using imaging mass spectrometry

Haskap (Lonicera caerulea subsp. edulis), a shrub with violet–blue fruits, is distributed mainly in Hokkaido, Japan. Miyama-uguisukagura (Lonicera gracilipes), a species related to Haskap, produces red fruits. Interspecific hybridization of Miyama-uguisukagura and Haskap was performed to introduce novel characteristics in the resulting hybrids. The shape and color of the interspecific hybrid fruits differed from those of the parent fruits. A comparison of anthocyanin distribution among these three fruit types by imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) revealed the presence of five different anthocyanins. The average cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside and peonidin 3,5-diglucoside intensities in the interspecific hybrid fruit were higher than those of the parent fruits, whereas the average pelargonidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, and peonidin 3-glucoside intensities were the highest in Haskap. All anthocyanins were mainly accumulated in the inner and outer skins of Haskap and interspecific hybrid fruits, and in the skin of Miyama-uguisukagura fruits. The order of signal intensities of all anthocyanins among the three fruits was unchanged in different regions. Additionally, a comparison of IMS and LC/MS data from our previous study confirmed the possibility of comparing multiple fruits in the same plate by IMS. Thus, we elucidated anthocyanin distribution patterns of the interspecific hybrid and parent fruits by IMS.

The Selection of Ribes nigrum L. and Grossularia reclinata Mill. Based on Distant Hybridization

In this study, 1921 flower were pollinated, 484 hybrid seeds were sown, of which 41 plants were cultivated only on 6 crossing combinations. The analysis of the formed hybrid fruits and seeds of Gr. reclinata × R. nigrum showed that the fruit weight varies between 3.5–4.5 gr, the shape is round-oval, the diameter is more than 20 mm, and the color is maroon. The number of seeds per berry varies from 6 to 19. Germination of hybrid seeds is low (7.9–8.3%). Their germination is not even. In the crosses, R. nigrum × Gr. reclinata formed round, black fruits, weighing up to 1.7 gr. The number of seeds per fruit ranges from 8 to 34. Seed germination is low—from 25.6 to 29.6%. Black currant hybrids Gr. reclinata × R. nigrum inherited partial pubescence of rhachis of flower raceme, matte surface of lamina, and smooth ovary; the cylindrical shape of hypanthium and pubescence on the stile of pistil are inherited from gooseberries. The problems of the use of distant hybridization in the selection of black currants and gooseberries are considered. The hybrids of R. nigrum × Gr. reclinata are obtained. It is found out that reciprocal amphihaploids differ from the original parental forms. Stable infertility does not allow using them with practical purposes.

Segmentation of the Fabric Pattern Based on Improved Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm

In order to improve the segmentation performance of the printed fabric pattern, a segmentation criterion based on the 3D maximum entropy which is optimized by an improved fruit fly optimization algorithm is designed. The triple is composed of the gray value of the pixel, the average gray values of the diagonal, and the nondiagonal pixels in the neighbourhood. According to the joint probability of the triple, the 3D entropy of the object and the background areas could be designed. The optimal segmentation threshold is resolved by maximizing the 3D entropy. A hybrid fruit fly optimization algorithm is designed to optimize the 3D entropy function. Chaos search is used to enhance the ergodicity of the fruit fly search, and the crowding degree is introduced to enhance the global searching ability. Experiment results show that the segmentation method based on maximizing the 3D entropy could improve the segmentation performance of the printed fabric pattern and the pattern information could be reserved well. The improved fruit fly algorithm has a higher optimization efficiency, and the optimization time could be reduced to 30 percent of the original algorithm.

Nuclear and Chloroplast Sequences Resolve the Enigmatic Origin of the Concord Grape.

Despite the commercial importance of the Concord grape, its origin has remained unresolved for over 150 years without a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. In this study we aimed to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the Concord grape using sequence data from four nuclear markers (AT103, GAI1, PHYA, and SQD1), six plastid markers (matK, psbA-trnH, petN-trnC, ycf1, trnL-F, and trnS-G), and the plastid genome. We sampled extensively the Vitis species native to northeastern North America as well as representative species from Europe and Asia, including the commercially important Vitis vinifera (wine grape), a native European species with hermaphroditic flowers, and its wild progenitor, V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris. We also sequenced the plastid genome of one accession of the Concord grape and compared the plastid genome data to the recently published data set of Vitis plastomes. Phylogenetic analyses of the plastid and nuclear data using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference support the hybrid origin of the Concord grape. The results clearly pinpoint the wine grape, V. vinifera, as the maternal donor and the fox grape, Vitis labrusca, which is common in northeastern North America, as the paternal donor. Moreover, we infer that the breeding history of the Concord grape must have involved the backcrossing of the F1 hybrid with the paternal parent V. labrusca. This backcrossing also explains the higher morphological similarity of the Concord grape to V. labrusca than to V. vinifera. This study provides concrete genetic evidence for the hybrid origin of a widespread Vitis cultivar and is, therefore, promising for similar future studies focused on resolving ambiguous origins of major crops or to create successful hybrid fruit crops.

Cis- and Trans-Regulatory Variations in the Domestication of the Chili Pepper Fruit.

The process of domestication requires the rapid transformation of the wild morphology into the cultivated forms that humans select for. This process often takes place through changes in the regulation of genes, yet, there is no definite pattern on the role of cis- and trans-acting regulatory variations in the domestication of the fruit among crops. Using allele-specific expression and network analyses, we characterized the regulatory patterns and the inheritance of gene expression in wild and cultivated accessions of chili pepper, a crop with remarkable fruit morphological variation. We propose that gene expression differences associated to the cultivated form are best explained by cis-regulatory hubs acting through trans-regulatory cascades. We show that in cultivated chili, the expression of genes associated with fruit morphology is partially recessive with respect to those in the wild relative, consistent with the hybrid fruit phenotype. Decreased expression of fruit maturation and growth genes in cultivated chili suggest that selection for loss-of-function took place in its domestication. Trans-regulatory changes underlie the majority of the genes showing regulatory divergence and had larger effect sizes on gene expression than cis-regulatory variants. Network analysis of selected cis-regulated genes, including ARP9 and MED25, indicated their interaction with many transcription factors involved in organ growth and fruit ripening. Differentially expressed genes linked to cis-regulatory variants and their interactions with downstream trans-acting genes have the potential to drive the morphological differences observed between wild and cultivated fruits and provide an attractive mechanism of morphological transformation during the domestication of the chili pepper.

Physichochemical properties of Kebumen Entog Dwarf coconut

Kebumen Entog Dwarf coconut is one of the superior coconut varieties with characteristics of early bearing, large fruit size and sweet water. The study was conducted to determine the physicochemical properties of fruit and water of Kebumen Entog Dwarf coconut. Evaluation was carried out to measure the mineral content of coconut water, water content, ash, protein, and fat, the content of fatty acids and amino acids of fruit flesh. The fruits of Nias Yellow Dwarf, Mapanget Tall, Tenga Tall and KHINA-1 Hybrid were also evaluated. The analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of PT. Saraswati Indo Genetech, Bogor. The results showed that potassium and phosphorus content in water of young nut of Kebumen Entog Dwarf coconut fruit were higher than these in Nias Yellow Dwarf. The young kernel contained of 49.52% fat, 3.94% moisture, 3.78% ash, and 7.64% protein. The mature kernel of Kebumen Entog Dwarf contained of 63.20% fat, 5.9% moisture, 1.72% ash, and 5.24% protein. The medium chain fatty acids (caproic, caprilic, capric and lauric acids) in young and mature nuts was 43.12% and 51.07%, respectively. Fifteen types of amino acids in kernel of mature kernel was also detected. Dominant amino acids in coconut flesh were glutamic acid (1.28%), arginine (0.71%) and aspartic acid 0.45%.

Stability of fruit and bunch of mapanget tall and Indonesia coconut hybrid with several planting distance using AMMI model and GGE biplot analysis

Coconut plantations with new system of planting distance allow wider use of distance under the coconut than the conventional planting distance. Evaluation stability ofMapanget coconut (DMT) and KHINA hybrid coconut at various planting distance systems can be used as a recommendation for the development of coconuts with new planting distance in the most suitable environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the stability of the yields of DMT and KHINA grown with various distance models for five years observation. The experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment design consistsof 8 treatments with 2 replications, in the Mapanget Experimental Garden, North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province, for 5 years from 2014 to 2018. The results showed that the combined analysis variance was significantly different (F < 0.05) both GXE interaction for the number of fruits, while the character number of bunches is not different. The results of AMMI Biplot showed that Khina coconut with the most stable distance of 9 x 9 m followed by Khina coconut with a distance of 5x16 for land use under coconut plants with intercropping suggested using a distance of 5x16 m.

Hybrid fruit fly optimisation algorithm for field service scheduling problem

Hybrid fruit fly optimisation algorithm for field service scheduling problem