Hybrid Composite Materials Research Articles

Production and Mechanical Characterization of Steel/Al-B4C Layered Circular Hybrid Composite Materials

This study aimed to develop a layered circular metal composite that would combine high strength, low density, and developable surface properties. The outer part of this composite material called the sheath was made of AISI 4140 steel, and the inner part, as the core, was composed of Al/B4C (boron carbide) mixed metal matrix composite. Al/B4C powder mixing ratios were determined by volume rate as 5, 15, and 25% B4C. Al2024 powder with an average particle size of 40 µm and B4C with particle sizes of 5, 17, and 58 µm were used. Composite materials were produced by forming the pre-products obtained by compressing Al/B4C powder mixtures into steel tubes using the drawing method. The drawing process was carried out at room temperature, 250 °C, and 400 °C, and with three different deformation extents (16, 30, and 37%). In the composite materials produced under all temperature conditions, increasing of the deformation extent increased the compression strength of the materials. Compression strength also increased with B4C reinforcement at all temperature conditions, but it decreased when the ratio of reinforcement passed over 15%. The gas nitriding process was applied to the produced composites to improve their surface properties. Strength values showed improvement after the nitriding process, and a thicker nitride layer was obtained on the steel sheath in highly deformed materials. As a result, the study presented the production of a composite with different sheath-core materials by rod drawing method and the effect of production variables on the material's mechanical properties. In addition, it was shown that the desired surface quality can be obtained by the gas nitriding process at low temperatures.

Influence of silicon nitride (Si3N4) reinforcement on mechanical properties and wear behaviour of AZ31–Nano alumina (Al2O3) composites developed through the stir casting route

In this study, hybrid composites consisting of AZ31 alloy matrix reinforced with 2 wt% aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3) and 2, 4, or 6 wt% silicon nitride microparticles (Si3N4) have been prepared using the stir casting route. The mechanical properties, such as hardness, tensile strength, compression strength, impact strength, and sliding wear performance, were evaluated for the fabricated hybrid composites. The mechanical properties improve significantly with the inclusion of reinforcement content. The hybrid composite having 4 wt% Si3N4 reinforcement exhibits higher mechanical properties like micro-hardness (68.8 HV), tensile strength (172 MPa), percentage of elongation (11.9%), compression strength (278 MPa), and impact strength (6.4 J). The wear rate and coefficient of friction tend to reduce with the inclusion of Si3N4 reinforcement content under dry sliding wear conditions. Worn-out surface micrograph investigation displays wear mechanisms such as abrasive wear and plastic deformation with micro–ploughing and micro-cutting.

Effect of fibre treatment and moisture content on the vibration and acoustic properties of the basalt/hemp hybrid composites

The hybridization reinforcements of composites allow design engineers to enhance the structural and acoustic properties of synthetic fibre-reinforced materials. Natural fibres are considered to have higher potential for replacing synthetic fibres in the composite industry. The present study aims to develop hybrid composite materials for sound insulation applications in the automotive industry. The hybrid composites were developed by reinforcing Basalt and Hemp fibres with Epoxy using vacuum bagging technique and cured under ambient conditions. Vibration and acoustic experiments were carried out on pristine and aged BHU (Basalt-Hemp-Untreated) and BHT (Basalt-Hemp-Treated) specimens. The fibre treatment and moisture gain influenced the natural frequency and stiffness of the hybrid composites. With the fibre treatment, the natural frequency of the specimens was enhanced by 12.8%. With ageing of both BHU and BHT, specimens showed a reduction in the natural frequency by 16.4% and 23% respectively. Moisture ingression into the composites reduced the stiffness and improved the damping factor of the structure. The aged BHU and BHT showed better acoustic performance compared to the pristine specimens.

Mechanical characterization of jute/carbon hybrid epoxy composites

In recent years, the use of hybrid composites consisting of natural and synthetic fibers has gained increasing attention due to their potential for improved mechanical performance and sustainability. The primary aim of this study was to explore the impact of integrating jute and carbon fiber components into hybrid composites on the enhancement of the materials’ mechanical properties. Jute and carbon bidirectional fabrics were used with a bi-component epoxy matrix in order to fabricate the hybrid composite materials. The carbon bidirectional fabrics were placed on the outer layers, while the jute fabrics were used as the core of the hybrid composites. The core fibers were controlled by the number of layers (5), while the synthetic outer layers were varied (1 and 2, symmetrically and asymmetrically). The composite materials were characterized mechanically via tensile, flexural and impact tests. The results show that both the hybridization technique and the reinforcement symmetry significantly affect the general mechanical properties. In the analysis of tensile properties, a consistent monotonic increase in enhancement tendencies was observed with an increasing fraction of carbon fibers. Conversely, under flexion, a plateau was evident with regard to the hybridization architectural variations, although this behavior was not observed for the flexural modulus, which exhibited a continuous monotonic enhancement relative to the fraction of carbon fibers. Finally, under impact conditions, it was found that symmetry of the synthetic envelope is highly advantageous.

Detection and characterisation of defects in composite materials using microwave non-destructive testing methods

This paper proposes a technique for detecting impact-induced surface and subsurface fractures in Glass Fibre Reinforced Composites (GFRPs) and hybrid composite materials. Various categories of composite samples, namely Unidirectional GFRP, Bidirectional GFRP, Woven mat GFRP and Carbon-flax hybrid composites are fabricated by the hand-layup process, and cracks are induced in the samples by three-point flexural bending test using a Universal Testing Machine. Near-field microwave Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is employed in detecting the above cracks by recording the S11 parameter from the microwave transceiver probe throughout the sample. For image rendering the resulting outputs are passed as a 2-dimensional array to the image-rendering algorithms, namely Iterative Curve-Based Interpolation (ICBI), Improved New Edge-Directed Interpolation (INEDI) and the Lanczos algorithm. The most suitable algorithm to identify the clear picture and size of crack is identified, and the effectiveness of Microwave NDT for these composites is analysed.

Hemp fibers as sustainable reinforcement in natural fiber composites: A comprehensive review

Cannabis sativa, sometimes known as industrial hemp, is frequently used for manufacturing of high-cellulose bast (highly fibrous) fibers. The need for environmental conservation, combined with the beneficial characteristics of these fibers like their low thickness, high definite forte, and toughness prompts a strong interest in their utilization. Additionally, a great deal of effort has been put into developing novel materials thus improves the mechanical performance through surface modifications. Hemp fibers' most promising uses involve hybridization or as reinforcement in polymeric composites. However, more research is required to enhance their properties and broaden the scope of their uses. In the context of long-lasting applications and the ability to consistently reproduce the desired qualities of these composites, one significant concern is the biodegradability aspect, which requires careful consideration. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the existing body of research on hemp fibers, encompassing aspects such as the mechanical as well as chemical properties of hemp fibers, surface enhancements, hybrid composite materials, and both current and prospective applications.

High temperature and fire properties of sustainable syntactic foam reinforced by end‐of‐life tyre‐derived rubber particles

AbstractThe management of end‐of‐life tyres faces challenges due to insufficient recycling infrastructure and technologies, as well as limited markets for the materials recovered from them. To mitigate this, waste rubber can be upcycled and used as filler material for polymer matrix composites. Before rubber‐reinforced composites can be certified for fire‐prone applications, their thermal and flammability properties must be understood. This research investigates the effect of rubber fillers on the thermal stability, flammability and flame spread characteristics of epoxy matrix syntactic foam. Thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflection FTIR spectrometry were employed to elucidate changes in thermal degradation behaviours. The influence of rubber fillers on the flammability of syntactic foam was assessed using the cone calorimeter. The fire reaction properties of rubber‐reinforced foam were affected by the intensity of the incident heat flux. Regardless of the incident heat flux, an increase in rubber content led to higher total heat release. At the lower heat flux of 35 kW/m2, the fire growth rate increased with rubber content, but at the higher heat flux of 50 kW/m2, the fire growth rate decreased as the rubber content increased. Importantly, all rubber‐reinforced syntactic foams achieved a UL94 HB ranking and exhibited reduced flame spread rates compared to the unmodified foam. This study demonstrated the potential for upcycling waste rubber into sustainable engineering products and expanded the knowledge base on fire reaction properties and flame spread characteristics of such hybrid composite materials.

Empirical investigation on controlled porosity level and dry sliding wear behavior of Al7075-(T6) doped with SiC+MoS2 based hybrid composites via advanced vacuum-assisted stir casting

This paper investigated Al-based hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) comprised of Al7075-(T6) base metal matrix doped with SiC+MoS2 reinforced particles for high-strength, lightweight, and wear-resistant applications. Taguchi’s design of L9 orthogonal array (OA) with three process variables having different levels (such as SiC particle (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 wt.%), MoS2 particle (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 wt.%), and stirring speed (580, 600, and 620 rpm)) has been selected for fabrication of Al-based HMMCs via an advanced vacuum-assisted stir casting route. The controlled porosity level and dry sliding wear behavior (i.e. wear loss) of fabricated hybrid composites at an ambient temperature of 35°C have been conducted. Besides, metallographic evaluation was inspected through optical microscopy, high-resolution FESEM, and SEM-EDS techniques. Furthermore, experimental outcomes obtained from Taguchi’s design of experimentation were optimized by analysis of variance (ANOVA); and also validated through an artificial neural network (ANN) modeling with a network topology of 3-10-2. The results concluded that a homogeneous dispersion of reinforced particles over the base metal matrix (with controlled both abrasive and adhesive wear mechanisms of worn surfaces). Moreover, a significant reduction in porosity level (up to 29.41%) and wear loss (up to 4.94%) of the proposed hybrid specimen (S4) as compared with an unreinforced specimen (S0). In addition, the predicted values obtained from the ANN model were confirmed in close proximity to Taguchi’s experimental outcomes (with less percentage error), which in turn certified the authentication of the constructed ANN model for the Al-based HMMCs.

Ultralight crystalline hybrid composite material for highly efficient sequestration of radioiodine

Considering the importance of sustainable nuclear energy, effective management of radioactive nuclear waste, such as sequestration of radioiodine has inflicted a significant research attention in recent years. Despite the fact that materials have been reported for the adsorption of iodine, development of effective adsorbent with significantly improved segregation properties for widespread practical applications still remain exceedingly difficult due to lack of proper design strategies. Herein, utilizing unique hybridization synthetic strategy, a composite crystalline aerogel material has been fabricated by covalent stepping of an amino-functionalized stable cationic discrete metal-organic polyhedra with dual-pore containing imine-functionalized covalent organic framework. The ultralight hybrid composite exhibits large surface area with hierarchical macro-micro porosity and multifunctional binding sites, which collectively interact with iodine. The developed nano-adsorbent demonstrate ultrahigh vapor and aqueous-phase iodine adsorption capacities of 9.98 g.g−1 and 4.74 g.g−1, respectively, in static conditions with fast adsorption kinetics, high retention efficiency, reusability and recovery.

Investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al/SiC/ZrO2 hybrid composite by spark plasma sintering technique

The quantum of work with silicon carbide (SiC) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) in the aluminum hybrid composite material has increased due to the growing demand for lightweight materials for various industrial applications. The aluminum hybrid composite with the wt% of primary reinforcement particles of SiC was kept constant at 5%, and the secondary reinforcement particles of ZrO2 were taken by 5%, 10%, and 15%. The sintering parameters were used as the temperature at 600°C, holding time of 35 minutes, and pressure at 30MPa. In this work, the aluminum composite material reinforced with 5%wt of SiC particles compared the test results with aluminum hybrid composite reinforcement of SiC and ZrO2 nanoparticles. Adding ZrO2 reinforcements enhances the aluminum hybrid composite material's better microstructure, microhardness, tensile strength, compression, and yield strength.

Co1.22xNixO4/fMWCNTs-hybrid nanocomposite-based self-adhesive wearable non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for continuous glucose monitoring in sweat

The development of polymer-based wearable, eco-friendly, and non-invasive sensors has been boosted by the rapid emergence and evolution of soft electronics. However, challenges in the catalysis of glucose and sweat sampling have hampered these advances in the development of efficient wearable glucose sensors. Herein, the porous Co1.22xNixO4 hybrid composite material with interconnecting fMWCNTs, referred to as Co1.22xNixO4/fMWCNTs, was hydrothermally synthesized, and covalently crosslinked into well-patterned, flexible PDMS polymer networks. The hydrophilic fMWCNTs enhanced the anchoring spots for the in situ growth of NiCo–Oxides, which significantly improved the conductive networks and introduced many interface zones with high sensitivity of (1190.9 and 1312.1) µA·mM−1·cm−2, wide linear range of (0.001 − 8.0) mM, low detection limit (20 μM), good long-term stability, and excellent selectivity in alkaline solution. A prototype sensor was fabricated by assembling transparent PDMS film with a hydrophilic membrane of supramolecular double network hydrogel (SP−DN) as adhesive, and breathable substrate for sweat collection. The sensitivity of the calibrated prototype was found to be 1326.83 µA·mM−1·cm−2 with a linear range of ≤ 800 µM, tested in artificial sweat samples. The feasibility of a non-invasive glucose sensor was validated by assembling and testing prototype sensors on multiple volunteers. The SP−DN hydrogel acts as a continuous OH− ion supplier, and makes it possible to oxidize the glucose by metal-oxide-based nano-enzyme. The facile fabrication method and reliability of the results with real blood samples show the potential of the metal-oxide-based sensor prototype as a flexible, and environment-adaptable sensing device.

Investigating the impact of TiO2 filler on abrasive wear characteristics of bamboo fiber-reinforced epoxy composites using the Taguchi method

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of titanium oxide (TiO2) filler on the abrasive wear properties of bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites (BFRCs) using a Taguchi approach. The study aims to enhance the abrasive wear resistance of these composites by introducing TiO2 filler as a potential reinforcement, thus contributing to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly materials. Design/methodology/approach This study focuses on the fabrication of epoxy/bamboo composites infused with TiO2 particles within the Wt.% range of 0–8 Wt.% using hand layup techniques. The resulting composites were subjected to wear testing according to ASTM G99-05 standards. Statistical analysis of the wear results was carried out using the Taguchi design of experiments (DOE). Additionally, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the influential control factors impacting the specific wear rate (SWR) and coefficient of friction (COF). Findings The study illuminates how integrating TiO2 filler enhances abrasive wear in epoxy/bamboo composites. Statistical analysis of SWR highlights abrasive grit size (grit) as the most influential factor, followed by normal load, Wt.% of TiO2 and sliding distance. Analysis of the COF identifies normal load as the primary influential factor, followed by grit, Wt.% of TiO2 and sliding distance. The Taguchi predictive model closely aligns with experimental results, validating its reliability. The morphological study revealed significant differences between the unfilled and TiO2-filled composites. The inclusion of TiO2 improved wear resistance, as evidenced by reduced surface damage and wear debris. Originality/value This research paper aims to integrate TiO2 filler and bamboo fibers to create an innovative hybrid composite material. TiO2 micro and nanoparticles show promise as filler materials, contributing to improved tribological properties of epoxy composites. The utilization of Taguchi’s DOE and ANOVA for statistical analysis provides valuable guidance for academic researchers and practitioners in optimizing control variables, especially in the context of natural fiber reinforced composites.

The effect of depth of cure on microhardness between bulk-fill and hybrid composite resin material

BackgroundFunctional properties should be considered when selecting composites for restorations. With bulk-fill resin composites, the disadvantages of conventional composites were overcome regarding the increments necessitating the application of a 2 mm thick layer of resin and the amount of polymerization. The most significant advantage of bulk-fill resin composite is the possibility of applying the material in 4 mm layers. Multiple studies have examined the polymerization, mechanical, and adhesive properties of bulk-fill resin composites and proven them successful. ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the effect of the depth of cure on the microhardness between different bulk-fill composites and a hybrid composite material by following the manufacturer's instructions. MethodsIn this in vitro study, five composite types obtained from different companies were used: two high-viscosity bulk-fill composites, Filtek and OPUS bulk; two low-viscosity bulk-fill flowable composites, Any-com and OPUS flow; one light-cure hybrid composite, Cavex, totaling 25 samples. The composite was applied at a depth of 4 mm in the bulk-fill composite and 2 mm in the hybrid composite and light-cured. The microhardness was measured at three different times. The first time was performed immediately after light-curing, the second time was evaluated 24 h after polymerization, and the third time was after thermocycling. ResultA total of 25 samples showed that the microhardness increased the first and second times and decreased the third time after thermocycling on the top and bottom sides of Filtek, OPUS bulk-fill, OPUS flow, and Any-com bulk. The Cavex microhardness at the bottom was equal at all three-time points. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that the microhardness between all types of composite resin materials was significantly different at different times when p = 0.00.

Production of AA 2014 Matrix Wollostanite/Wood Ash Solid Waste Particle Reinforced Hybrid Composite with Powder Metallurgy and Investigation of Its Structural Properties

In this study, using AA 2014 aluminum alloy, AA2014/wollastanite, AA2014/wood ash, and AA2014/wollastanite/wood ash composite hybrid materials were produced by powder metallurgy method. The powders, whose mixing ratios were determined by weight, were mixed in a 3-dimensional mixer for 30 min. The prepared mixture powders were pressed uniformly under a pressure of 700 MPa, and cylindrical materials with a diameter of 10 mm were obtained. Then, the materials were sintered for 1 h under argon gas flow at a temperature of 600°C. The density, microstructure, hardness, and wear behavior of the materials were examined. It was observed that the density of the composite materials increased relatively compared to AA 2014 alloy. As the particle reinforcement ratios increased, porosity amounts also increased in the composite and especially in the hybrid materials. In the wood ash-reinforced composite materials, the particles were distributed more homogeneously in the microstructure. The highest hardness value obtained was 70.65 HV in AA2014/15% wollastanite composite material. The weight loss increased in the materials created by particle reinforcement, and the lowest weight loss (170 mg) was determined in this material.

Mechanical Properties, DMA and Structural Analysis of Cassia Auriculata/PLA Blended Hybrid bio Matrix Composite

In this study, hybrid composite material composed of Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) and Cassia Auriculata (CA) were fabricated and the mechanical properties were evaluated to assess the impact of bio filler loading in the bio polymer (PLA) matrix. In order to fabricate the composite specimens, the CA bio filler was added to the PLA matrix in proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by volume. In line with ASTM specifications, experiments were conducted to establish how the hybrid bio matrix, which was composed of both PLA and CA influenced the composite s mechanical characteristics. The test results indicated that adding 30 percent CA to PLA enhanced the material s mechanical, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric properties. The composite composition with better properties was considered for further fabrication of a colposcopy fixture, the component was fabricated using additive manufacturing methodology.

Synergistic design and fabrication of g-C3N4 decorated Ni-doped CeO2 nanocomposite: A highly efficient photo and electrocatalyst for enhanced energy storage and environmental remediation

Environmental pollution and energy storage are two of the most important problems in the modern world. There is an urgent need for the development of materials with multifunctional properties to successfully address these issues. In this study, we investigate the potential applications of the g-C3N4/Ni-doped CeO2 binary composite, specifically focusing on supercapacitor and photocatalytic performance. To synthesize the pristine CeO2, Ni-doped CeO2 and g-C3N4/CeO2 hybrid samples, we employed an ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal method and employed various characterization techniques to gain insights into their morphological, structural, optical and compositional characteristics. The synthesized materials are studied for their electrochemical behavior as supercapacitor electrodes using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Additionally, their photocatalytic performance is evaluated under sunlight with Methylene Blue (MB) dye. The hybrid composite electrode demonstrated a peak specific capacitance (Cs) of 269 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. Moreover, the device maintained an 85.22 % retention rate even after undergoing 5000 consecutive charge/discharge cycles. Moreover, following 60 min of exposure to natural light irradiation, the photocatalytic degradation rates for MB were observed to be 52.5 %, 69.3 %, and 82.3 % for pristine CeO2, Ni-CeO2, and g-C3N4/Ni-CeO2, respectively. The hybrid composite material, g-C3N4/Ni-CeO2, outperforms both CeO2 and Ni-doped CeO2 nanoparticles in terms of enhanced photocatalytic efficiency and improved electrochemical performance, making it highly promising for applications in wastewater treatment and supercapacitors.

Study on Machinability Behaviour and Simultaneous Optimisation of Multiple Responses Using Taguchi‐Based Grey Relational Analysis in End Milling of Aluminum Hybrid Composites

The present work reveals the machinability characteristics of Al7068/Si3N4/BN hybrid composite materials. The composite materials were prepared through the liquid metallurgy technique with various weight fractions (0, 5, 10) of silicon nitride and hexagonal boron nitride particles. The experimental studies were performed on a CNC milling machine by varying cutting speed (600, 1200 and 1800 rpm), feed rate (150, 300 and 450 mm/min), and depth of cut (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mm). Taguchi’s plan of experiments (L27 orthogonal array design) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to investigate the effect of process parameters on surface roughness (Ra), cutting temperature, and material removal rate (MRR). Taguchi‐based grey relational analysis (GRA) was performed to identify the best process parameters combination for optimising the multiple responses simultaneously. ANOVA results revealed that the weight fraction of Si3N4 is the most contributing parameter for multiple response characteristics.

Evaluation of the Mechanical Performance and Structural Characterization of Hybrid Green Composites Based on Periploca laevigata Aiton and Wool Natural Fibers

The current research is focused on developing and evaluating new composite materials that are reinforced with natural fibers to enhance sustainability and create environmentally friendly composites. The use of both wool and Periploca laevigata Aiton fibers was chosen in the construction of the hybrid composite due to their similar organic composition, while also taking into account their different properties such as weight, density, and water absorption capabilities. This combination created a composite material that is not only lightweight but also has little water absorption. To further improve the quality of the wool, a treatment involving cold plasma has been carried out to enhance the bonding between individual fibers. Vacuum infusion technology is used during the manufacturing process to ensure the quality of the composite materials by eliminating trapped air, allowing for consistent purity in each repetition. The fibers used in this study include untreated wool fibers, NaOH‐treated wool fibers, and cold plasma–treated wool fibers. Wool fibers were treated with a 5% sodium hydroxide solution for 30 min, resulting in fiber degradation. The concentration of the solution was gradually reduced until it reached a practical level of 0.1%. The hybrid composite incorporates wool that has undergone plasma treatments, which are crucial for removing organic contaminants from surfaces, strengthening the surface layer, and altering the chemical structure. The electric field applied had a strength of 9 kV and a frequency of 60 Hz. Atmospheric air was employed as the gas, with a flow rate of 800 L/min, and the fiber treatment lasted for 60 min. An analysis of natural fibers using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) unveiled similarities in the organic structures and chemical bonds shared between Periploca laevigata Aiton fiber and wool fibers, despite their unique origins. While wool fibers are animal‐derived, Periploca laevigata Aiton fibers stem from plants. By identifying these parallels, a hybrid composite material was formulated by combining plasma‐treated wool fibers with Periploca laevigata fibers. This resulted in a significant improvement in the tensile, flexural, and compressive properties of the composite, establishing it as a promising avenue for enhancing mechanical performance. The PLAF‐WLF hybrid composite exhibited a remarkable tensile strength of 26.02 MPa and Young’s modulus of 2.35 GPa, surpassing all other composites. In comparison, the PLAF composite demonstrated an impressive tensile strength of 20.1 MPa and Young’s modulus of 2.34 GPa. The PLAF‐WLF hybrid composite exhibited the highest flexural load‐bearing capacity of 253.15 N and Young’s modulus of 1.21 GPa. PLAF‐WLF demonstrates a hybrid compressive strength of 59.56 MPa, while its Young’s modulus is 0.5 GPa. The mechanical analysis findings revealed that the hybrid composite incorporating cold plasma–treated wool fibers and Periploca laevigata Aiton fibers displayed superior mechanical characteristics. Additionally, the composite made of Periploca laevigata Aiton fibers, recognized for its lightweight nature, smooth surface, and high quality, showed notable mechanical properties as well.

Copper selenide/amino hyperbranched polymer as an organic/inorganic hybrid composite cathode for rechargeable magnesium batteries

An organic/inorganic hybrid cathode is used for rechargeable magnesium batteries. Large interphase favors charge transfer, coordination of Cu2+ by the polymer enhances cyclability, and elastic matrix buffers volume change of conversion reaction.

Solid particle erosion behavior of Graphene/SiC/Al2O3/TiO2 coated Kevlar/Epoxy composite materials

In light of the finding of a research-based solution for erosion with fabrication and test ceramic fillers incorporating composite material, this research used the electro-spun method to cover fibre mats with nanofiller materials such as graphene, SiC, Al2O3, and TiO2. This study delves into the erosive behaviour of recently created nanohybrid composite materials. The test consistently maintains the following parameters: impact velocity (60–80 m/sec), angle of impact (15° − 90°), standoff distance (ranging from 15 mm to 25 mm), and erodent size (ranging from 300 µm to 500 µm). The results demonstrated that as the impact velocity and erodent size rose, so did the erosion rate. The semi-ductile quality of the manufactured materials is shown by the highest erosion rate at a 60° impact angle. The smallest erosion rate is often seen at an impact angle of 15°, however. The graphene/Kevlar/Epoxy, graphene/SiC/Kevlar/Epoxy, graphene/Al2O3/Kevlar/Epoxy, graphene/TiO2/Kevlar/Epoxy, and Kevlar/Epoxy erosion rates range from 3.27 to 13.08, 6.39 to 14.71, 11.64 to 19.30, 13.52 to 23.35, and 22.19 to 51.61 mg/kg, respectively. In comparison to the erosion values reported for hybrid composite materials based on fillers, these numbers are quite low. When compared to a hybrid composite without nanoparticles, the overall weight reduction for graphene/Kevlar/Epoxy, graphene/SiC/Kevlar/Epoxy, graphene/Al2O3/Kevlar/Epoxy, and graphene/TiO2/Kevlar/Epoxy is 70.67 %-85.25 %, 59.23 %-75.38 %, 41.78 %-64.26 %, and 27.86 %-56.91 %, respectively. This research examines the process of morphological erosion. Examining degraded surfaces with a scanning electron microscope reveals microcracks, crack propagation, pushing action, ploughing action, displacement of fibres, and breaking.