Hybrid Composite Materials Research Articles

Remediation of organic pollutant from the aqueous environment using in-house fabricated polyaniline-based hybrid composite (PANI-MnPBA/NiCoMnS) materials

Polyaniline-based hybrid material (PANI-MnPBA/NiCoMnS) was prepared by hydrothermal-solvothermal approach. Synthesized hybrid material was characterized through FTIR-spectroscopy, p-XRD, SEM, EDX, BET, and Zetasizer techniques. Hybrid material as adsorbent for removal of Congo red (CR) from water system showed excellent results such as 98 % removal efficiency and 254 mg/g adsorption capacity. Furthermore, various studies like adsorption isothermal, kinetic, thermodynamic, and statistical analysis were performed to understand the adsorption phenomenon. From various kinetic models, pseudo-first and second-order kinetic models, intra-particle and liquid film diffusion kinetic models, pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and liquid-film diffusion kinetic model both are most suitable for explaining the adsorption phenomenon due to the greater value of R2 (0.955) for CR. According to these kinetic models, physio-sorption and diffusion play a basic role in the adsorption of CR. Moreover, ΔG (-1779.508 kJ mol−1) and ΔH (61,760.889 kJ mol−1) values explained the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process, respectively. Furthermore, for support of the adsorption mechanism via electrostatic attractions before and after the adsorption process FTIR results of as-synthesized adsorbent were measured (NH peaks before 3668.88, after 3541.41 cm−1). These results confirm electrostatic attraction for the adsorption process. Finally, the statistical model was added (n < 1), according to this model, adsorption follows a multi-anchorage approach and adsorbent contains enough sites for adsorption of CR.

Modelling, Analysis, Fabrication and Experimental Testing of Leaf Spring Material by Hybrid Composite Materials with Natural Fiber for Electric Vehicle

Present automobiles are running with the help of fuel. But in the future, electricity plays a significant role. The generation upgrading into electricity as the main source. Leaf springs are used for suspension for automobiles. These leaf springs are manufactured with stainless steel material. This is heavy in weight, which is one of the limitations for consuming of fuel. If this material is used in electric vehicle, it consumes more electricity. To overcome this issue the material is replaced with composites. The primary goal of this endeavour is to achieve weight rebates without diminishing in reliability. A parametric study of the leaf spring by varying the three-dimensional parameters will be carried out. Fabrication of the composite specimen is based upon the ASTM standard. Modelling and analysis of composite leaf spring with SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS WORKBENCH software. Epoxy resin and E- glass fibre is reinforced with various fractions of Prosopis Juliflora (Throne powder) composites were falsification by hand layup technique. The fabricated composite material in the form of plate were cut into corresponding profiles as per ASTM standard. The objective is to examine the Stress, Strain, Deformation, Physical property, Mechanical properties, Thermal property of composite leaf spring with that of steel, CFRP.

Modelling, Analysis, Fabrication and Experimental Testing of Leaf Spring Material by Hybrid Composite Materials with Natural Fiber for Electric Vehicle

Modelling, Analysis, Fabrication and Experimental Testing of Leaf Spring Material by Hybrid Composite Materials with Natural Fiber for Electric Vehicle

Electrochemically Activated Multifunctional Carbon Fibre Composites

A multifunctional lightweight material combines several functions in a single material entity able to simultaneously bear mechanical loads by acting as a carbon fibre composite component while providing one or more other functionalities at the same time, e.g. storing energy. Carbon fibres are particularly attractive as they can be used both as a high-performance structural material and as an active electrochemical material. Carbon fibres allow for ion insertion into their microstructure with capacities comparable to graphite and hard carbon used in state-of-the-art lithium-ion and other alkali-ion batteries [1]. Carbon fibres are electrically conductive and can therefore replace the conventional metallic current collector. Carbon fibres are thus in this context a truly multifunctional material. A piezo-electrochemical transducer effect (PECT) [2], has also been discovered in ion inserted carbon fibres. The PECT-effect, that mechanical load changes the electrochemical potential of ion-inserted materials, could be used for sensing, where a voltage change is related to the mechanical strain in the material. When carbon fibres are inserted with alkali ions, they expand in the axial direction [3]. This expansion could be used for making linear actuators with high forces or even to create shape-morphing materials [4]. Combing the PECT effect with the expansions allow for using carbon fibres in an electrochemical cell to harvest energy [5],[6]. Such functionalities could be combined with an inherent electrochemical energy storage (battery function) capability. Imagine a solid-state high-performance structural material that senses its own state, can change shape and harvest energy – that is stored in the material itself!In this work, we will show functionalities coming from alkali ion insertion in carbon fibres that goes beyond the battery function, and how these functions can be combined in a single device. The starting point for these concepts are so called structural batteries, which are hybrid and multifunctional composite materials able to carry load while storing electrical energy like lithium-ion batteries. In such a battery, carbon fibres are used as the load carrying material thanks to their excellent strength and stiffness properties, but also as the active negative electrode. They also include a multifunctional matrix system – a structural battery electrolyte (SBE), the material holding the fibres together to make a solid-state load carrying material, but which at the same time is ionically conductive and chemically stable in the voltage window used. It also includes a multifunctional positive electrode – a composite electrode based on conventional ion inserting materials like lithium iron phosphate (LFP) supported by electrochemically active carbon fibres for load carrying and electrical conduction. This can then also be used for inherent strain sensing in the material without any added mass or wiring. The material can also be made to shape-morph with electrical control at low voltages and harvesting energy by converting mechanical strain to electrical power.

Radiation response properties of organic−inorganic perovskite-type compounds in a nanoporous glass

Abstract We fabricated hybrid composites, where various organic–inorganic layered perovskite-type compounds (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbBr4, (C6H5CH2NH3)2PbBr4, and (C4H9NH3)2PbBr4 were incorporated into a nanoporous glass, and their photoluminescence and scintillation properties were investigated for fast scintillator applications. A photoluminescence peak derived from free excitons was observed at around 410 nm for all the samples. Furthermore, a sharp scintillation peak originating from excitons was detected from the hybrid composites with (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbBr4 or (C6H5CH2NH3)2PbBr4, and the hybrid composite with (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbBr4 showed the highest scintillation intensity. In addition, afterglow levels of the fabricated hybrid composites were 430–620 ppm, and the values were higher than that of a (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbBr4 single crystal.

Effect of adding (ZrO2-ZnO) nanopowder on the polymer blend (lamination and methyl vinyl silicone) in a hybrid nanocomposite material

A polymeric blend combines two or more polymers to form a new material with different physical properties. In this work, a base material consisting of a polymeric mixture was manufactured to improve its properties and then strengthened with nanoparticles (ZrO2-ZnO) to develop a hybrid nanocomposite material, which has better properties than its constituent materials. Reinforcement material, i.e., (ZrO2-ZnO) nanoparticles, were prepared using relaxation method. A polymeric resin mixture (lamination and methyl vinyl silicone) was prepared by adding methyl vinyl silicone to the lamination resin in different ratios (4 %, 8 %, 12 %, and 16 %). The mixture properties were studied through tensile, bending, shock, and hardness tests, and the optimal results were achieved for the 12 % ratio. The resulting composite nanoparticles and their properties were studied using EDX, X-Ray, SEM, and PSA techniques. Finally, the nano-hybrid composite material was manufactured by choosing the optimal blend (i.e., 12 %). It had the highest polymeric base material properties, and nanoparticles were added at different dosages (3 %, 6 %, 9 %, and 12 %). The resulting hybrid composite material properties were studied through different tests (tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness). The results showed that the binary composite nanoparticles improved the properties of the mixture for both sizes (30 nm and 89 nm) at all mixing ratios, compared to the control specimens (i.e., without any addition). The optimal results were obtained when 30 nm particles were added and for all tests compared to samples reinforced with 89 nm particles. The optimal ratio of (ZrO2-ZnO) was 9 % wt 30 nm size, representing the best sample in terms of the resulting properties. It is recommended to use the sample with the 9 % addition of (ZrO2 - ZnO) wt with a granular size of (30 nm) in essential applications, including prosthetics (foot).

Influence of Green Plantain Peel Ash and Alumina Reinforcement on the Physio-Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Matrix Hybrid Composites

Hybrid composites are gaining increasing interest in the development of aluminium metal matrix (AMCs) for various industrial applications owing to their ability to integrate multiple functionalities within a single material matrix with enhanced physio-mechanical properties as opposed to single-fibre reinforced composites. Green plantain peel ash (GPPA) is an agricultural waste with potential for reinforcement purposes. However, no study has investigated GPPA natural filler as a reinforcement for AMCs. This study, therefore, aims at assessing the influence of variations in GPPA particles and alumina as reinforcements in the fabrication of hybrid composites using Al-Mg-Si alloy as a matrix. This study also reassessed the chemical composition of the GPPA particles and investigated their mechanical properties. However, enhanced mechanical properties, including hardness, tensile strength, and ductility, were observed at varying weight ratios. Results obtained in this study suggest a promising potential application of GPPA particulates as complementing reinforcements in the production of lightweight, strong, and high-performance AMCs well-suited for engineering, aerospace, construction, and packaging applications.

Fracture toughness analysis of a woven sisal-glass fiber hybrid composite

This experimental work’s goal was to investigate the mode-I fracture toughness behavior of a hybrid composite material made of woven sisal and glass fibers under mode-I loading circumstances to gauge the material’s resistance to fracture behavior. The sisal plant was painstakingly stripped of its fibers. For the sisal fiber surface treatment, 5% NaOH was utilized. Next, treated fibers were weaved by hand to create the woven sisal fiber. Using the hand lay-up technique and the ASTM D5045-99 standard, compact tension specimens were created. The findings indicated that, under mode I loading circumstances, the mode I fracture toughness value of a specimen with a thickness of 5 mm has a (KIC) of 18.34 MPa. m. By determining a material’s resistance to fracture under mode I stress conditions—a condition that is employed in a variety of engineering applications—it is a valuable parameter for developing and establishing preconditions for engineering applications. The manufactured hybrid specimens’ performance and applications for various engineering materials for construction (such as tables, ceilings, and partitions), lightweight vehicle parts (like boards), and replacing synthetic materials with natural fibers in engineering applications were demonstrated by the results of the fracture toughness test.

A Critical Review on Tribological and Mechanical Characteristics of Hybrid Polymer Composite Materials

AbstractThis review paper presents tribological and mechanical characteristics of hybrid polymer composite materials that exhibit low friction and low wear. Polymer fiber reinforced materials possess low weight and high specific quality along with high specific stiffness. This study targets a critical review of wear and frictional characteristics of hybrid polymer composite materials. Tribological properties have been evaluated by various researchers using a rotating pin‐on‐disc tribometer and reciprocating wear testing machine. Most likely filler materials are carbon, graphite, nano silica, bronze, glass fibers, MoS2, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) added in the polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyamide 66, thermoses polymer, etc. It improves mechanical and tribological properties of hybrid composite materials. This review paper aims to highlights the comparative study of various fillers added in PEEK, Polyamide 66, and thermoses polymer hybrid materials. Recently hybrid composites are used in wide range of applications since it has light weight and high strength.

Water absorption and mechanical behaviour of green fibres and particles acting as reinforced hybrid composite materials

Abstract This paper highlights the results of an experimental study on the preparation and characterization of Luffa cylindrica fiber (LCF) and groundnut shell particle (GSP) reinforced phenol-formaldehyde (PF) hybrid composites. The amount of LCFs was fixed at 25 wt%, while the amount of groundnut shell particles ranged from 0 to 25 wt%. Observations were made regarding the water absorption and thickness swelling behaviour of prepared hybrid composites. In addition, the mechanical behaviours of hybrid composites have been studied under both dry and wet conditions. In comparison to dry conditions, the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites were lower when they were wet. Hybrid composites comprising 25% Luffa cylindica fibre and 15% groundnut shell particle (25LCF/15GSP) exhibit the highest level of mechanical properties under both conditions. The percentages of water absorption and thickness swelling increase as groundnut shell particles increase. The composite 25LCF/25GSP exhibited the highest percentage of water absorption and thickness swelling. Compared to date palm leaf (DPL)-reinforced composites, 25LCF/15GSP showed more significant mechanical and physical properties. We concluded that the inclusion of groundnut shell particles in LCF/PF composites substantially improved the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite. The range of increment, however, was narrower under moist conditions compared to dry conditions.

Development of New Hybrid Composites for High-Temperature Applications.

Nowadays, in the automation and aircraft industries, there is a challenge in minimizing the weight of components of vehicles without losing the original properties. In this study, we fabricate hybrid composites based on fiber metal laminates; these materials could be promising composites for high-performance applications. This work is focused on analyzing the effect of high temperature (175 °C) on the mechanical properties of these kind of materials, by introducing NaOH and silane adhesion treatments between metal and prepreg layers and by using vacuum molding processes. Fabricated FML (NaOH treatment) shows a significant improvement in tensile strength in comparison with the ARALL and GLARE reported by ESA. Moreover, developed FMLs at 175 °C kept more than 70% of their tensile strength and modulus and kept 4% of tensile strain at room temperature. The prominent conclusion achieved in this work has been that excellent candidates have been obtained for a wide range of applications, including but not limited to space and aerospace applications.

EFFEK PERLAKUAN ALKALI NATRIUM HIDROKSIDA TERHADAP KARAKTER FISIS DAN MEKANIS KOMPOSIT SERAT NANAS DENGAN PENGUAT RESIN POLIESTER

The use of pineapple fiber is still not optimal and has the potential to be used as a reinforcing material for hybrid composite materials which are expected to get higher composite material strength values. The aim of the research was to determine the dampening effect of NaOH solution on the mechanical and physical properties of pineapple fibrous composites. The research was conducted during the day at the Muhammadiyah University of Semarang (UNIMUS). The research stage is making test samples with molds according to ASTM D638 and ASTM D790 standards by pouring using Yukalac BQTN Polyester Resin. The resulting mold is then mixed with a catalyst and the pineapple fiber is applied in random directions. Tests are carried out mechanically, namely tensile and bending. The test results were then taken with macro photos. The NaOH solution concentration was given starting from 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% with soaking for 24 hours. The results of the research were that the tensile test produced the largest tensile strength value for the 10% concentration specimen at 24.20 Mpa, while the largest elastic modulus value at the 5% concentration was 415.467 Mpa. In the flexural test, the highest value was produced for the 5% concentration specimen at 1.09 Mpa and the highest elastic modulus value at the 15% concentration was 16,350 Mpa.

A Facile One-Step Synthesis of Polystyrene/Cellulose (PS@MFC) Biocomposites for the Preparation of Hybrid Water-Absorbing Sponge Materials.

The elaboration of a low-cost and effective approach to synthesize hybrid composite materials based on the conventional thermoplastics and natural biopolymers is a sustainable alternative to the production of "traditional" plastics. Cellulose is one of the most abundant biopolymers. Its fibrils possess outstanding mechanical characteristics and, hence, attract considerable interest of researchers during recent decades. However, modification of the hydrophobic polymer matrix by cellulose fibrils is significantly complicated by the hydrophilic nature of the latter. In this study, we propose an effective and low-cost approach to the synthesis of polystyrene at the cellulose microfibrils composite material via the emulsion polymerization method. The obtained fibrous composite was comprehensively analyzed with FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, and DSC, and was further employed to produce sponge hybrid materials. We investigated the influence of the cellulose/polystyrene ratio on the density, porosity, pore volume, and water uptake of the obtained sponge materials. The sample containing 70 wt.% of cellulose demonstrated the best water absorption properties while preserving its shape, even after 24 h of floating on water. The produced sponge materials might be employed as sorption materials for the purification and desalination of waters of various origins, filtration, and collection of undesirable elements under specific industrial or natural conditions.

Finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamic study of hybrid composite‐based offshore wind turbines

AbstractOffshore wind turbines are utilized for wind power harvesting through wind farms installed in bodies of water, normally at sea. The blades of the wind turbine resist the airflow and rotate and generate useful mechanical energy. Most of these wind blades are made of synthetic glass and carbon fibers. Synthetic fiber has higher mechanical strength but is non‐biodegradable in nature. The hybrid synthetic and natural composite materials overcome the non‐biodegradable issues to a certain extent and exhibit higher mechanical strength. In this prelude, the present work utilizes sisal, jute and rubber with epoxy‐based hybrid material used for wind blade manufacturing. The hybrid composite materials used in the present work have the volume fraction of synthetic fibers, natural fibers, and resin as 40 %, and 30 %, respectively. CATIA modelling software package is utilized to design the three‐dimensional model of the wind blade and is imported into the ANSYS Workbench. The structural, harmonic, and modal analyses are carried out, and the performance of the wind blades made of different hybrid composite materials is compared. Further, the computational fluid dynamic study is carried out to visualize the proposed composite offshore wind turbine's flow distribution. The results revealed that the proposed hybrid glass/jute/epoxy composite material yields better results and is more suited for offshore wind blade manufacturing.

Study of carbon-flax hybrid composites modified by fibre fluorination

Knowing that fibre reinforced polymers are sensitive to moisture through their interphases, carbon and flax fibres sized with Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether were fluorinated under a N2/F2 atmosphere. Because of differences in reactivity of gaseous F2 between fibres and sizing, only the latter has been fluorinated, resulting in a covalent grafting of fluorine atoms onto the fibres, that has been evidenced by Infrared spectroscopy, and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Fluorinated fibres exhibit enhanced mechanical properties, as highlighted by tensile tests. Hybrid and non-hybrid composite materials were then fabricated with vacuum infusion process, using non-fluorinated and fluorinated carbon and flax fibres. Their hydrothermal behaviour and mechanical properties were investigated, in order to study the impact of both hybridisation and fibre fluorination on the composite properties. A better water resistance was observed for polymer materials reinforced with fluorinated fibres, whereas their mechanical properties were slightly lower than polymers reinforced with non-fluorinated fibres.

In Vitro Comparison of Internal and Marginal Adaptation between Printed and Milled Onlays.

Nowadays, milling is still the gold standard for fabricating indirect restorations, but to overcome its disadvantages, there are alternatives, such as 3D printing. This study aimed to compare the gaps between the prepared tooth and milled and printed onlays fabricated with the same CAD design. It also aimed to determine the gap reproducibility across onlays fabricated by 3D printing and milling. A resin tooth was prepared for an onlay. After scanning the preparation, an onlay was designed with proprietary dental software. Next, 22 onlays were milled in a graphene-reinforced PMMA disc (Group 1), and 22 onlays were 3D-printed with a hybrid composite material (Group 2). After that, all fabricated restorations were scanned and superimposed on the scanned prepared resin tooth. Subsequently, a specific software was used to measure the margin, central, and intaglio-located gap between the milled or printed restoration and the preparation. Finally, measurements were compared with a multifactor analysis of variance. The results demonstrated that printed onlays (Group 2) adapted better to the prepared tooth than the milled ones (Group 1) (p < 0.05). The comparison of standard deviations showed the better gap reproducibility of printed onlays (p < 0.05). This study concluded that the printed onlays adapted significantly better to the prepared tooth than the milled onlays. Printed onlays also showed significantly better gap reproducibility.

Preparation and Characterization of Hybrid Composite Material for Maxillary Sinus Augmentation

Preparation and Characterization of Hybrid Composite Material for Maxillary Sinus Augmentation

Acoustic emission with machine learning in fracture of composites: preliminary study

In this paper, preliminary studies on the failure analysis of hybrid composite materials utilizing acoustic emission and machine learning are presented. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the possibilities of using machine learning techniques as a way to better cluster the data obtained from acoustic emission. In this paper, we focus on data preparation, feature extraction (Laplacian score), determination of cluster number (Caliński–Harabasz, Silhouette, and Davies–Bouldin), and testing three clustering techniques, namely K-means, fuzzy C-means, and spectral clustering. The dataset was obtained by testing fiber metal laminates—composites consisting of metal and composite layers. Two experimental tests were realized on pre-cracked rectangular specimens—one with loading in mode I and one with loading in mode II (DCB—double cantilever beam and ENF—end-notch flexural test). Elastic waves were recorded during these tests via an acoustic emission system. Preliminary studies show that the proposed method can be used successfully to cluster data obtained in this way. The obtained dataset was split into 3 clusters (for the ENF test) and 5 clusters (DCB test). In the next stages of the research campaign, based on the presented results, we intend to change the approach to semi-supervised by running additional single-cause damage tests to enhance the achieved results and enable easier damage recognition.

Mechanical analysis of sisal fiber/bio-epoxy/fly-ash reinforced hybrid composites

This research investigates the mechanical characteristics of a novel hybrid composite material, which combines bio-epoxy reinforced with sisal fiber and integrated with fly ash nano-fillers. The study focuses on exploiting the environmentally friendly attributes of natural fiber composites and reducing reliance on synthetic materials. In this study, sisal fiber serves as the reinforcement, and a bio-epoxy matrix is utilized to create the composite. To further enhance its properties, fly ash, a byproduct of coal-fired power plants, is incorporated as a nano-filler. The experimental findings reveal significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the composite due to the inclusion of fly ash nano-fillers. The tensile strength shows a notable enhancement of up to 6.3%, flexural strength experiences an impressive increase of 68%, impact strength demonstrates a remarkable boost of 28%, and scratch hardness elevates by 17% which were all achieved at 20% fiber weight fraction and 5% fly ash weight fraction. The considerable potential of this hybrid sisal fiber reinforced bio-epoxy composite, integrated with fly ash nano-fillers, as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional synthetic composites is evident from these results. Such enhancements make the composite suitable for a wide range of engineering applications, including the manufacturing of automotive components, construction materials, and consumer goods. By adopting this bio-composite, industries can actively contribute to sustainable practices while maintaining optimal performance in their products. This research offers valuable insights into a promising solution for eco-conscious engineering applications, with both quantitative and qualitative evidence demonstrating the achievement of superior mechanical properties in this innovative hybrid material.

Optimization of Tailor-Made Natural- and Synthetic-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy-Based Composites for Lightweight Structural Applications

Natural and synthetic fibers offer a multitude of advantages within the automotive sector, primarily due to their lightweight properties, including appealing characteristics such as adequate mechanical strength, low density, improved acoustic–thermal insulation, cost-effectiveness, and ready availability. In this study, we aimed to strengthen epoxy-based composites with natural and synthetic fibers using bamboo and glass, respectively. Additionally, the reinforcement processing of this hybrid composite material was optimized using a Taguchi L9 (nine experimental runs) orthogonal array design with linear modeling through the Design of Experiment (DoE) principles. The fibers were alkali-treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and the composites were manufactured through the hand lay-up process at ambient temperature and characterized comprehensively using ASTM standard methods. The experimental results of the bamboo–glass fiber composite materials presented a significantly high tensile strength of 232.1 MPa and an optimum flexural strength of 536.33 MPa. Based on the overall Taguchi and linear modeling analysis, the NaOH treatment, fiber content, and epoxy resin concentration were optimized. These findings reveal that the ideal combination consists of 20% fiber content, 8% NaOH treatment, and 65% epoxy resin concentration. The statistical method Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to confirm the significance of these factors. The integration of the amount (%) of bamboo fiber used played a pivotal role in influencing the mechanical properties of this hybrid composite. Overall, this study demonstrates that the reinforcement of natural fiber with polymeric material composites on epoxy enhanced the composite characteristics and quality. Therefore, this bamboo–glass–epoxy-based composite can be recommended for lightweight structural applications, especially in the automotive sector, in the future.