Hybrid Energy System Research Articles

Risk-averse energy management of hydro/thermal/pumped storage complementarily operating with wind/solar: Balancing risk, cost and carbon emission

Large-scale grid integration of variable renewable energy is crucial for achieving decarbonized development. However, this integration requires frequent regulation of flexible power sources for complementary operation, which can lead to wear-and-tear and fatigue damage to key components. This poses potential risks to flexible power sources. Existing studies have primarily focused on limiting unit startups, while have neglected the risk of frequent power regulation. Thus, this work proposes a risk-averse short-term scheduling method for a Wind-Solar-Cascade hydro-Thermal-Pumped storage hybrid energy system to balance frequent regulation risk, cost, and carbon emission: (1) a risk-averse short-term scheduling model is proposed, considering multilayer constraints; (2) a multi-objective hybrid African vulture optimization algorithm is proposed to effectively solve the scheduling problem including continuous and discrete variables. A case study in the Songhua River basin, China shows that: (1) compared with traditional models, the proposed model reduces the risk by 31.4% and enhances the comprehensive performance in balancing the three objectives by 22.4%; (2) the proposed algorithm performs robustness and search capability advantages, with improvements of 33.01% and 21.44% respectively, in solving the problem of challenging constraints and mixed decision variables. Overall, this work contributes to enhancing the management of large hybrid energy systems.

Technical assessment of a stand-alone hybrid renewable system for energy and oxygen optimal production for fishes farming in a residential building using HOMER pro

Electricity holds both economic significance and strategic importance in many regions globally. Persistent challenges related to electricity generation, encompassing aspects like availability, quality, and cost, have impeded the progress of nations for an extended period. While conventional electrochemical storage systems have been the benchmark, they are plagued by issues such as high expenses, technical limitations in power output, and restricted storage capacity. Power generation facilities come with their own array of problems, including noise pollution, environmental impacts, and suboptimal performance, exacerbating the existing concerns of reliability and maintenance. To navigate the path of sustainable global development amidst a sharp upswing in energy consumption, it becomes imperative to foster innovative energy solutions. Independent renewable energy systems (RES) represent a promising avenue for reshaping the prevailing reliance on conventional power grids. The Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) deserves careful calibration, particularly considering the considerable load fluctuations and the need for cost efficiency. The study considers a standalone HRES in a residential area on Manoka Island, where fish farming is a primary activity. This dwelling exhibits a daily electricity consumption averaging at 9.28 kWh, with peak demand hitting 0.88 kW. To evaluate the suitability of the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) program, the study investigates the optimal energy generation mix for both sustaining the fish farming industry and fulfilling the energy requirements of the chosen building. The optimization process identifies four key parameters that undergo thorough assessment in this analysis. Delving into the specifics, the study attains an impressive renewable fraction (RF) of 92.5% and achieves a Deficit of Power Supply Probability (DPSP) of 0%. Furthermore, the production of 50 kg of O2 and the emission of 1.69 kg of carbon annually prove adequate for constructing a reliable and environmentally sound energy system. In a broader sense, this research serves as a compelling case study, elucidating the concept of hybrid energy systems within the framework of eco-friendly and sustainable power generation. The study not only underscores the substantial potential of RES for the country but also constitutes a significant stride for researchers active in this field.

Investigating the sustainability of urban energy generation with techno-economic analysis from hybrid energy systems

With the growing need for sustainable energy solutions in urban areas, a strategic integration of energy supply, public transport modernization, and energy demand reduction for residential and commercial buildings has become crucial. While numerous efforts have showcased technological advancements and examined the functionality of energy systems, urban applications have not received adequate attention. To address this gap, this research proposes a feasibility analysis of hybrid energy systems in urban settings. The study incorporates a well-defined research purpose, a robust methodology, and a comprehensive approach to data collection, enabling a thorough investigation of technological, scientific, and industrial developments. There is a requirement for a total of 20,349 k Wh of energy per year in the study area, and it can be met with a PV array having a production capacity of 5591 k Wh per year and a capacity of 14,758 k Wh per year. It also explains that 27 % of the required energy can be harnessed from photovoltaics, and 73 % from a domestic diesel generator. The system emits 13,428 kg of Carbon dioxide (CO2), 33.4 kg of carbon monoxide (CO), 3.71 kg of unburned hydrocarbon, 2.52 kg of particulate matter, 26.7 kg of Sulphur dioxide, 298 kg of Nitrogen oxides. The study encompasses a comprehensive review of past, present, and future trends in energy system design, development, and implementation, providing valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers.

Technoeconomic analysis of hybrid energy system for health clinic in Salalah Oman

Diesel generators are being employed as a means of generating electrical power in various regions across the globe. Considering the imperative to foster environmental sustainability, it appears that conventional electric-producing systems may not be economically viable or environmentally sound, necessitating their replacement with renewable energy alternatives. This study examines the viability of utilizing hybrid electric systems powered by renewable energy sources in health clinics located in Salalah, Oman. The HOMER software, which is utilized for the analysis of system configurations, was employed to examine the application and functional constraints of each hybridized setup. The results indicated that the renewable energy system exhibited the lowest cost of energy in contrast to both the generator set and hybridized energy systems. Renewable energy has superior power generation capabilities in comparison to hybridized energy and standalone generator set systems, rendering it the most economically feasible option and a more favorable choice for meeting the electrification requirements of health clinics.

Hybrid PV/PRC energy system for thermal management of photovoltaics and nocturnal radiative cooling

Under high climatic conditions and intense sunlight, the efficiency and reliability of photovoltaic (PV) systems can rapidly deteriorate due to elevated temperatures. Passive radiative cooling (PRC) technology is a common solution for the thermal optimization of PV systems, as it offers an energy-efficient and environmentally conscious cooling process. This research proposes an advanced hybrid energy system that integrates a radiative cooler, in the form of a photonic structure, with a C-Si solar cell. The photonic structure consists of a multilayer design with a SiO2 grating surface positioned on top. This configuration reduces the operating temperature of the solar cell and preserves its transmissivity within the conversion bandgap range.Numerical results, based on thermal diffusion theory, demonstrate that the hybrid design can generate a very high diurnal electricity output of 83w/m2, with a nighttime cooling capacity of 147w/m2. This represents a 10 % and 40 % improvement compared to bare silicon. Furthermore, when the proposed cooler is applied to the front surface of the solar panel, it induces a PRC effect, resulting in a temperature decrease of approximately 3 K. We believe that the radiative cooler can also be applied to other types of solar cells, including those based on thermoelectric generators, to extract electricity from the radiative cooler during nighttime.

Snow avalanches algorithm (SAA): A new optimization algorithm for engineering applications

This paper proposes a novel efficient inspired algorithm based on snow avalanches in nature which is named the Snow Avalanches Algorithm (SAA), for solving the benchmark and engineering optimization problems and determining the global solution. The proposed algorithm is modeled using four phases including avalanche due to mountain slope, human factors, weather in the region as well as normal conditions and it has only one control parameter. The advantages of this algorithm are low control parameters, simple structure and also easy implementation. The effectiveness of the SAA algorithm is examined on 23 classic benchmark test functions. Then, the effectiveness of the SAA to achieve accurate results in different aspects is examined and proved on engineering problems including six different cases. The superiority of the SAA to solve the classic benchmark test functions is compared with spotted hyena optimization (SHO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), Aquila optimizer (AO), differential evolution (DE), bat algorithm (BA), dwarf mongoose optimization (DMO), genetic algorithm (GA), artificial bee colony (ABC), and ant colony optimization (ACO). The simulation results provide evidence for the well-organized and efficient performance of the SAA in solving a great diversity of engineering problems. The results demonstrated that the SAA can be more effective than other algorithms to solve the test functions in terms of optimization accuracy and convergence rate. Moreover, the results proved that the SAA obtained more competitive results than the previous methods to solve constrained engineering optimization problems, especially hybrid energy system design as well as economic load dispatch problems.

A novel distributed approach for event-triggered economic dispatch of energy hubs under ramp-rate limits integrated with sustainable energy networks

This paper investigates a new consensus-oriented distributed approach for the event-triggered (ET) economic dispatch problem (EDP) over a smart grid under ramp-rate limits (RRLs) integrated with green power sources (GPSs) such as solar and wind energy for demand response strategies over hybrid energy power systems. To address the RRL condition, the authors have transformed the RRLs as minimum and maximum bounds on the derivative of generation for a generator. Then, a Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) condition and a more practical approximate KKT condition are developed for determining the optimality conditions. A practical ET protocol is proposed over a topology between generators by application of the proposed approximate KKT condition. In contrast to existing distributed optimization methods, this paper provides both optimally condition and distributed optimization scheme for dealing with RRLs integrated with sustainable hybrid energy systems. In addition, a computationally efficient ET mechanism, eliminating Zeno behaviour, has been considered for dealing with the efficient utilization of communication resources. This study incorporates the real-time input data from thermal production plants and GPSs for experimental analysis. RETScreen software having data-set of over 6,700 local meteorological stations is applied to obtain input data for GPSs. Furthermore, Weibull and Beta distribution functions have been applied for dealing with uncertainty in wind and solar energy sources. Two case studies are examined (with and without GPSs), and simulation results demonstrated the suitable performance of the proposed distributed ET EDP approach.

Energy management strategies of hybrid renewable energy systems: A review

Burning fossil fuels results in more emissions than generating electricity from renewable sources. The transition to renewable energy from fossil fuels, which currently produce the majority of emissions, is essential to preventing the climatic disaster. Hybrid energy generation systems are still in their infancy. It is envisaged that future technology developments would lead to greater application and more economical goods. There will be more standardised designs, which will make it easier to select a system that is suitable for a certain application. The components will communicate more with one another. As a result, control, monitoring, and diagnosis will be made simpler. The hybrid energy system (HES), also known as hybrid power, is expected to be the long-term power solution for microgrid (MG) systems. This study compares and contrasts several theories and conventional approaches to controlling HRES’s control and energy consumption. A successful energy management strategy has been created using a variety of methods and procedures. The effectiveness of an EMS is determined by its control architecture and the solution approach used; common topologies include hierarchical, decentralised and centralised EMS. Supply side management and demand side management, two EMS components, will be discussed later. The three EMS control architectures are examined in this section. In order to determine the most practical and dependable solution with the lowest Net present cost (NPC), COE and realistic environmental consequences, various hybridisation cases of a PV panel, wind turbine, battery storage and diesel generator are designed, analysed and compared using DSM. The results of taking into account DSM indicated a reduction in CO2 emissions of 25%, NPC emissions of 14.8%, COE emissions of 14% and an increase in RF emissions of 8.5%. Two fundamental metrics – the DSM Quality Index for technical benefits and the DSM Appreciation Index for economic advantages – are used to assess the technical and economic benefits of DSM.

Two-stage robust optimal capacity configuration of a wind, photovoltaic, hydropower, and pumped storage hybrid energy system

The hybrid energy system of hydro-powers, pumped storages and renewable energies has become a new topic direction in modern power system developments. Consequently, it is essential to realize a rational and efficient allocation of different energy source capacities. Nevertheless, there is still a gap between the available studies and the requirement for further hybrid energy system development. This paper focuses on the optimal capacity configuration of a wind, photovoltaic, hydropower, and pumped storage power system. In this direction, a bi-level programming model for the optimal capacity configuration of wind, photovoltaic, hydropower, pumped storage power system is derived. To model the operating mode of a pumped storage power station, two 0-1 variables are introduced. To handle the nonlinear and nonconvex lower level programing problem caused by the two 0-1 variables, it is proposed that the 0-1 variables are treated as some uncertain parameters. Also, by treating the 0-1 variables as some uncertain parameters, a two-stage robust optimization problem to decompose the original bi-level programing one into a master problem and a subproblem is finally introduced. The Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions are then applied to simplify and linearize the min-max problem and nonlinear terms in the master problem. This results in both the master problem and the subproblem being formulated as mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problems. By utilizing the powerful Column-and-Constraint Generation (C&CG) algorithm, the two-stage robust optimization model is decomposed into an iterative procedure of solving the master problem and the subproblem sequentially. This approach eliminates the need for intricate optimization algorithms as commonly used in existing bi-level planning problems in hybrid energy systems. Finally, the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed model is verified by the numerical results on a case study.

Parametric study of the effects of clump weights on the performance of a novel wind-wave hybrid system

This paper presents a novel catenary mooring system incorporating multiple clump weights (CWs) designed for a SPIC-Wavestar wind-wave energy hybrid system. To enhance the performance of the hybrid system, a parametric analysis was performed on mooring CWs. The motions of the SPIC platform, along with the power absorbed by the Wavestar wave energy converters (WECs), specifically in response to the operational regular wave, were simulated. The hydrodynamic analysis program AQWA was used for the analysis. The results indicated that the surge and pitch motions of the platform comprised low-frequency and wave-frequency components, whereas the heave motion only comprised a wave-frequency component. However, the low-frequency responses of the surge and pitch motions were substantially smaller than their wave-frequency counterparts. In addition, the properties of the CW exerted notable influence on both platform motion and the overall power absorption by the WEC array. The variation trends with respect to the CW weight, location, and number were complex. Overall, the results of this study provide valuable insights into the mooring design of ocean energy hybrid systems.

Assessing metaheuristic algorithms in determining dimensions of hybrid energy systems for isolated rural environments: Exploring renewable energy systems with hydrogen storage features

Hydrogen presents a clean energy avenue capable of addressing the impending energy crises and environmental challenges. Given Turkey’s vast renewable energy potential, it can effectively meet its escalating electricity demand. In regions where grid connectivity is limited or costly, Hybrid Energy Systems (HRES) integrate a blend of energy matrices, thereby diminishing reliance on conventional sources. This study offers an intricate framework focusing on HRES optimization and energy flow management, emphasizing energy modules, such as wind, solar, biomass gasification, and fuel cells. Excess energy is converted to hydrogen for storage and is; subsequently utilized in fuel cells. The Annual Cost of the System (ACS) is a pivotal criterion during the optimization phase. This optimization encompasses variables such as power from wind turbines, energy output from solar panels, and hydrogen gas storage capacity, streamlined with Atom Search Optimization (ASO) methodology. Based on the consumption and meteorological data from 2022, a rigorous comparison of ten distinct optimization algorithms was conducted. The core objective is to satisfy the energy demand of the proposed hybrid system at a minimal cost. The results indicate that the advocated off-grid HRES emerges as the most cost-effective solution for the demarcated region, with the ASO algorithm demonstrating superiority in the convergence metrics for the objective function. The algorithms were implemented in a MATLAB simulation environment.

Power Management Optimization of HES Connected to the Grid-Based IEMS

This paper presents a study of a grid-connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of photovoltaic/wind/fuel cell/battery/supercapacitor (SC). The purpose of using SC with the battery is to create a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) with high energy density. To prevent overcharging of the latter, a discharge load was employed (in our case, a resistance). The objectives of this research are to operate the photovoltaic generator and the wind power generator at their maximum power points by applying the perturbation and observation (P&O) technique and the tip speed ratio (TSR) technique, respectively. On the other hand, the energy management of the proposed system aims to achieve an energy balance between the grid and the HES despite climate changes and changes in energy demand to which the system is exposed, and to lengthen the life cycle of the HESS by keeping the state of charge (SOC) within a limited range. This management is accomplished by using a classical energy management strategy. To achieve optimal power management of the proposed system, a new intelligent energy management strategy (IEMS) based on the FLC-FOPI is proposed. A comparative analysis was also conducted between the classical strategy and the proposed strategy. As for the grid-side converter, direct power control based on SOSMC technique (DPC-SOSMC) has been proposed to regulate the flow of active and reactive power according to grid demand based on HRES. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controllers, simulation results evaluating the proposed system under variable conditions are presented using the Matlab-Simulink platform.

A risk‐averse framework for techno‐economic analysis and size optimization of an off‐grid hybrid energy system

AbstractIn the power system, optimal sizing of hybrid energy systems (HESs) is a vital and challenging issue. Optimal sizing leads to designing a cost‐effective and reliable power generation system. In such a problem, modelling the load uncertainty helps the planner to make appropriate decisions for optimizing the performance of HESs against possible changes of the electrical load. In this paper, techno‐economic and optimal sizing of an off‐grid photovoltaic‐diesel generator‐fuel cell (PV‐diesel‐FC) HES is investigated in two frameworks, risk‐neutral strategy and risk‐averse strategy, where the load uncertainty is modelled by information gap decision theory. To size the HES, objective function is defined as the total net present cost and with respect to a desirable loss of power supply probability, size of the system components is optimally determined. In the risk‐averse framework, the sizing problem is solved with different critical tolerance levels of the objective function and the results are evaluated. Over the case study, simulation results show that at risk‐averse framework, optimal combination of PV, diesel generator and FC leads to a cost‐effective and reliable HES.

Energy management and capacity planning of photovoltaic-wind-biomass energy system considering hydrogen-battery storage

This article proposed a Salp Swarm nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm (SSA) for the energy management and capacity planning of a standalone hybrid photovoltaic wind-biomass-hydrogen-battery energy system. The SSA is used to determine the optimum system configuration that will fulfill the demand reliably considering technical (loss of power supply probability (LPSP)) and economical (annualized system cost (ASC)) aspects. The energy management system (EMS) of the energy system is implemented using a rule-based algorithm to effectively manage the power flow of the devised hybrid energy system components. The comparative evaluation of the algorithms shows that EMS-SSA produces a better result as it offers the least levelized cost of energy (LCOE), of $0.939737/kW h, as compared to the EMS-LFA, EMS-GA and HOMER, which offer LCOE of $0.949737/kW h, $0.958660/kW h and $1.075351/kW h, respectively. Similarly, for the optimal system configuration, the annualized system cost (ASC) is found to be 1.887995 M$. This research presents a viable and environmentally sustainable electrification solution, serving as a valuable reference for making electricity investments in the energy-deficient Northeastern part of Nigeria.

Nuclear hydrogen projects to support clean energy transition: Updates on international initiatives and IAEA activities

Hydrogen is expected to be a game changer in the fight against climate change, being able to support the clean energy transition through a variety of roles: decarbonizing different hard-to-abate industrial sectors (such as steel, cement production) and transport (in long haul vehicles, maritime transport, and aviation), direct use as a fuel, chemical feedstock or in the form of synthetic fuels, and providing the ability to integrate with hybrid energy systems and renewables, enhancing energy storage and tapping the full potential of renewable energy sources. As a consequence, a substantial expansion in hydrogen production, due to rise in the demand, is expected by 2050, with all the generation coming from zero-carbon processes (electrolysis/thermochemical cycles using clean electricity and heat) or from a low-carbon production process using steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage. Nuclear energy can be capitalized on both electricity and heat to provide a clean and reliable source of hydrogen through various processes. There are currently various demonstration projects undergoing in several countries to showcase the use of nuclear energy to produce clean hydrogen, considering both the current reactor fleet and advanced reactors. This paper provides an overview of these projects, giving an insight on the potential use of nuclear energy for hydrogen production and the current status of existing projects. It also highlights the activities of the International Atomic Energy Agency on technical and economic assessment of hydrogen production using nuclear energy for near term deployment.

A novel multi-stack fuel cell hybrid system energy management strategy for improving the fuel cell durability of the hydrogen electric Multiple Units

ABSTRACT To improve the fuel cell durability of the hydrogen Electric Multiple Units, this paper proposes a novel multi-stack fuel cell hybrid system energy management strategy in consideration of fuel cell degradation. The top layer of the method distributes the power of fuel cells and lithium batteries reasonably according to the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, and adjusts the fuel cell power through the feedback power regulation module. The bottom layer distributes the power of different stacks according to the degradation degree. The proposed layering method improves the durability of fuel cells by reducing the fuel cell degradation degree. The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments results show that, compared with the traditional equivalent hydrogen consumption minimum energy management strategy, the proposed method is effective in lowering the degradation degree and operating pressure of the fuel cell by 25.77% and 35.73% respectively.

Optimization and control of solar-wind islanded hybrid microgrid by using heuristic and deterministic optimization algorithms and fuzzy logic controller

The increasing interest in renewable energy-based power systems globally is driven by their abundance and environmentally friendly attributes. Islanded hybrid microgrid systems (IHMS) are a relatively new development in this field and involve the integration of two or more sustainable sources, such as wind turbines, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and other forms of renewable energy such as the ocean, wave, and geothermal energy. In order to ensure an uninterrupted power supply for the growing community and industrial sector of Perhentian Island, Malaysia, alternative power sources must be properly synchronized and managed through an energy management system. To this end, the main contribution of this study is the comprehensive analysis of various optimization methods in terms of net present cost (NPC) and convergence rate. The results of the analysis indicate that HOMER proved to be relatively faster in terms of convergence rate, with the NPC recorded as 387,185$ and the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) recorded as 0.64$/kWh, which are the least among the other techniques evaluated. The hybrid energy system was designed to acquire the optimal quantity and size of power-generating modules, including PV systems, wind turbines, batteries, and diesel generators, while also meeting the load requirements. The optimization problem incorporated the LCOE and NPC into the cost function. Various optimization techniques were developed and tested. In addition, an advanced control method, which includes the use of Proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) with automated tuning, was applied to manage voltage and frequency. The control strategy was implemented in MATLAB Simulink, along with a full model of the islanded hybrid microgrid system. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FLC in maintaining the voltage and frequency within the acceptable range during various operating conditions. In conclusion, this manuscript provides a comprehensive study on the optimization and control of a solar-wind islanded hybrid microgrid. The proposed approach can be used as a valuable tool for the design and operation of solar-wind islanded hybrid microgrids in remote and islanded communities.

Thermodynamics Analysis of a Novel Compressed Air Energy Storage System Combined with Solid Oxide Fuel Cell–Micro Gas Turbine and Using Low-Grade Waste Heat as Heat Source

As the next generation of advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage systems is being developed, designing a novel integrated system is essential for its successful adaptation in the various grid load demands. This study proposes a novel design framework for a hybrid energy system comprising a CAES system, gas turbine, and high-temperature solid oxide fuel cells, aiming for power generation and energy storage solutions. The overall model of the hybrid power generation system was constructed in Aspen PlusTM, and the mass balance, energy balance, and thermodynamic properties of the thermal system were simulated and analyzed. The results demonstrate that the hybrid system utilizes the functional complementarity of CAES and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), resulting in the cascade utilization of energy, a flexible operation mode, and increased efficiency. The overall round-trip efficiency of the system is 63%, and the overall exergy efficiency is 67%, with a design net power output of 12.5 MW. Additionally, thermodynamic analysis shows that it is advisable to operate the system under lower ambient temperatures of 25 °C, higher compressor and turbine isentropic efficiencies of 0.9, a higher fuel utilization of 0.62, and optimal SOFC/MGT split air flow rates of 1.1 kg/s. The results of this article provide guidance for designing innovative hybrid systems and system optimization.

Energy storage system based on hybrid wind and photovoltaic technologies

Clean energy sources like wind and solar have a huge potential to lessen reliance on fossil fuels. Due to the stochastic nature of various energy sources, dependable hybrid systems have recently been developed. This paper's major goal is to use the existing wind and solar resources to provide electricity. A 6 kWp solar-wind hybrid system installed on the roof of an educational building is studied and optimized using HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) software at different levels of reliability. At an average annual Cost of Energy (COE) of $1.156 per kWh, the system generates 1996 kWh of power overall. Investigations are made on the techno-economic characteristics of real and ideal hybrid system topologies with maximum capacity shortfalls of 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, and 20 %. The hybrid system's sensitivity analysis looks at how a capacity gap affects overall net present costs and excess power generation. A 2 kWp PV system with one string of ten 12V batteries is shown to be more cost-effective than the existing system with a COE of $0.575/kWh. The most effective configuration for utilizing the site's solar and wind resources is demonstrated to be a 5 kWp wind turbine, a 2 kWp PV system, and battery storage. A wind-solar hybrid system is more expensive than the current system. Despite this, an additional 1 kWp solar PV system may be added to the current system due to the reduction in the limit deficit from 22.3 % to 3.1 %. The findings show that solar-wind hybrid energy systems may efficiently use renewable energy sources for dispersed applications. Additionally, new research directions are noted.

Overview: Using Hybrid Energy System for Electricity Production Based on the Optimization Methods

Renewable energy systems are mostly used in the world due to their inexhaustible and non-polluting production. As a result of a large utilization of these energy sources in different areas, the electricity production rate is increasing every day. Previous studies clarified uses, modeling, configuration, energy management operation, and optimization objectives based on different energy sources. For this reason, this paper focuses on an overview of multi energy systems as renewable and conventional power sources with the integration of an energy storage system coupled to the on-off electrical network. Furthermore, a survey is done regarding global energy production, configuration energy systems, energy storage systems, power management strategies, and optimization methods based on different hybrid energy systems. Multiple optimization approaches have been implemented to reach the global best solution for the hybrid power systems. To ensure the best optimization result, it is preferable to take hybrid optimization methods into consideration. These methods have been invented recently and have proved their efficacy and performance mainly in power systems.