Electromagnetic Hybrid Research Articles

Triboelectric and Electromagnetic Hybrid Nanogenerator Based on a Crankshaft Piston System as a Multifunctional Energy Harvesting Device

AbstractMechanical vibrations are ubiquitous and enriched energy sources found in everyday environments. However, harvesting these energies, such as from water flowing in the ocean and wind energy, remains a significant challenge due to their irregular, discontinuous, low‐vibration frequencies. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) exhibits an effective approach to convert these low frequency mechanical energies into electrical energy. In this work, a new triboelectric and electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator is fabricated by designing a crankshaft system that consists of a delicate crankshaft and a piston based off the physical vibration characteristics of tidal energy, wind energy, and other rotational energies. This newly designed hybrid nanogenerator demonstrates a high efficiency to harvest rotary energy and a wide range of other rotational energies using the vertical contact–separation mode nanogenerator with much lower friction. The device delivers an output power of 0.08 mW cm−2, and an electromagnetic generator is added to widen the capacity of the device to also collect energies with higher vibration frequencies. Moreover, this hybrid device can be employed in many fields, such as harvesting rotational energy from the wind and ocean. This device can replace the conventional linear motor to avoid or reduce electromagnetic interferences during precise microdevice testing processing.

Torque modeling and characteristic analysis of electromagnetic piezoelectric hybrid-driven 3-degree-of-freedom motor

The electromagnetic piezoelectric hybrid-driven 3-degree-of-freedom motor is a new multi-degree-of-freedom motor. To further analyze the torque characteristics of the electromagnetic piezoelectric hybrid-drive 3-degree-of-freedom motor. First, the principle and basic structure of the hybrid-drive motor are introduced, and the displacement and pressure distribution of the stator–rotor contact surface are obtained by analytical method. Based on this, the torque model of the piezoelectric stator-drive motor is obtained. Then, the air-gap magnetic field model of the permanent magnet rotor is obtained by analytical method, and the electromagnetic stator-torque model is obtained. Finally, the torque model of the electromagnetic piezoelectric hybrid-drive 3-degree-of-freedom motor is established by vector synthesis. The effects of piezoelectric stator mounting position angle, stator–rotor contact materials, and preload on motor torque are analyzed by simulation. The advantages of electromagnetic piezoelectric hybrid drive are analyzed, and the rationality of the model is preliminarily verified. It lays the foundation for further optimization design and performance improvement of electromagnetic piezoelectric hybrid-drive 3-degree-of-freedom motor.

Electromagnetic Non-Polarized Symmetric Hybrid Wave Propagation in a Plane Waveguide with Nonlinear Anisotropic Permittivity

Paper focuses on the propagation of monochromatic nonlinear symmetric hybrid waves in a planar dielectric waveguide filled with nonlinear anisotropic medium. The wave propagation problem is reduced to a transmission eigenvalue problem. Eigenvalues of the problem depend on an additional parameter and correspond to propagation constant. Using a perturbation method, it is theoretically proved the existence of a finite number of isolated eigenvalues and, therefore, guide waves. Numerical results are presented.

Electromagnetic⁻Acoustic Sensing for Biomedical Applications.

This paper reviews the theories and applications of electromagnetic–acoustic (EMA) techniques (covering light-induced photoacoustic, microwave-induced thermoacoustic, magnetic-modulated thermoacoustic, and X-ray-induced thermoacoustic) belonging to the more general area of electromagnetic (EM) hybrid techniques. The theories cover excitation of high-power EM field (laser, microwave, magnetic field, and X-ray) and subsequent acoustic wave generation. The applications of EMA methods include structural imaging, blood flowmetry, thermometry, dosimetry for radiation therapy, hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) sensing, fingerprint imaging and sensing, glucose sensing, pH sensing, etc. Several other EM-related acoustic methods, including magnetoacoustic, magnetomotive ultrasound, and magnetomotive photoacoustic are also described. It is believed that EMA has great potential in both pre-clinical research and medical practice.

A fully implicit, conservative, non-linear, electromagnetic hybrid particle-ion/fluid-electron algorithm

The quasi-neutral hybrid model with kinetic ions and fluid electrons is a promising approach for bridging the inherent multi-scale nature of many problems in space and laboratory plasmas. Here, a novel, implicit, particle-in-cell based scheme for the hybrid model is derived for fully 3D electromagnetic problems with multiple ion species, which features global mass, momentum and energy conservation. The scheme includes sub-cycling and orbit-averaging for the ions, with cell-centered finite differences and implicit midpoint time advance. To reduce discrete particle noise, the scheme allows arbitrary-order shape functions for the particle-mesh interpolations and the application of conservative binomial smoothing. The algorithm is verified for a number of test problems to demonstrate the correctness of the implementation, the unique conservation properties, and the favorable stability properties of the new scheme. In particular, there is no indication of unstable growth of the finite-grid instability for a population of cold ions drifting through a uniform spatial mesh, in a set-up where several commonly used non-conservative schemes are highly unstable.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Electromagnetic Duo-Cast Al Hybrid Material

This investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al hybrid material prepared by electromagnetic duo-casting to determine the effect of heat treatment. The hybrid material is composed of an Al-Mg-Si alloy, pure Al and the interface between the Al-Mg-Si alloy and pure Al. It is heat-treated at 373, 573 and 773K for 1h and T6 treated (solution treatment at 773K for 1h and aging at 433K for 5h). As the temperature increases, the grain size of the Al-Mg-Si alloy in the hybrid material increases. The grain size of the T6 treated Al-Mg-Si alloy is similar to that of one heat-treated at 773K for 1h. The interface region where the micro-hardness becomes large from the pure Al to the Al-Mg-Si alloy widens with an increasing heat temperature. The hybrid material with a macro-interface parallel to the tensile direction experiences increased tensile strength, 0.2% proof stress and the decreased elongation after T6 heat treatment. On the other hand, in the vertical direction to the tensile direction, there is no great difference with heat treatment. The bending strength of the hybrid material with a long macro-interface to the bending direction is higher than that with a short macro-interface, which is improved by heat treatment. The hybrid material with a long macro-interface to the bending direction is fractured by cracking through the eutectic structure in the Al-Mg-Si alloy. However, in the hybrid material with a short macro-interface, the bending deformation is observed only in the limited pure Al.

Forming limit diagrams of AZ31 Mg sheet at elevated temperatures and high strain rates by electromagnetic hybrid forming

Forming limit diagrams of AZ31 Mg sheet at elevated temperatures and high strain rates by electromagnetic hybrid forming

Development of a Thermoelectric and Electromagnetic Hybrid Energy Harvester from Water Flow in an Irrigation System.

A hybrid energy harvester is presented in this paper to harvest energy from water flow motion and temperature difference in an irrigating pipe at the same time. The harvester is based on the integration of thermoelectric and electromagnetic mechanisms. To harvest the water flow motion, a turbine fan with magnets that are attached on the blades is placed inside of the water pipe. Multiple coils turn the water flow energy into electricity with the rotation of the turbine. The thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are attached around the pipe, so as to harvest energy due to temperature difference. For a maximum temperature difference of 55 °C (hot side 80 °C and room temperature 25 °C), twelve serial-connected TEGs can generate voltage up to 0.346 V. Under a load resistance of 20 Ώ, the power output of 1.264 mW can be achieved. For a maximum water flow rate of 49.9 L/min, the electromagnetic generator (EMG) can produce an open circuit voltage of 0.911 V. The EMG can be potentially used as a water flow meter due to the linear relationship between water flow rate and output voltage. Under the joint action of TEG and EMG, the maximum terminal voltage for TEG is 66 mV and for EMG is 241 mV at load resistances of 10 and 100 Ώ, respectively, resulting in a corresponding power output of 0.435 and 0.584 mW.

Observer-based H2 controller design for a vibration isolation stage having hybrid electromagnets

Vibration isolation systems based on hybrid electromagnets, consisting of electromagnet and permanent magnet, have a potential usage in many industrial areas, such as clean room design, transportation, semiconductor manufacturing, suspension systems, and robotic surgery due to providing mechanical contact free vibration isolation. Using permanent magnets in the electromagnet structure has some crucial advantages, such as a minimized volume and a more compact structure. Furthermore, the essential force for levitation of vibration isolation stage can be generated by only the permanent magnet(s), which means, by using hybrid electromagnets, magnetic levitation can be achieved with considerably low energy consumption against possible vibrations. This property is called zero-power behavior. However, the main problems of magnetic levitation process are as follows: it has highly nonlinear nature even if it can be linearized; it has unstable pole(s), which makes the system vulnerable in terms of stability. In recent years, linear matrix inequality-based design of controllers has received considerable attention and become very popular due to their ability to satisfy multiobjective design requirements. However, an observer-based H2 controller design for a vibration isolation system having hybrid electromagnets has not been considered yet. Therefore, the linear matrix inequality-based controller is employed to minimize the effect of disturbances on the following objectives, such as vibration isolation, zero-power property, and protection of the levitation gap. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown with the numerical simulation studies and compared with classical Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) approach.

Dynamic Phasor Based Interface Model for EMT and Transient Stability Hybrid Simulations

Electromagnetic transient (EMT) and transient stability hybrid simulations are predominantly used to analyze the interactions between HVDC systems and the ac grids. However, the dynamics of the converters will be greatly affected by the waveforms of adjacent ac systems. Waveform distortion as well as time delay caused by interfacing can significantly increase interface errors, resulting in the decrease of the overall accuracy of the simulations. To solve such problems, a dynamic phasor based interface model (DPIM) is proposed in this paper to improve the accuracy of interfaces, especially when the fault occurs near the converters. In doing so, the whole system is partitioned into three parts: the transient stability (TS) subsystem, the EMT subsystem, and the DPIM. During each iteration, the interfaces between the TS subsystem and DPIM are represented by their Norton equivalents at the fundamental frequency and Thevenin equivalents in the dynamic phasor form. Similarly, the interfaces between DPIM and EMT subsystems are represented by their three-phase Norton equivalents and Thevenin equivalents in dynamic phasors, respectively. The effectiveness concerning the accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed method is validated by simulating a practical HVDC Project.

A human locomotion driven hybrid energy harvester for wrist wearable applications

In this work, a human locomotion driven hybrid energy generator has been proposed and experimentally validated for scavenging significant biomechanical energy from natural motion of arm swinging, to be used for wrist-wearable smart device applications. A proposed hybrid electromagnetic (EM) and triboelectric (TE) generator can deliver much higher output power than that of the individual harvesting device unit due to the combinational operation of EM and TE mechanisms under the same applied mechanical movements. A novel curved structural design based energy harvester is proposed from the comparative analysis of human hand swinging motion with double pendulum motion, which helps to enhance the output performance and design it fit to wear on wrist. The swinging of human arm during walking and running initiates a freely movable magnetic metal ball to oscillate inside the curved structure through both EM and TE part. The EM part consists of two coils wrapped around the curved body, one at each end and micro-structured Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is attached on the inner wall of curved body along with copper electrode for TE part. A prototype of the hybrid harvester has been fabricated and tested. The EM and TE devices are capable of delivering maximum 84.37mW peak power at 49.2Ω matching load resistance and 1.86μW peak power at 10MΩ load resistance respectively which are considerably higher than the trending state-of-the-art devices.

Research on Electromechanical-electromagnetic Hybrid Modeling and Simulation of UHVDC in Jilin Power Grid by ADPSS

In order to accurately analyze Jilin power grid with UHVDC, this paper builds the electromagnetic transient model of Jilin HVDC system and the electromechanical model of the rest of Jilin power grid based on the winter heavy load of Jilin power grid in 2018 with full digital real-time simulation platform power system. Based on the electromechanical- electromagnetic hybrid model built up, the steady state simulation of Jilin HVDC is carried out. The transient simulation results of electromechanical transient model and electromechanical-electromagnetic hybrid model are compared in the case of bipolar blocking. The simulation results show that the electromechanical electromagnetic hybrid model can effectively reflect the electromagnetic transient characteristics of the UHVDC transmission system in Jilin, and is suitable for studying the very complex and fast transient process in the DC system. The hybrid simulation model lays a foundation for the study of the impact of Jilin UHVDC.

Triboelectric\u2013Electromagnetic Hybrid Generator for Harvesting Blue Energy

Progress has been developed in harvesting low-frequency and irregular blue energy using a triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator in recent years. However, the design of the high-efficiency, mechanically durable hybrid structure is still challenging. In this study, we report a fully packaged triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator (TEHG), in which magnets were utilized as the trigger to drive contact–separation-mode triboelectric nanogenerators (CS-TENGs) and coupled with copper coils to operate rotary freestanding-mode electromagnetic generators (RF-EMGs). The magnet pairs that produce attraction were used to transfer the external mechanical energy to the CS-TENGs, and packaging of the CS-TENG part was achieved to protect it from the ambient environment. Under a rotatory speed of 100 rpm, the CS-TENGs enabled the TEHG to deliver an output voltage, current, and average power of 315.8 V, 44.6 μA, and ~ 90.7 μW, and the output of the RF-EMGs was 0.59 V, 1.78 mA, and 79.6 μW, respectively. The cylinder-like structure made the TEHG more easily driven by water flow and demonstrated to work as a practical power source to charge commercial capacitors. It can charge a 33 μF capacitor from 0 to 2.1 V in 84 s, and the stored energy in the capacitor can drive an electronic thermometer and form a self-powered water-temperature sensing system.

Vibration suppression with electromagnetic hybrid vibration isolators

The design and control of a novel electromagnetic hybrid vibration isolator is presented in this paper. In the proposed hybrid vibration isolator configuration, an electromagnetic actuator and a rubber vibration isolator are configured in a parallel structure with the rubber vibration isolator installed inside the mover of the actuator. The magnetic force of the actuator is linearized by magnetic configuration design. Filtered-x least mean square (FxLMS) control algorithm is implemented for hybrid vibration isolation. Experimental results show that the vibration is suppressed significantly with the proposed hybrid vibration isolator and the FxLMS control algorithm.

Fault Location in Resonant Grounded Network by Adaptive Control of Neutral-to-Earth Complex Impedance

This paper proposes a fault location method based on the adaptive control of neutral-to-earth complex impedance in a resonant grounded system, whose neutral point grounds are via an electromagnetic hybrid Petersen coil (EHPC). The EHPC can be equivalent to a parallel circuit of a negative resistance and an inductance, both of which can be adjusted. When a permanent single line-to-earth fault occurs, the ground-fault current will be compensated to almost zero, and the capacitance to earth and leakage resistance of system can be measured accurately for subsequent fault location. Then, the complex impedance of EHPC is adjusted, and the faulty feeder and its faulted section can be identified online based on the characteristics that the measurements of zero-sequence admittances of points along the faulty feeder change with the system's neutral-to-ground complex impedance. The detection criterion is certain and unique, without comparing all of the feeders. This paper also proposes an adaptive jitter adjustment and decoupling control of neutral-ground complex impedance by EHPC, which is adaptive to the grounding transient resistance and is repeatable, and can ensure that the magnitude of the zero-sequence parameter is large enough to be measured while without arc re-ignition, including in high impedance fault states. Simulations and experiments verified the feasibility of this fault location method and its control strategy.

Al&Fe2O3@NO2–Ph–PMO nanocomposite: candidate as a new energetic metastable intermolecular material

In the present study, the synthesis of electromagnetic absorber hybrid organic–inorganic mesoporous Al&Fe2O3@NO2–Ph–PMO nanocomposite as a new class of nanoenergetic materials with large density of NO2 groups is investigated. For this purpose, the Al&Fe2O3@NO2–Ph–PMO nanocomposite is prepared in five steps: (1) preparation of hybrid organic–inorganic mesoporous Ph–PMO via sol–gel method, (2) incorporation of NO2 moieties on the surface of Ph–PMO by nitration reaction, (3) preparation of iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4-MNPs) via a chemical precipitation method and thermotransfer to hematite (Fe2O3-MNPs), (4) development of the nanocomposite embedded Fe2O3-MNPs on the surface of hybrid organic–inorganic NO2–Ph–PMO mesoporous structure by ultrasonic method and finally, (5) the preparation and incorporation of Al nanoparticles (as a fuel in thermite reaction) on the surface of Fe2O3@NO2–Ph–PMO using the ultrasound-assisted method which leads to a high energetic nanocomposite propellant, Al&Fe2O3@NO2–Ph–PMO, based superthermite concept. All, the higher loading of the NO2 group on the vast specific surface area of PMO, the electromagnetic absorption property and superthermite character of the nanocomposite are improved and reported in this paper. Finally, the texture and structure of the prepared energetic metastable intermolecular nanocomposite are characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TEM, VSM and N2 sorption analysis.

Electrodynamic Analysis of Electromagnetic Hybrid Waves in a Ridged Waveguide

We consider an algorithm of calculating the characteristics of the fields of hybrid modes in waveguides with complicated cross sections. The presented algorithm makes it possible to allow for the specific features of the behavior of the electromagnetic-field components near the dielectric and metal ribs of the waveguide. The results of calculating the electrodynamic characteristics of the hybrid HE and EH modes in a Π-shaped waveguide with layered and piecewise-layered dielectric filling are reported. The tables of cutoff wave numbers are presented, and the structures of electromagnetic fields of hybrid modes are shown. The results obtained by using the method proposed and the numerical methods are compared.

Nonlinear Hybrid Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting Driven by Colored Excitation

It is well known that when excited by a stochastic base acceleration, the power absorbed by a nonlinear Duffing-type piezoelectric (PE) or electromagnetic (EM) energy harvester might not be increased effectively compared to a linear one. When intentionally introducing nonlinear magnetic forces into a doubly-clamped hybrid PE and EM energy harvester subjected to narrow-band (colored) excitation however, the power output could be improved to a much higher value. Also, in comparison with the typical nonlinear PE or EM generator, the influence of load and excitation parameters on the performance of a nonlinear hybrid energy harvester under colored excitation has been proven rather different as well. These results are derived analytically by solving the Fokker-Planck (FP) equation, and numerically by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for validation. Besides, for a nonlinear hybrid configuration excited by colored noise approaching white Gaussian excitation, theoretical output characteristics are discussed and compared with results from a reported theory for white Gaussian excited case, which again verifies the feasibility of the theoretical analysis.

The Electromagnetic Unification of Four Forces and Electromagnetic Structures of Particles

Recently, the book “Electromagnetic Unification of Four Forces” (ISBN978-3-659-76798-2) was published, compiling the progressions in physics made by the world people, manifested in television while led notably by me and the Members in the world satellite networks from India, Zhejiang and USA. Many important progressions were achieved, such as the spatially localized electromagnetic mass structure; the electromagnetic multi-hairy structure; the electromagnetic orienting force; the thermodynamic stabilization of strong force from electromagnetic multi-hairy hybrid; the weak processes from hybrid split and the electromagnetic oscillatory neutrino structure; the gravitational force as electromagnetic curving and shifting red from electromagnetic orienting force; and so on; electromagnetic unifying the four forces. Afterwards, it was also explained the quantum theory of Planck with the electromagnetic mass hairy structure because all photons emitted from electron possessed identical electrical hairy strength as electron with frequency to differentiate the energy only. Besides, from the various decay products, it was further proposed the electromagnetic structures of particles most important in physics, including those combined baryons based on linear proton and hexagonal neutron, such as the proton, neutron, Λ0 baryon, Σ baryons, and Ξ baryons; those based on kaons from colliding pieces such as the kaons, η baryons, charm quarks, and bottom quarks; those containing the W/Z bosons with wavelength equivalent to hybrid interval, such as the W/Z/Higgs bosons and top quarks. It is expected that this review can introduce all these important progressions to readers for academic propagation and citation.

Hybrid Electromagnetic and Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Multi-Impact for Wideband Frequency Energy Harvesting

We present a hybrid electromagnetic generator (EMG) and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using a multi-impact approach for broad-bandwidth-frequency (10–45 Hz) energy harvesting. The TENG and the EMG were located at the middle and the free end of the cantilever beam, respectively. When the system was subjected to an external vibration, the cantilever beam would be in a nonlinear response with multiple impacts from a low frequency oscillator. The mathematical model included a TENG oscillator which can have multiple impacts on the cantilever, and the nonlinear Lorenz force which comes from the motion of the coil in the electromagnetic field. Due to the strong nonlinearity of the impacts from the TENG oscillator and the limited space for the free tip of the cantilever, the dynamic response of the cantilever presented a much broader bandwidth, with a frequency range from 10–45 Hz. We also found that the average generated power from TENG and EMG can reach up to 30 μW/m2 and 53 μW, respectively. Moreover, the dynamic responses of the hybrid EMG and TENG were carefully analyzed, and we found that the measured experimental results and the numerical simulations results were in good agreement.