Hybrid Closed-loop System Research Articles

A Comparison of Glucose and Additional Signals for Three Different Exercise Types in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Using a Hybrid Closed-Loop System.

Objective: To compare glycemic outcomes during and following moderate-intensity exercise (MIE), high-intensity interval exercise (HIE), and resistance exercise (RE) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using a hybrid closed-loop (HCL) insulin pump while measuring additional physiological signals associated with activity. Methods: Twenty-eight adolescents (average age 16.3 ± 2.1 years, 50% females, average duration of T1D 9.4 ± 4 years) using HCL (Medtronic MiniMed 670G) undertook 40 min of MIE, HIE, and RE. A temporary glucose target (8.3 mmol/L, 150 mg/dL) was set for 2 h prior and during exercise. Heart rate, accelerometer, venous glucose, lactate, ketones, and counter-regulatory hormones were measured for 280 min postexercise commencement. The primary outcome was glucose percentage time in range (TIR): 3.9-10 mmol/L (70-180 mg/dL) for 14 h from exercise onset. Results: Median (interquartile range) TIR for HIE was 88 (78, 96)%, MIE 79 (63, 88)%, and RE 86 (72, 95)% for 14 h from exercise onset. For MIE compared with HIE, TIR was lower (P = 0.012) and time above range (TAR) was greater (18 [2.4, 28] vs. 6.9 [0.0, 14]%, P = 0.041). Hypoglycemia occurred in 13 (46%), 11 (39%), and 14 (50%) of participants for HIE, MIE, and RE, respectively, the majority following the meal after exercise. There were higher levels of lactate (P = 0.001), growth hormone (P = 0.001), noradrenaline (P = 0.001), and heart rate (P = 0.01) during HIE and RE compared with MIE. Conclusions: HCL use in adolescents with T1D results in excellent TIR during different forms of exercise when a temporary target is set 2 h before. Extending the temporary target after exercise may also be needed to help minimize postexercise hypoglycemia.

Enhanced Metabolic Control in a Pediatric Population with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using Hybrid Closed-Loop and Predictive Low-Glucose Suspend Insulin Pump Treatments.

Insulin pumps coupled with continuous glucose monitoring sensors use algorithms to analyze real-time blood glucose levels. This allows for the suspension of insulin administration before hypoglycemic thresholds are reached or for adaptive tuning in hybrid closed-loop systems. This longitudinal retrospective study aims to analyze real-world glycemic outcomes in a pediatric population transitioning to such devices. We evaluated children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) admitted to the Pediatric Diabetes Department from a major University Hospital in Bucharest, Romania, who transitioned to hybrid closed-loop or predictive low-glucose suspend system from either non-automated insulin pumps or multiple daily injections. The primary outcome was assessing the change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) after initiating these devices. Secondary outcomes analyzed changes in glucose metrics from the 90 days prior to the baseline and follow-up visit. 51 children were included (58.8% girls), the mean age was 10.3 ± 3.7 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 13.2 ± 4.5 months. The analyzed parameters, such as HbA1c (6.9 ± 0.7% vs. 6.7 ± 0.6%, p = 0.023), time in range (69.3 ± 11.2% vs. 76 ± 9.9%, p < 0.001), time in tight range (47.4 ± 10.9% vs. 53.7 ± 10.7%, p < 0.001), time below range (5.6 ± 2.9% vs. 3.5 ± 1.9%, p < 0.001), time above range (25 ± 11.2% vs. 20.4 ± 9.4%, p = 0.001), and coefficient of variation (37.9 ± 4.8% vs. 35.6 ± 4.6%, p = 0.001), showed significant improvements. The application of these sensor-integrated insulin pumps can significantly enhance metabolic control in pediatric populations, minimizing glycemic variations to mitigate complications and enrich the quality of life.

EE783 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of an Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop System Versus Standard of Care in the Management of Type 1 Diabetes in the Netherlands

EE783 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of an Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop System Versus Standard of Care in the Management of Type 1 Diabetes in the Netherlands

EE535 Cost-Utility Analysis of an Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System vs Multiple Daily Injection Therapy With Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People With Type 1 Diabetes and Above-Target HBA1C in France

EE535 Cost-Utility Analysis of an Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System vs Multiple Daily Injection Therapy With Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People With Type 1 Diabetes and Above-Target HBA1C in France

EE139 Short-Term Economic Benefits of and Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System in People With Type 1 Diabetes and Above-Target HBA1C in France

EE139 Short-Term Economic Benefits of and Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System in People With Type 1 Diabetes and Above-Target HBA1C in France

CO89 Reductions in Concomitant Medication Use and HbA1c Impact Following Initiation of an Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System (AHCL) Versus Multiple Daily Injection (MDI) Therapy in People With Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)

CO89 Reductions in Concomitant Medication Use and HbA1c Impact Following Initiation of an Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System (AHCL) Versus Multiple Daily Injection (MDI) Therapy in People With Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)

Glycemic variability and quality of life outcomes after changing to hybrid closed-loop system in Japanese individuals with type 1 diabetes using a conventional predictive low-glucose suspended insulin pump system

Glycemic variability and quality of life outcomes after changing to hybrid closed-loop system in Japanese individuals with type 1 diabetes using a conventional predictive low-glucose suspended insulin pump system

Twelve-Month Real-World Use of an Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System Versus Previous Therapy in a Dutch Center For Specialized Type 1 Diabetes Care.

Complexity of glucose regulation in persons with type 1 diabetes (PWDs) necessitates increased automation of insulin delivery (AID). This study aimed to analyze real-world data over 12 months from PWDs who started using the MiniMed 780G (MM780G) advanced hybrid closed-loop (aHCL) AID system at the Diabeter clinic, focusing on glucometrics and clinical outcomes. Persons with type 1 diabetes switching to the MM780G system were included. Clinical data (e.g. HbA1c, previous modality) was collected from Diabeter's electronic health records and glucometrics (time in range [TIR], time in tight range [TITR], time above range [TAR], time below range [TBR], glucose management indicator [GMI]) from CareLink Personal for a 12-month post-initiation period of the MM780G system. Outcomes were age-stratified, and the MM780G system was compared with previous use of older systems (MM640G and MM670G). Longitudinal changes in glucometrics were also evaluated. A total of 481 PWDs were included, with 219 having prior pump/sensor system data and 334 having monthly longitudinal data. After MM780G initiation, HbA1c decreased from 7.6 to 7.1% (P < .0001) and the percentage of PWDs with HbA1c <7% increased from 30% to 50%. Glucose management indicator and TIR remained stable with mean GMI of 6.9% and TIR >70% over 12 months. Age-stratified analysis showed consistent improvements of glycemic control across all age groups, with older participants achieving better outcomes. Participants using recommended system settings achieved better glycemic outcomes, reaching TIR up to 77% and TTIR up to 55%. Use of MM780G system results in significant and sustained glycemic improvements, consistent across age groups and irrespective of previous treatment modalities.

Novel Protocol for the Use of Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System in Adolescents Engaged in Contact Sports

Plain Language SummaryManaging type 1 diabetes (T1D) in adolescent athletes, especially those participating in contact sports, poses unique challenges due to the need to disconnect insulin pumps during training and competitions. This study evaluated a novel protocol using an advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) system in adolescent football players with T1D during a sports camp. Eleven boys aged 12–16 with T1D participated in a professional summer football training camp. They were provided with the AHCL system (MiniMed 780G) for 1 month before and during the 7-day camp. The camp involved two daily training sessions of 1.5 h each, during which the AHCL system was disconnected. Physical activity was monitored before and during the camp. The participants maintained a high level of physical activity (about 6.6 h of moderate-to-vigorous exercise daily). The study found that the AHCL system effectively maintained target glucose levels (70–180 mg/dL) for 79% of the time. Glucose control during camp slightly improved, with median glucose levels dropping by about 11 mg/dL and time in a tighter glucose range (70–140 mg/dL) increasing by 11%, without increasing instances of low blood sugar. The protocol was safe and maintained excellent glucose control in the active adolescents with T1D. This approach can be adapted for other intensive contact sports, ensuring effective diabetes management without compromising athletic performance.

Impact of Ultra-Rapid Insulin on Boost and Ease-Off in the Cambridge Hybrid Closed-Loop System for Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes.

The objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultra-rapid-acting insulin with the Boost and Ease-off features of the Cambridge hybrid closed-loop system. A secondary analysis of Boost and Ease-off from two double-blind, randomized, crossover hybrid closed-loop studies comparing (1) Fiasp to insulin aspart (n = 25), and (2) Lyumjev to insulin lispro (n = 26) was carried out. Mean glucose on initialization of Boost and Ease-off, change in glucose 60 and 120 minutes after initialization, duration and frequency of use, mean glucose, and time in, above, and below target glucose range were calculated for periods of Boost use, Ease-off use, or neither. Participants used Boost for longer with Fiasp than insulin aspart (median [interquartile range, IQR] = 75 [53-125] minutes vs 60 [49-75] minutes; P = .01). Mean glucose on Boost initialization with Fiasp was 238 ± 62 mg/dL compared with 218 ± 45 mg/dL with insulin aspart (P = .08). Fiasp use resulted in a greater glucose reduction 120 minutes after Boost initialization [-59 ± 34 mg/dL vs -43 ± 31 mg/dL; P = .02]. There were no statistically significant differences in sensor glucose endpoints during Boost or Ease-off periods between Fiasp and aspart. There were no statistically significant differences during Boost or Ease-off periods when comparing Lyumjev with insulin lispro. There were no safety issues when using Boost and Ease-off with ultra-rapid insulins. The use of Fiasp and Lyumjev during Boost or Ease-off resulted in comparable safety and efficacy to using insulin aspart and lispro.

6971 Effects of the Hybrid Closed-loop System in Pediatric-Onset Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract Disclosure: H. Woo: None. J. Yoo: None. S. Shin: None. Y. Lee: None. H. Kim: None. M. Gu: None. J. Kim: None. J. Kim: None. C. Shin: None. Y. Lee: None. Purpose: We evaluated the effectiveness and limitations of the MiniMedTM 770G, a hybrid closed-loop (HCL) system which adjusts basal insulin every five minutes using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data, for glycemic control in pediatric-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) in South Korea. Methods: We enrolled 20 patients (10 boys and 10 girls) who had been using the 770G pump for over three months, initiating its use between February 2022 and May 2023. Prior to this, they were CGM users and were followed for over a year post T1D diagnosis. Clinical and biochemical data, along with CGM metrics such as time in range (TIR), time below range (TBR), time above range (TAR), and coefficient of variation (CV), were analyzed. Additionally, the percentage of SmartGuard Auto Mode system usage was collected. Results: The median age at the start of 770G was 13.97 years (IQR 11.24–17.86), with a median of 6.5 years of duration of type 1 diabetes. After utilizing the 770G pump (n=20), TIR, TAR, and CV improved over the year (P&amp;lt;0.05). Patients utilizing Auto Mode over 85% of the time exhibited significant improvements in HbA1c (P=0.02), TIR (P=0.04), CV (P&amp;lt;0.01), and TAR 250 (P=0.02), in contrast to those who used Auto Mode 85% or less. Hyperglycemia and lack of calibration contributed to over 50% of the exits from Auto Mode. Conclusions: The implementation of HCL in adolescents and young adults with T1D enhanced glycemic control over one year. Educating patients on sustained Auto Mode use without interruptions is crucial. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Initial results of effectiveness of a hybrid closed loop system via omnipod 5 and dexcom g6 system on glycaemic control

Initial results of effectiveness of a hybrid closed loop system via omnipod 5 and dexcom g6 system on glycaemic control

Use of a hybrid closed loop system in a child with end stage renal disease, GAD positive diabetes and recurrent pancreatitis - a game changer!

Use of a hybrid closed loop system in a child with end stage renal disease, GAD positive diabetes and recurrent pancreatitis - a game changer!

The DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin improves glycaemic control and early-stage diabetic nephropathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes using the MiniMed 780G advanced hybrid closed-loop system: a randomised controlled trial

Aims/hypothesisDipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition has beneficial effects on various metabolic indicators in diabetes. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is expressed in diverse organs including the kidneys and is cleaved and inactivated by DPP-4 enzyme. The aim of this study was to conduct a randomised controlled trial to assess the effect of sitagliptin on diabetic nephropathy when used as an add-on therapy to the advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) system in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and nephropathy.MethodsThis open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial took place at the Pediatric Diabetes Clinic, Ain Shams University, Egypt. Forty-six adolescents aged 14.13 ± 2.43 years on the MiniMed 780G system for at least 6 months before study, with HbA1c ≤69 mmol/mol (8.5%) and diabetic nephropathy in the form of microalbuminuria, were randomly assigned to two groups (n=23 for each) based on a computer-generated randomisation sequence. The intervention group received oral sitagliptin 50 mg for 3 months. The other group used AHCL only and served as a control group. The primary outcome measure was the change in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) after 3 months of administration of sitagliptin. The key secondary outcome measure was the change from baseline in SDF-1 levels after treatment.ResultsData for all participants were analysed. No significant difference was found between the groups as regards baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics as well as AHCL system settings (p>0.05). Serum SDF-1 levels were higher in all individuals with type 1 diabetes vs healthy control individuals (p<0.001). After 3 months, sitagliptin resulted in a significant decrease of SDF-1 levels from 3.58 ± 0.73 to 1.99 ± 0.76 ng/ml (p<0.001), together with improvement of UACR from 7.27 ± 2.41 to 1.32 ± 0.31 mg/mmol (p<0.001). In addition, sitagliptin reduced postprandial glucose, sensor glucose, coefficient of variation and total daily dose of insulin, while time in range 3.9–10.0 mmol/l (70–180 mg/dl) and insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio were significantly increased. Sitagliptin was safe and well-tolerated without severe hypoglycaemia or diabetic ketoacidosis.Conclusions/interpretationSitagliptin as an add-on therapy to AHCL had a reno-protective effect for individuals with type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy, in addition to the improvement of time in range while reducing glycaemic variability and without compromising safety.FundingThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT06115460.Graphical abstract

Safety of Options to "Boost" (Enhancing Insulin Infusion Rates) and "Ease-Off" (Reducing Insulin Infusion Rates) in CamAPS FX Hybrid Closed-Loop System: A Real-World Analysis.

The usage and safety of the Boost and Ease-off features in the CamAPS FX hybrid closed-loop system were analyzed in a retrospective analysis of real-world data from 7,464 users over a 12-month period. Boost was used more frequently than Ease-off, but for a shorter duration per use. Mean starting glucose was above range for Boost (229 ± 51 mg/dL), and within range for Ease-off (114 ± 29 mg/dL). Time spent below 70 mg/dL was low during Boost periods [median (interquartile range; IQR) 0.0% (0.0, 0.5%)], and lower than during no Boost periods [2.1% (1.2, 3.4%)], while time spent above 180 mg/dL was lower during Ease-off periods (15 ± 14%) compared with no Ease-off periods (25 ± 12%). There were no episodes of severe hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis attributed to Boost or Ease-off use. Boost and Ease-off allow users to engage safely with CamAPS FX to manage their glucose levels during periods of more-than-usual and less-than-usual insulin needs.

The impact of closed-loop automated insulin delivery systems on hypoglycaemia awareness in people living with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Impaired awareness of hyperglycaemia (IAH) affects approximately 20-40% of people living with type 1 diabetes (T1D), predisposing them to severe hypoglycaemia. This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of closed-loop automated insulin delivery systems (CL-AID) in restoring IAH compared with standard diabetes care, including other diabetes technologies. Six electronic databases were searched for published and unpublished observational and randomised-control studies (RCTs) from inception to 29th of May 2024. The results of observational studies and RCTs were meta-analysed separately to calculate the effect of CL-AID on IAH in people living with T1D. Quality assessment of studies was performed using the Joanna-Briggs appraisal tool for cohort studies and the Risk of Bias (Rob-2) tool for RCTs. Meta-analysis of four prospective observations studies (n = 583) demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in hypoglycaemia awareness upon transition to a hybrid closed-loop (HCL) system compared with standard diabetes care in people with T1D, Clarke score mean difference (MD) of -0.45 (-0.69 to -0.22, p = 0.0001). However, this was less than 1 point, which is the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) of Clarke score. Meta-analysis of three RCTs (n = 55) comparing standard diabetes care did not demonstrate any statistically significant effect on hypoglycaemia awareness, Clarke score MD of -0.69 (-1.89 to 0.50, p = 0.26). This systematic review demonstrated that transition from standard diabetes care to HCL has the potential to improve hypoglycaemia awareness in people with T1D and IAH, but this might not be of major clinical significance. Hence, psychoeducational interventions continue to be the cornerstone of IAH management. Novel therapeutic modalities, such as bi-hormonal automated delivery systems, need to be further explored to help restore hypoglycaemia awareness. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-024-01492-6.

The impact of hybrid closed loop systems on glycemic control in elderly patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: a review

Diabetes mellitus is a condition that has become increasingly common in people aged 65 and over (2). It is well known that elderly people with diabetes face significant challenges in therapeutic management, such as cognitive impairment and polypharmacy, and disease management is made more complex in these patients by the variability of the conditions and comorbidities presented (5). In this context, this review aims to assess how the development of the hybrid closed-loop system can contribute to optimizing the treatment of the elderly with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1). To this end, this narrative review was carried out using studies in the Pubmed database and considering the latest recommendations published in Diabetes Care. Thus, a reduction in the frequency of hypoglycemia and better glycemic stability were observed with these new insulin infusion systems (7) (19), which allows us to conclude that the growing prevalence of DM1 among the elderly requires an adapted approach and the use of advanced technologies to ensure effective glycemic control and a better quality of life.

Simplified Meal Management in Adults Using an Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System.

Background: The advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) algorithm combines automated basal rates and corrections yet requires meal announcement for optimal performance, which poses a challenge for some. We aimed to compare glucose control in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using the MiniMedTM 780G AHCL system, utilizing simplified meal announcement versus precise carbohydrate (CHO) counting. Methods: In a study involving 14 adults with T1D, we evaluated glycemic control during a 13-week "precise phase," followed by two 3- to 4-week simplified meal announcement phases: "fixed one-step" (preset of one personalized fixed CHO amount) and "multistep" (entry of multiples of one, two, or three of these presets depending on meal size estimate). Results: The mean age was 45.7 ± 12.4, and 10 participants were male (71%). Mean baseline HbA1c was 6.8% ± 1.2% and time in range (TIR) was 67.5% ± 16.7%. Comparing the fixed one-step to the precise study phase, TIR was similar (75.4 ± 13% vs. 77.7 ± 9%, P = 0.12), and glucose management indicator (GMI) was slightly higher (6.8 ± 0.4 vs. 6.6 ± 0, P = 0.01). Furthermore, there was less level 1 and 2 hypoglycemia (1.6 ± 1% vs. 2.8 ± 2%, P = 0.03 and 0.3 ± 5% vs. 0.65 ± 1%, P = 0.08) but slightly more level 1 and 2 hyperglycemia (17.1 ± 8% vs. 15.0 ± 7%, P = 0.05 and 5.5 ± 5% vs. 3.6 ± 3%, P = 0.04). When comparing the multistep with the precise phase, GMI was identical (6.6%) and TIR superior (80.5 ± 10% vs. 77.7 ± 9%, P = 0.02). Additionally, there was less level 1 hypoglycemia (1.9 ± 1% vs. 2.8 ± 2%, P = 0.01) and a trend for less level 2 hypoglycemia (0.4 ± 0.7% vs. 0.65 ± 1%, P = 0.08). Conclusions: A simplified meal announcement strategy for adults using the MiniMed 780G system, relying on three increments of a fixed one-step CHO amount, may offer a way to improve glycemic control and ease self-care. For patients with more limitations, using one fixed one-step CHO amount could be a safe alternative to meeting most consensus glycemic targets.

Evaluation of time in tight range and the glycaemia risk index in adults with type 1 diabetes using an advanced hybrid closed loop system: A 1-year real-world assessment.

To assess the long-term glycaemic outcomes, with additional metrics, in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using the Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ technology advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) system. This was a single-centre, retrospective study involving 56 T1D patients who transitioned to the Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ system. The primary and secondary endpoints consisted of variations in time in tight range (TiTR; 70-140 mg/dL) and the glycaemia risk index (GRI), respectively. Additional standardized continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics, mean sensor glucose, coefficient of variation, the glucose management indicator (GMI), HbA1c and insulin daily dose, were also evaluated. Variables were measured at baseline and at 15 days, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after Tandem t:slim X2 Control-IQ initiation. Glucose outcomes are expressed as mean (standard deviation). Use of Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ over 1 year was associated with an increase in mean TiTR, from 38.11% (17.05%) to 43.10% (13.20%) (P = .059), and with a decline in the GRI, from 41.03 (25.48) to 28.55 (16.27) (P = .008). CGM metrics, including time in range and time above range, showed consistent improvements. Mean sensor glucose, the GMI and HbA1c decreased significantly over time. After an initial increase, insulin daily dose remained stable throughout the 12 months. The results highlight the sustained effectiveness of Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ in improving glycaemic outcomes over 1 year and support the use of this technology for the management of T1D.

Impact on Glycemia Risk Index and other metrics in type 1 adult patients switching to Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop systems: a one-year real-life experience

BackgroundAdvanced Hybrid Closed-Loop system (AHCL) has profoundly changed type 1 diabetes therapy. This study primarily aimed to assess the impact on Glycemia Risk Index (GRI) and other continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics when switching from one of four insulin strategies to AHCL in type 1 adult patients.MethodsA single-center, retrospective pre/post observational study; 198 patients (age 44.4 ± 12.7 years, 115 females/83 males, diabetes duration 24.7 ± 11.6 years, HbA1c 7.4 ± 1%), treated with different insulin therapies (MDI, CSII, SAP with PLGS, HCL) were assessed before and after switching to an AHCL (MiniMed 780G, Diabeloop Roche, Tandem Control-IQ) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Mixed-effects multivariable regression models were used to estimate the mean pre/post variations at different time points, adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsA month after the switch, there was an improvement in CGM metrics and HbA1c for all patients: GRI −10.7, GMI −0.27%, CV −2.1%, TAR>250 −3.7%, TAR180-250 −5.6%, TIR + 9.7%, HbA1c −0.54% (all p < 0.001). This improvement was maintained throughout the observational period (at 3, 6, and 12 months, with all p-values < 0.001). When improvements across the 780, Diabeloop, and Tandem CIQ devices were compared: Diabeloop demonstrated significantly better performance in terms of GRI, GMI, CV, TAR>250 at T1 (for all p < 0.01); 780 recorded highest average decrease in TAR180-250 (p = 0.020), while Tandem achieved the most significant reduction in TBR54-69 (p = 0.004).ConclusionsAdopting an AHCL leads to a rapid and sustained improvement in GRI and other parameters of metabolic control for up to a year, regardless of prior insulin therapies, baseline conditions or brands.