Hunting Laws Research Articles

Value orientations toward wild meat in Guyana are determined by gender, ethnicity, and location

IntroductionUnderstanding what drives differences in values toward wild meat is important for developing legislation and behavioral change campaigns that promote sustainable use. Value orientations (VOs) underly behavior. VOs are influenced by personal (e.g., gender, generation), social (e.g., media, family), location (e.g., rural versus urban), and experience determinants. In Guyana, an ethnic diverse nation in South America, the national hunting laws have recently been instated. The wildlife management agency is rolling out a behavioral change campaign in collaboration with a sustainable use initiative. To support this campaign, we evaluated VOs toward wild meat across Guyana.MethodsApplying Multiple Correspondence Analysis and generalized linear models to data from interviews, we examined location, personal, and societal determinants for their influence on these VOs and explored how VOs translated into behavior, specifically wild meat consumption frequency.ResultsLocation (Indigenous and coastal: rural, town, urban), intertwined with ethnicity, and gender showed the strongest associations with variation in VOs. Respondents from Indigenous territories expressed mostly positive VOs compared to coastal Guyanese. Women expressed more neutral or negative, and more negative biocentric VOs compared to men, and this difference was largest among Indigenous but non-existent in urban sites. Negative anthropocentric VOs toward wild meat consistently grouped together and dominated among those not consuming wild meat. Highest consumption was seen among those expressing positive materialistic VOs. Positive anthropocentric VOs were associate with intermediate consumption frequencies and most typical for men. Those expressing negative values toward wild meat based on biocentric orientations toward wildlife consumed wild meat, but rarely.DiscussionOur results direct behavioral change efforts to men on the coast who consume wild meat for enjoyment at bars, restaurants, or family events. Based on our study, positive messaging promoting the coexistence between consumption of mostly resilient species and caring about wildlife would be well-received to support sustainable use policies.

Methodology for verifying/determining the boundaries of Game Management Regions: a case study of the Regional Directorate of the State Forests in Lublin (Poland)

Wildlife management is an integral part of forest management, and game animals should be considered an essential part of the forest ecosystem and agroecosystems in which the flow of energy changed fundamentally during the 20th century due to the use of fertilisers, pesticides, and modern technologies. An approximately four-fold increase in the production of crops brought with it an increase in the number of ungulates in the world. The tasks of foresters and hunters in wildlife management include creating the best suitable living conditions for animals and mitigating conflicts between forest animals and human activities. This necessitates the creation and implementation of modern land units called Game Management Regions (GMRs) in Poland. This concept was defined in the Polish Hunting Law primarily for managing big game populations. The aim of the GMRs is to ensure year-long management of game populations within their respective ranges. Long-term Hunting Management Plans were developed for each GMR, serving as the basis for adopting management directions, and achieving the desired state of the game population as recorded in the multi-year plan (typically spanning ten years). However, experiences and the current situation reveal several weaknesses in the functioning of these divisions, including rapid changes in the environment, particularly the emergence of barriers like highways and new buildings. This research aimed to develop a method for determining or verifying the boundaries of the GMRs based on objective criteria as a case study hosted by the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Lublin. During the conducted analysis we examined data provided by the Regional Directorate of State Forests (RDSF) in Lublin, including information on the current density of red deer (Cervus elaphus), forest cover, forest patch fragmentation, categories of hunting districts, ecological corridors, as well as existing, under-construction and planned highways and expressways. The boundaries of the GMRs were determined by aggregating hunting districts with similar characteristics using GIS software while considering ecological barriers. The analysis results indicated the need to establish 12 divisions instead of 8, with significant deviations from the previous delimitation. The obtained results underscore the necessity of verifying the boundaries of the GMRs nationwide. Keywords: large-scale game management; big game; Game Management Region; hunting plans

TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF ILLEGAL WILDLIFE HUNTING AND TRADING IN UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

Wildlife trade, poaching and its use is characterized as wildlife crime, also it has become a global problem. The illegal wildlife trade is a increasing problem driven by the number of factors (e.g. alternative medicine, accessories and subsistence). High demand for illicit wildlife products is threatening the existence of many of the most of d species. Enquiring and investigating crime hotspots include analyzing the enforcement of law and seizure data, highlighting areas with high biodiversity has been studied here. In this present study, we have analyzed wildlife crime hotspot in different districts/ divisions of Uttar Pradesh, India from 2012 to 2021.Basically, we have extracted the data which include information on trafficking, illegal possessions, breaking hunting and poaching laws and exploitation, illegal scientific collections, and information from mass media. In results, study support the understanding that the reports of illegal trade are underestimates. This research helps to gain the understanding the exact reason to the problem. This study also supports to inform policies and strategies to combat the poaching and hunting activities that affect wildlife in regions with high biodiversity. Moreover, this also provides the first detailed state of assessment on illegal trade and hunting in Uttar Pradesh. The analysis done suggests trade in wildlife in protected areas of 12 districts of Uttar Pradesh and hike in trade of mammalian species, like Indian Pangolin, and leopard. In addition, the seizure reported more often in different districts and areas bordering Nepal, China, and gulf countries. This states that well-organized illegal wildlife trade and associations taking place in Uttar Pradesh and gulf countries act as both a source and a transit country.

A Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) with alveolar echinococcosis bitten to death by a dog – a challenge for the forensic pathologist as an expert witness

We present a case that illustrates the complex contexts in which forensic veterinary pathology examinations may be carried out. A wild muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) had died after a putative bite attack from a domestic dog. Bite attacks by privately owned dogs on wild animals in Switzerland violate the Swiss civil (and/or hunting) laws, and dog owners are generally punished with a monetary fine; hence, this case appeared to be straightforward. However, the results of the subsequent post-mortem examination of the muskrat not only confirmed the presence of injuries related to the bite attack, but also detected alveolar echinococcosis (ie, infestation with Echinococcus multilocularis). Therefore, as an intermediate host of the parasite, the muskrat could have contributed to further spread of a severe helminthic zoonosis had it not been killed by the dog. It was probably an easy prey for the dog as it probably had been weakened by the disease. Furthermore, muskrats are considered as pests and invasive species, and are non-indigenous huntable game in Switzerland and other European countries in which programmes for the prevention of their further spread and endangerment of native wildlife are established. The role of the forensic veterinary pathologist in such a complex scenario is to adopt an unbiased approach and establish the facts, which in this case was to determine the cause of death and suspected perpetrator, identify any concomitant and/or underlying diseases and consider potential animal welfare issues.

The Ban on Participation of Children and Teenagers in the Hunt in Poland – A Case Study of Parliamentary Law Enactment Process and its Consequences

We are witnessing a clash of (i) biocentric or ecocentric ideologies that grant equal rights to all living creatures, with (ii) an ideology that arose on the basis of anthropocentrism that gives the palm of priority to man. Hunters who are accused of killing defenseless animals for entertainment are at the heart of this dispute. Meanwhile, hunters argue that their activity results from the need to manage game populations, thus the necessity to limit the threats to human life and health and to minimize the extent of damage to field crops or forests. In the atmosphere of such public disputes between activists and hunters, decisions are made by politicians who shape specific legal solutions. In 2018, the Hunting Law (Polish Act of 13 October 1995, Journal of Laws of 2020.) in Poland was amended and children and adolescents under 18 were banned from participating in hunting. It has aroused dissatisfaction of hunters who have taken initiatives to amend these legal provisions, e.g. a complaint to the Constitutional Tribunal, a social draft amendment to the act. The legal initiatives of hunters have been fuelling a broad social debate that often have gone beyond the scope of sustainable hunting management. The amendment has been questioned by a group of Polish MPs as infringing the constitutional right of parents to bring up and educate their children in accordance with their worldviews. Moreover, the teenagers, frequently considered as adults under numerous provisions of Polish law, have been deprived of their constitutional freedom of making decisions about their pastimes. The opponents in turn claim that under the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (Polish Act of 21 August 1997, Journal of Laws of 2020.) children must be protected against violence and cruelty. The aim of the study is to present the mechanisms of a legal, political, sociological and ideological dispute and to provide some basic insight into the Parliamentary debate and the outcome of legislation process as a result of which children have been deprived of the right to accompany their parents during hunting expeditions also in the character of passive observers. The research methods applied included the following ones: the analysis of the discourses and legislation under scrutiny in Poland and a few selected countries, and empirical observation of debates carried out in public space. The research material encompassed the recorded Parliament speeches focusing on the issue in question, legislative process, social media posts and various blogs. The assessment of the current legal solutions and the analysis of the attitudes of both parties to the dispute leads to a reflection that the problem of prohibiting the participation of children under 18 in hunting is not solved. There is a need to search for new solutions on the basis of substantive knowledge, including, inter alia, legal science or social psychology. Politicians should be aware that the emotional pressure may not and should not be the basis for law amendments.

Compilation and prioritizing human-wildlife conflict management strategies using the WASPAS method in Iran

Wildlife habitats provide several essential services, and humans’ needs for development cause a growing conflict with wildlife. Formulating and prioritizing strategies improve conflict management and save time and costs. We used the experts’ opinions to formulate strategies. 45 management strategies were extracted that formed a decision matrix. These strategies were evaluated by 40 experts using the five-point Likert range in five criteria, i.e., productivity or efficiency, adaptability, running costs, social acceptability, and sustainability. Strategies were prioritized by forming a decision matrix and inserting it into WASPAS software. The selected strategies are “training environmentalists, waste management, empowering the local economy, modifying hunting laws, land use planning before project executions, training local communities, social-based management, training tour guides and tourists, modifying tourism-related laws, banning alien species, and road management.” Conflict is a complex phenomenon, and managing it requires multiple strategies. Therefore, combining several strategies can increase the chances of successful conflict management.

Развитие организационно-экономических и стратегических аспектов капитализации отрасли многоцелевого использования лесов

Introduction. The present article forecasts the organizational, economic, and strategic aspects of the multifunctional forestry capitalization in the Kemerovo region aka Kuzbass. The authors analyzed the current Russian laws in order to answer the following question: is multi-purpose forest utilization able to ensure the rights and interests of all its participants, while providing legal means to resolve various related issues? Study objects and methods. The research featured the legal norms in the field of forest, wildlife, and subsoil utilization. The authors assessed their ability to guarantee sustainable use of natural resources while protecting the rights and legitimate interests of forest users. The study was based on general standard methods of cognition and special legal methods. Results and discussion. Hunting is regulated by hunting sector agreements. The Forest Code and the Hunting Law of the Russian Federation do not prohibit or restrict other types of forest utilization of hunting grounds. Most Western European countries link land ownership to hunting rights, which makes landowners liable for damage caused by hunting and obliged to protect the local fauna. Conclusion. Russian legislation does not provide for direct conciliation and compensation mechanisms in cases a part of hunting ground is used for other purposes, e.g. mining. Russian legislation needs legal termination procedures for hunting sector agreements and compensation rules in case a land plot was seized from hunting providers for subsoil use.

Wild Mammals in the Economy of Wrocław (Poland) as an Example of a Medieval and Modern Era City in the Light of Interdisciplinary Research

Simple SummaryThe animals that held the greatest importance in the economy of a medieval and early modern city were domesticated species, such as cattle, pigs, goats and sheep. These animals were used as sources of meat, bone, horn and leather in crafting items for daily use; however, skeletal remains belonging to wild animals are also encountered during archaeological research. The purpose of this article was to determine the role of wild animals in the economy of a historical city on the basis of research conducted in Wrocław. The base material consists of bone remains belonging to various species, as well as items manufactured from the leather, horn and bones of wild animals. The collected information was compared with the current state of historical research. It turned out that the analysis confirmed the fact that wild animals played a small but constant role in the economy of medieval and early modern Wrocław from the 11th to the 17th century. The rare use of such materials might indicate occasional breaching of hunting laws and limitations functioning until the 15th c., the characteristics of the local environment with its low amount of wild game and the elite characteristics of wild animal meat and products.The purpose of this article was to determine the role of wild animals in the economy of a historical city on the basis of archaeological and cultural layers of medieval and early modern Wrocław from the 11th to the 17th century. Archaeozoological analyses were applied, mainly encompassing the percentage share of particular animal species and the research of material culture, i.e., items manufactured from bones, antlers and hides of wild animals. The collected data were compared with written sources. As a result of the following analysis, a low but stable frequency of bone remains in urban layers and is evidence for occasional breaching of the medieval hunting laws by burghers, possibly driven by the opportunity to sell meat and other wild animal products on the markets. Moreover, the relatively low amounts of items made from bones, antlers and wild animal leather may indicate low availability or seasonality (shed antler) of the materials, which might have indirectly raised the product price. Additionally, the area around Wrocław did not feature large forest complexes, which are habitats of wild game, thus explaining the low frequency of wild animal remains in the archaeozoological material.

Protection Of Wildlife: Analysis Of Legislative Periods In Turkey

The first legal arrangements concerning hunting and wildlife were held in “Mecelle (Ottoman code of civil law)” was declared in 1976 and was abolished in 1926. Prior to this date, hunting was carried out freely, and game animals were regarded as “waif” and there were no legal re-strictive regulations. Only it was forbidden to enter the hunting areas of the Sultan and this ac-tivitis were punished. When analyzed Mecelle seen that there were made general regulations on hunting and game animals about catch or ownership . The first basic arrangement on hunting and wild animals in Turkish law was made in 1937 by the Law of Hunting, Numbered 3167. Law No: 3167 had provisions as definition of hunting animals, hunting principles and prohibitions, it was abolished in 2003 by the with the current law which numbered 4915. Law No 4915 is more detailed law than the 3167 with regards to con-servation provisions and at the same time in terms of compliance with international agreements related to wildlife and biodiversty. In this study will be discussed the process and developmet of the legislation related wildlife and hunting from 1900 to the present day and analyzed in terms of international agreements. These are Mecelle, Constitutions, Civil Laws, Criminal Laws, Land Hunting Laws, Forest Laws, Fish-ery Law and Environmental Law.

New rules or old concepts? The golden jackal (Canis aureus) and its legal status in Central Europe

Conflicts have emerged due to range expansions of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) across Europe, characterized by their international conservation status and perceived impacts on livestock and native prey species. Most countries in Central Europe do not yet include the golden jackal in their national list of occurring, native species. Nevertheless, legal obligations arise as soon as golden jackals colonize a particular country. Legal implications of this range expansion were described in past studies from an international perspective. However, they left out specifics on the legal status within any particular country. Therefore, we examine the actual legal status within Central European countries, exemplifying the diverse federal and provincial laws. In particular, we assess the current conservation and hunting laws in Austria’s provinces and discuss them in the context of neighbouring countries to analyse implications for relevant authorities. We found substantial contrasts not only among provinces but also between direct neighbouring countries, impeding efforts for transboundary species conservation and leading to complications regarding the management of this species. Improved procedures for collecting records and hunting-bag data appear necessary for future species assessment on a European level and management on a local level. We recommend a more unified legal system but adjusted to actual golden jackal presence on the regional and cross-border level, combined assessment, or similar management strategies to minimize conflicts, reduce persecution, and clarify legal obligations.

Transformacja Polskiego Związku Łowieckiego w świetle ewolucji modelu łowiectwa w Polsce

Polski Związek Łowiecki jest ogólnokrajowa organizacja zrzeszająca polskich myśliwych i koła łowieckie, której tradycje sięgają okresu dwudziestolecia międzywojennego. Niniejsze opracowanie przestawia genezę oraz ewolucję PZŁ, który w ślad za zmianami społecznymi i politycznymi w kraju, został przekształcony z dobrowolnego stowarzyszenia w organizację o charakterze monopolistycznym i przymusowym, mającą realizować zadania zlecone przez władze publiczne, aby wreszcie, na skutek dalszych zmian, przyjąć rolę agendy rządowej, personalnie i organizacyjnie podporządkowanej ministrowi środowiska. Praca zwraca uwagę na mankamenty przyjętego obecnie rozwiązania oraz odnosi się do podstawowych zastrzeżeń, jakie są formułowane wobec modelu łowiectwa w Polsce. W konkluzji wskazuje na kwestie, jakie zdaniem autora należy w pierwszej kolejności rozstrzygnąć, podejmując w przyszłości prace legislacyjne nad wprowadzeniem zmian w ustawie Prawo łowieckie.

Patterns of human interaction with snow leopard and co-predators in the Mongolian western Altai: Current issues and perspectives

Large carnivores can cause considerable economic damage, mainly due to livestock depredation. These conflicts instigate negative attitude towards their conservation, which could in the extreme case lead to retaliatory killing. Here we focus on the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), a species of conservation concern with particularly large spatial requirements. We conducted the study in the Bayan Ölgii province, one of the poorest provinces of Mongolia, where the majority of the human population are traditional herders. We conducted a survey among herders (N = 261) through a semi-structured questionnaire with the aim to assess: the current and future herding practices and prevention measures, herders’ perceptions and knowledge of the environmental protection and hunting laws; the perceived livestock losses to snow leopard, wolf (Canis lupus), and wolverine (Gulo gulo), as well as to non-predatory factors; the key factors affecting livestock losses to these three large carnivores; and, finally, the attitudes towards these three large carnivores. Non-predatory causes of mortality were slightly higher than depredation cases, representing 4.5% and 4.3% of livestock holdings respectively. While no depredation of livestock was reported from wolverines, snow leopard and wolf depredation made up 0.2% and 4.1% of total livestock holdings, respectively. Herders’ attitudes towards the three large carnivores were negatively affected by the magnitude of the damages since they had a positive overall attitude towards both snow leopard and wolverine, whereas the attitude towards wolf was negative. We discuss conservation and management options to mitigate herder-snow leopard impacts. To palliate the negative consequences of the increasing trend in livestock numbers, herd size reduction should be encouraged by adding economic value to the individual livestock and/or by promoting alternative income and/or ecotourism. Furthermore, co-management between government and stakeholders would help tackle this complex problem, with herders playing a major role in the development of livestock management strategies. Traditional practices, such as regularly shifting campsites and using dogs and corrals at night, could reduce livestock losses caused by snow leopards.

Critical assessment of Asiatic ibex (Capra ibex sibirica) for sustainable harvesting in northern areas of Pakistan

Northern regions of Pakistan support a relatively large population of wild ungulates, the preferred prey of sympatric carnivores. The Asiatic ibex (Capra Ibex Sibirica) is one such an ungulate species which also serves as an important trophy animal. The maintenance of trophy hunting programs rely on estimates of harvestable population sizes derived from rigorous methods. The present study successfully used the double observer-based Capture-Mark-Recapture (CMR) method to produce a reliable and accurate estimate of the Asiatic ibex population in the Community Control Hunting Areas (CCHAs) of Socterabad, Gojal watershed and Khunjerab National Park (KNP). Surveys were conducted from February to March 2018 and from March to April 2019. The total ibex population was calculated to be 1075 individuals (95%CI ± 670) with a density of 1.43 ibex/km2 in Gojal watershed, followed by Socterabad with 856 individuals (95%CI ± 680) and a density of 6.24ibex/km2, and lastly KNP with 463 individuals (95%CI ± 93.5) and a density of 0.14ibex/km2. A total of 52 herds were sighted in Gojal watershed with mean size of 19 ibex/herd (SE ± 3.2). In Socterabad, 28 herds were sighted with mean size of 16.07 ibex/herd (SE ± 2.4) and in KNP 28 herds were sighted with average recorded size of 16.5 ibex/herd (SE ± 3.4). In KNP Sex ratios of female to young, female to yearling and female to male were 1:0.7, 1:0.4, and 1:0.5 respectively. The detection probability of observer two was less than observer one. Ibex biomass recorded is insufficient for current recorded snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and wolf (Canis lupus) population in the area. Our study validates the use of Capture Mark Recapture as a viable tool in discerning ungulate populations, and shows that the population of the Asiatic ibex is viable in the study area, making it suitable for trophy hunting programs but need to modify the hunting law.

The place of animals in the legal system based on the Hunting Law: Legal and humane aspects

Since the late 1920s, the legislator has been trying to indicate the place of animals in the legal system. Due to their psychophysical features, they can be classified neither as things nor as persons. Determination of the place of animals in the legal system was extremely important due to the need to grant them legal protection in order to combat inhumane treatment. Today, the term “animal” is regulated in the Animal Protection Act, which clearly states that an animal is not a thing. However, in matters not regulated in the said act, laws applicable to things apply. Such subjectivity of animals is opposed by the understanding of game under the Hunting Law. What is more, this is not the only significant difference in the understanding of these related terms based on analysis of the two legal instruments. Humaneness viewed through the prism of the two pieces of legislation seems to be contradictory – the above-mentioned acts present different understanding thereof as well as different implementation by law. The cited acts were analysed in terms of literal, purposive, logical, and functional interpretation. Research into the issues in question was carried out with the use of dogmatic-legal, theoretical-legal, historical-legal, and sociological methods. This publication indicates the problem of ambiguity of the term “animal” based on the Hunting Law. Its aim is an in-depth analysis of the legal aspects of humane protection of animals, as well as an a contrario presentation of hunting practices. The research work carried out has suggested both inconsistencies as to identical terms in the above-mentioned acts, and a clear problem with regard to respecting and implementing the norms that stem from the provisions of the Hunting Law. Such results lead to a justified concern about the topicality of the legal solutions presented in the said act, while approval of this position should result in a conclusion that there is a need to amend the Hunting Law.

The Alces alces awards

The <i>Alces alces</i> awards

An Investigation of the Studies on the Conservation of Biodiversity in Turkey

Considering our world as a whole, prevention of potential hazards and problems is possible by protecting natural resources in harmony with each other and ensuring natural balance. Therefore, conservation of biodiversity and natural resources is primarily a guarantee of the continuity of life on earth and a prerequisite of meeting the sustainable development needs of societies.Illegal hunting practices that have been performed in Turkey for many years have led to a decrease in the number of wild animals or complete extinction of them. The Land Hunting Law No. 4915, which entered into force in 2003 in accordance with its counterparts in the world, contains provisions on the conservation of wild animals and their habitats against a variety of factors (legal basis). There are international biodiversity conventions to which Turkey is also a party. These conventions are critical in terms of conservation and sustainability of biological diversity. The ‘Noah’s Ark National Biodiversity Database’ implemented in Turkey in accordance with these conventions is one of the critical projects in this field. This project has gained importance for the conservation and sustainability of biodiversity both in the world and Turkey.The study includes the main headings of Introduction, Materials and Methods, Findings, and Conclusions and Recommendations, and the sub-headings of Protected Areas, Protected Areas in Turkey, and Studies on Biodiversity. The Conclusion and Recommendations section contains recommendations to preserve habitat and species diversity for biodiversity conservation and emphasizes the importance and framework of national and global conventions to date. Solutions were produced through a holistic assessment.

Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Gunshot Activity in Cooking Lake-Blackfoot Provincial Recreation Area

In the past, monitoring hunting behavior has been limited to self-reported numbers. However, the ability of autonomous recording units to monitor soundscapes may make them suitable for assessing spatio-temporal shooting patterns. Our goal for this project was to find out if it is possible to use acoustic monitoring to track human activity, and if there were differences in seasonal or daily shooting intensities. We hypothesized that shooting intensity would decrease from September to November and from the afternoon till morning due to people being less likely to go shooting in cooler temperatures. A grid of 91 ARU’s were deployed between September 2nd and November 30th, 2018 in Cooking Lake-Blackfoot Provincial Recreation Area. They were set to record continuously between sunrise and sunset with some recording during the night as well. We selected a random subset of 30 minute recordings, visualized them using spectrograms; visual representations of sound with time on the x-axis and frequency on the y-axis, and counted the gunshots in each. We compared differences in gunshot detections between months and different times of day using analysis of variance (ANOVA). There were no statistical differences found in seasonal or daily shooting intensities. One reason for this may be that sample sizes were low, due to the time needed to manually process recordings. We demonstrated that ARU’s can be used to provide us with an accurate way of assessing shooting patterns and therefore, be useful for monitoring other human behaviors such as detecting poachers, or assessing compliance with hunting laws.

Features of industrial hunting control in Russia and principles of its development

The article analyzes a number of the main aspects of industrial hunting control as a legal measure for providing protection and rational use of game resources and their habitats. The study was carried out on the basis of systemic approach using complex and historic methods, formal and logistic analyses, methods of classification, analogue, law simulation and legal interpretation. The article gives the classification of hunting control as a separate direction of environmental control and presents industrial hunting control as a kind of non-state hunting management. Historic conditions and reasons for introduction of industrial hunting control into the system of environment protection in Russia are shown. The definition of the concept « industrial hunting control» is proposed and specific features of this process are pointed out. One of these features is the focus on the conservation, reproduction and rational use of game resources through detecting, preventing and restraint of violation of regulatory requirements of hunting and game resources conservation law. The next specific is giving authoritative powers characteristic of state hunting supervision bodies to hunting providers. Industrial hunting control also features mixed, external and internal nature that means the ability of its implementation with regard to both individuals and organizations irrespective of hunting providers and workers and subdivisions of long-term hunting providers. The principles of industrial hunting control development have been outlined and current need for their special legitimization in the law of hunting and game resources conservation is shown. The proposed system of principles can become the basis for solving scientific and practical problems of industrial hunting control, ensuring consistency and stability of legal regulation in this area.

Surveillance system for avian influenza in wild birds and implications for the improvement with insights into highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks during 2004-2017 in Japan

Surveillance system for avian influenza in wild birds and implications for the improvement with insights into highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks during 2004-2017 in Japan

ACCESS TO PUBLIC INFORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE HUNTING LAW

Hunting in Poland is experiencing a kind of renaissance today and is undoubtedly a public matter. The purpose of hunting is a public goal, because it is: protection, preservation of diversity and management of populations of game animals; protection and shaping the natural environment for the improvement of living conditions of animals; obtaining the highest possible personal condition and quality of trophies and the appropriate number of populations of particular species of animals while maintaining the balance of the natural environment; meeting social needs in the field of hunting, cultivating tradition and propagating ethics and hunting culture.This article presents considerations regarding access to public information in the context of hunting law. It indicates the public administration bodies obliged to provide it, as well as entities that can apply for it. In addition, the competences of the above mentioned bodies and the resulting public tasks in the area of broadly understood hunting were defined.