Hunting Farms Research Articles

Possibility to determine the necessary length of WRC survey routes based on the area of hunting grounds

Article 36 of the Federal Law on Hunting and Conservation of Hunting Resources of 24.07.2009 No. 209-FZ (in the edition of the Federal Law of 22.12.2020 No. 455-FZ) stipulates that the accounting of hunting animals, in respect of which, in accordance with the above Federal Law, the limit of extraction and the quota of their extraction are established, is carried out on the basis of scientifically substantiated methods. Currently recommended by the authorized federal executive body and posted on the information and telecommunication network “Internet” on the official website of the authorized federal executive body is the Methodology of accounting for the number of hunting resources by the method of winter route counting, approved by the order of FGBU “Federal Research Center for Hunting” from November 14, 2022 no. 74. One of the main differences of the mentioned methodology is the algorithm of determining the minimum necessary total length of counting routes from the total area of hunting grounds located within the boundaries of the relevant hunting farms. However, in the open press there are no data on the conducted scientific studies justifying such an approach to determining the necessary length of survey routes. This was the basis for the present study. On the example of moose counting for some hunting farms of Saratov region the possibility of objective determination of the minimum necessary total length of counting routes depending on the total area of hunting grounds located within the boundaries of these farms was checked. The results of the study showed that such an approach in planning the volume of survey work is fundamentally flawed and cannot be considered scientifically justified, and since it takes the central place in the considered Methodology of counting the number of hunting resources by the method of winter route counting, the latter is scientifically unjustified. Consequently, its placement in the information and telecommunication network “Internet” on the official website of the authorized federal executive body contradicts the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of hunting and conservation of hunting resources.

Anatomical features of the pelvic limb muscles in the noble spotted deer

At present, reindeer husbandry, in comparison with other branches of animal husbandry, is still insufficiently developed in the Russian Federation, at the same time, deer farms are a very promising branch of animal husbandry. Further development of this sub-sector is of great importance for the agro-industrial complex of Russia. Since 2021, support for reindeer husbandry has been allocated in a separate direction of subsidies, including for the purchase of breeding breeding stock. Deer eco-farms located near cities have the opportunity to become part of the tourism industry. In addition, animals are a source of valuable products-dietary meat, high-quality leather raw materials, various types of medicines. However, to date, morphological features of deer representatives have been studied extremely insufficiently. This article presents the anatomical features of the flexors of the hip joint in the subspecies of the red deer – spotted deer. In particular, the points of fixation of the large lumbar, lateral and medial heads of the iliac muscle, tailor's and scallop muscles have been clarified. Topical bone landmarks on the pelvic (nameless) and femoral bones that are absent in the available literature have been identified: "medial crest of the iliac wing", "roughness of the short tendon of the tailor's muscle" on the iliac bone; "roughness of the scallop muscle" on the femur. The purpose of this study is to establish anatomical and topographic features of flexor muscles and adductors of the hip joint in the noble spotted deer, to determine the points of their fixation and to assess the functional significance of the studied structures.The research was carried out at the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K.I. Scriabin. The object of the study was a mature noble spotted deer (n=5), selected in the hunting farm of the Moscow region. The methods of fine macro- and microanatomic preparation according to Vorobyov were used, followed by functional analysis of the studied structures and skeletotopic projection of the points of attachment of parts of the muscle. The revealed anatomical features of the studied muscles are the reference in assessing the structural and functional state of the musculoskeletal system of the hip joint in the noble spotted deer.

Development of technology for standardization of parameters of winter route registration of game animals

The need to develop a new technology for planning survey routes is caused not only by the difficulty of implementing the recommendations of the current methodology for winter route accounting (ZMU) for the “equidistant placement” of survey routes with “observance of a proportional survey of land categories forest, field, swamp”, but also by the inability of the method of grouping the sample into categories of land to reduce the heterogeneity of the examined material. To standardize the placement of accounting routes, the technology of stratification of the territory is put, in which the virtual boundaries of the stratum serve to determine the extrapolation area and the location of the survey route. For the total area of the hunting farm, a tabular, or calculated (for farms with a different area), value of the route length standard, km/thousand ha, is established. The free navigation program SAS Planet determines the length and width of the territory within the boundaries of the hunting area and the principle layout of the registration routes in the strata. According to the algorithms, the following parameters are calculated: the total length of the routes, the average values of the length and width of the territory, the number of strata, the distance between the registration routes, the length of the route in the stratum, the area of the strata, which are necessary for designing the stratification of the territory. On the example of a specific farm with unknown values of parameters, except for the area of the territory, the suitability of algorithms for calculating parameters is shown; a map of the boundaries of the strata and the location of the accounting traces was created; the area of the strata and the design length of the registration route in each stratum were determined; digitized files of traces necessary for work on their reference to the terrain have been created; the technology of binding is given. The results of the study confirmed the manufacturability and simplicity of the method for localizing routes and extrapolation sites, as well as the compatibility of their ordered placement in compliance with a standardized sample size for territories with any area and boundary configuration.

Regulation of Interaction between Hunters and Land Users: A Comparative Legal Study

Hunting is a complex type of nature management. In its process, objects of the animal world and the earth are used. Obviously, the relationship between hunters and other land users should be clearly regulated by legislation. The purpose of this work was to identify common and specific problems for different systems of interaction between hunters and land owners and to assess the possibility of spreading the existing experience of solving problems faced by the hunting sector to different countries. Three main models of the relationship between hunters and land users (direct interaction, cooperation, and division of rights) are considered. Each of the models performs its tasks and has its own degree of efficiency. The interaction organization model adopted in a country depends on the specifics of the conditions in which the hunting farm develops including economic, property, legal, social, and state aspects. It is established that the availability of hunting is best ensured within the framework of the cooperation model, the observation of the rights of owners—within the direct interaction model, the convenience of management within large territories of wild animal habitats—within the division of rights model. At the same time, it is incorrect to single out the best model by all criteria or to designate a model that is universally suitable for different conditions. In the hunting farms of Russia, the described problems of interactions are not related to the potential of the division of rights model as such, but to a lack of understanding that this particular model requires increased attention of the state. The proposals aimed at improving the practice of developing and applying models of relationships between hunters and land users are represented.

АНАЛІЗ СУЧАСНОГО СТАНУ РЕСУРСІВМИСЛИВСЬКИХ ГОСПОДАРСТВ УКРАЇНИ

Тask statement. The hunting industry is an important part of the state's national economy, as it plays one of the key roles in the use and preservation of natural resources and is a source of financial income for the state and regional budgets. However, at the current stage of the development of the economy of Ukraine, the hunting industry faces many problems of resource provision, which can affect the reduction of the industry's potential. Therefore, the analysis of the available resources for hunting farms in Ukraine is of practical importance, which will make it possible to identify the main problems that slow down the development of the industry, and to outline possible ways to solve them. Research results. The hunting industry of Ukraine has natural, geographical, and climatic conditions for successful development. However, during the studied period, there is a decrease in the area of hunting grounds, mainly in the Steppe due to the occupation of the territory by Russia. Among the forms of management in the hunting industry, public organizations of the Ukrainian Society of Hunters and Fishermen and enterprises of the State Forest Resources Agency predominate, however, the number and specific weight of land use by enterprises of other forms of ownership is increasing. As a result, the total number of hunting farms increases and their average size decreases, which will gradually shape their optimal land use. In general, the personnel structure of hunting farms remained almost unchanged, which indicates the possibility of stable operation of hunting farms. However, the number of workers in hunting farms in the Steppe decreased, especially hunters, and in the Forest Steppe and Polissia, it increased. As a result, the actual number of hunters in the Forest Steppe and Polissia farms exceeds the minimum required, and in the Steppe, there is a shortage of hunters. The analysis of the dynamics of the number of hunting animals shows that the number of fur animals in the hunting farms of Ukraine tends to constantly decrease, and the population of ungulates gradually increased after a decrease in the early 2000s, but in 2011-2015 it decreased. The structure and density of the population of hunting animals differ by natural and climatic zones, which objectively forms differences in the organization and effectiveness of hunting farms/ The load of hunting animals per hunter differs in natural and climatic zones and has quantitative and structural differences, as well as differences in dynamics. The higher load per hunter in the Steppe is due to the relatively higher density of fur animals and feathered game and the lower availability of hunter vacancies The minimum number of hunters should be determined taking into account the density of hunting animals, and not only by the area of land use. An effective way to increase the number of hunting species of animals is the creation of aviary farms, which in a limited area have significant advantages over free breeding, however, such resource capabilities of hunting farms have been significantly reduced due to the occupation of territories. Conclusion. The negative trends in the development of the resources of hunting farms actualize the search for ways to increase the efficiency of their functioning, in particular, based on a comprehensive analysis of indicators of the activity of hunting farms in Ukraine.

ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF EXPENDITURE OF HUNTING FARMS IN ZAPORIZHZHIA REGION

The purpose of the article is to study the composition and cost structure of hunting farms in the Zaporizhzhia region and consider the economic and environmental aspects of their formation. The method of analysis and synthesis revealed the dynamics of changes in the costs of hunting farms over five years (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019). Using the method of comparison, the main trends in the change of individual loss items are identified. Methodology. The classification of costs, their dynamics and structure on 37 hunting farms of Zaporizhzhia region are given. The studied farms differ in different forms of use of hunting grounds. Thus, as of January 1, 2020, 6 farms were part of the Ukrainian Society of Hunters and Fishermen, 20 - belonged to the enterprises of the State Forestry Agency of Ukraine, the remaining 11 - were part of other private and public hunting organizations. A vertical and horizontal analysis of costs was conducted, which revealed an increase in their volume throughout the structure, without significant changes in the structure itself. There is a tendency to reduce the share of costs for the protection, reproduction and accounting of wild animals and the management of hunting grounds. Instead, the costs of maintaining the current activities of hunting farms are increasing. The results of the study showed that the main part of the costs of hunting farms in Zaporizhzhia region (almost 80%) consists of the cost of wages and a single social contribution, operation and maintenance of vehicles, hunting buildings and structures and costs associated with the purchase of weapons, ammunition and other costs. The costs of environmental activities are decreasing, among which the costs of biotechnical measures play an important role. The share of expenditures on biotechnical measures for the conservation and reproduction of wild animals in total expenditures decreased from 14.5% in 2015 to 11.8% in 2019. Practical consequences. The study found that the current costly model of hunting in the Zaporizhzhia region, and in Ukraine as a whole, does not meet market relations and inhibits the development of effective economic and environmental hunting. Its formation was influenced by the following factors: imperfection of hunting legislation; non-compliance with European standards; excessive number of hunting grounds in use and lack of a clear mechanism for payment for their use; poaching; lack of programs for breeding wild animals, control of predators and clear requirements for the hunting service; low level of hunting culture and ethics. The current hostilities in the Zaporizhzhia region further complicate the environmental situation. Value/originality. Economic evaluation of hunting farms should take into account, in addition to estimating the direct costs and revenues of hunting farms, their total environmental, economic and social role. This is confirmed by foreign experience. For its implementation there is a need to develop a new methodology.

TRICHINELLOSIS OF WOLVES FROM THE EUROPEAN PART OF RUSSIA

The research purpose was to identify the prevalence and intensity of Trichinella infection in the Eurasian wolf. The work on the diagnosis of trichinellosis and on the larvae isolation was performed in 2020–2022. Carcasses of wolves were brought from the territories of hunting farms of various regions in the European part of Russia. Muscle sections were examined by the compression method to detect Trichinella larvae. The Gastros apparatus was used to isolate Trichinella larvae. Peptolysis of muscle tissue using artificial gastric juice was performed using ACROS pepsin (Belgium, USA). Twelve animals were studied during the reporting period. The results of the in-house studies showed significant invasion in this animal species. Trichinella larvae were found in 58.3% of animals. The animals aged 1–3 years were the most infected by helminths. The least infected animals were 3–5 years old. The average intensity of Trichinella invasion was 29 larvae in one g of muscle tissue. These groups of animals were obtained by sport hunters in the Chuvash Republic and the Republic of Dagestan. The average rate of Trichinella infection in carnivores were in wolves up to one year old. The prevalence of infection in this group was 60.0% with an average intensity of 32 larvae in one g of muscles. Animals obtained on the hunting farms in the Tver and Ryazan Regions and the Republic of Karelia were free from the infection.

Исследование качества и безопасности мяса диких животных, полученного в условиях биоценоза Белоосиповского ртутного месторождения

Introduction. Mercury contamination is one of the most common environmental problems. The research objective was to study the qualitative composition and physicochemical properties of raw game meat obtained from the area near the Beloosipovo mercury deposit in order to define any possible contamination w ith xenobiotics.
 Study objects and methods. The research featured rib eye muscle tissue and soft flesh of elks shot on the hunting farms of the Kemerovo Region aka Kuzbass.
 Results and discussion. A complex set of experiments revealed the chemical composition of elk muscle tissue and flesh, as well as the mineral composition of elk muscle tissue. The samples were obtained from different parts of carcasses. The amino acid and fatty acid composition of elk muscle tissue made it possible to describe the biological value, mineral composition, and vitamin profile of elk meat. The physicochemical analysis included toughness, cooking losses, and moisture-retaining capacity, i.e. the properties that ensure juiciness. The research also featured the accumulation of xenobiotics in elk meat samples obtained from the biosinosis near the Beloosipovo merc ury deposit.
 Conclusion. The slaughter yield of elk meat was 51–53%, which exceeds the average yield of farm cattle meat by 4–6%. The moisture content was 73–78%, while the content of protein was between 20–24% and depended on the anatomical location of the muscle sample; the fat content reached 0.75–1.75%. The mercury accumulation at different storage temperature conditions ranged from 0.004 ± 0.001 to 0.009 ± 0.001 mg/kg, while the max imum allowable concentration of mercury is 0.03 mg/kg.

A comparative analysis of genetic diversity of natural elk (Alces alces L.) populations from European Russia and Sumarokov elk farm population

AIM: The aim of the study is to compare the genetic diversity of two natural elk populations from the hunting farms in adjacent regions (Kostromskaya and Yaroslavskaya oblasts) with that of the man-made population of an elk farm.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The genetic diversity analysis was carried out using DNA-markers represented by nine microsatellite loci (169 samples).
 RESULTS: The genetic diversity level in the wild populations is reliably higher than in the elk farm population: the average allele-per-locus numbers (NA) for the natural populations are 9.0 and 8.6 respectively, for the elk farm population 5.9. All the populations studied do not differ in average heterozygosity level. The allele frequency heterogeneity test shows that all the populations differ in 6 loci and a sum of 9 loci, the natural populations differ in 5 loci, and the elk farm population differs from both the natural ones in the same 3 loci. The inbreeding coefficient for the Yaroslavskaya population (0.167) is way higher than for the Kostromskaya population (0.053), it is 0.165 for the elk farm population. With the identified gene flow (Nm = 16.7), the genetic divergence of the wild populations persists, so they do not stem from a single population.
 CONCLUSIONS: The slump found in the genetic diversity of natural elk population points to the necessity of gene pool enrichment, and the high inbreeding in wild populations implies that control over gene pool is needed.

Организация охотничьего промысла в 1990-е гг. в Якутии: деятельность НКОХ «Сахабулт» по заготовке пушнины

The article examines fur harvesting activity of a national concern “Sakhabult” (Sakha Republic) in the early post-Soviet period (the 1990s). Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that relying on archival sources the author analyzes the formation and harvesting activity of “Sakhabult” national concern from the viewpoint of its involvement into traditional harvesting activities of regional hunting farms. The research findings are as follows: fur harvesting dynamics in the analyzed period was unstable, organizational conclusions regarding concern’s fur harvesting activity were quite rational, but the problems facing the concern and hunting farms were conditioned by financial and socio-economic factors.

Оценка кормовой базы лося европейского в лесном фонде охотхозяйства «Вологодское»

Using the example of the hunting farm «Vologodskoye», an assessment of the stocks of the fodder base of the European elk population was carried out and the optimal number of individuals from the point of view of damage and restoration of feed stocks was determined. At winter stations, it was found that the most visited areas by elk are plantations with the presence of young trees and shrubs, mainly deciduous — aspen (up to 25 years old), willow (up to 10 years old), birch (up to 20 years old), gray alder (up to 12 years old). The potential supply of branch fodder at winter stations reaches 1,62 tons, the winter consumption period is 220–230 days. The daily requirement for twig feed for one elk is 7–20 kg (depending on the age of the individuals), the annual consumption of winter wood-twig feed by one moose is about 3 tons. It has been established that, taking into account the potential stock of used feed and the volume of annual feed consumption, it is possible to feed 0,5 elk in the surveyed area of winter habitats, and 418 individuals, calculated for the entire area of the farm suitable for the habitat of the species.

Fishing of Tatars of the Irtysh Forest-Steppe Region in the 19th — Early 21st Centuries

The issues of fishing among the West Siberian Tatars living on the territory of the Omsk region in the forest-steppe zone on the left bank of the Irtysh River are considered. The authors dwell on the characteristics of the traditional aquatic areas of the XIX — early XXI century, fishing objects, tools and methods of fishing. It is proved that the fishing of the Tatars in these settlements was an auxiliary branch of the economy in the past and present. It was shown that they fished almost all year round, mainly on lakes, where the main object of fishing was crucian carp. It is concluded that fishing was more developed among residents of settlements in the area of the village of Yalankul. It is shown that the Tatars of the villages in the area of the Ulenkul village are now less engaged in it because of the drying up of water bodies, as well as because of the withdrawal of lakes from nature management for transfer to the hunting farm and the reserve. The novelty of the research is seen in filling the gaps in the study of this topic. The authors note that material was collected about the fishing of the population, which previously consisted mainly of Siberian Bukharians and was actually assimilated by the Tatars.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ КРУПНЫХ ОХОТНИЧЬИХ ЖИВОТНЫХ НА МАЛЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ

In order to solve a complex of acute problems and move towards sustainable development of the hunting economy in Russia, it is necessary to improve the accuracy and objectivity of data on the number of game animals. Existing methods of counting the number are based on direct recalculation or analysis of certain indirect evidence of their vital activity. Technologies of predictive analytics and analysis of big data obtained as a result of animal counts (both traditional and digital methods) can potentially lead to new data on daily routes, activity, distribution of animals depending on the characteristics of the territory, which will significantly increase the accuracy of counts in further. Studies of the number of game animals in small areas were carried out in January-February 2019 and 2020. Using the method of digital accounting, the number of game animals in the territories of the Kemerovo regional public organization "Hunting Society "Muryukskoye"" (JSC "Hunting Society "Muryukskoye"" and hunting farms "Taydonskoye" and LLC "Hunting farm "Shestakovskoye"" was analyzed. An underestimated declared according to the results of winter route counts of the number of most species of game animals in the Muryukskoye Hunting Society and the Taydonskoye hunting farm. It was found in Shestakovskoye Hunting Farm LLC that the results for ungulates and wild boar, which the farm specializes in breeding, have a fairly high accuracy However, for those species that Shestakovskoye Hunting Farm LLC does not specialize in, the accuracy of accounting is lower. The identified underestimation of some predatory animals can lead to risks for populations of many species.

ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРОЛЕТАРСКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА

Purpose: the studies of the Proletarskiy reservoir is to use the Novo-Manych dam in regulating the operation of the western and eastern sections with a water regulating structure between them. Materials and methods: the issues on use and regulation of water resources of the Proletarsk reservoir are considered, including the Novo-Manych dam, which divides the reservoir into the western and eastern sections. Results. The western section of the Proletarskiy reservoir is located between the Proletarskiy hydroelectric complex and the Novo-Manych dam and is a stretch of about 20 km. Under normal operating conditions, water flows from the western section to the eastern one through the water regulating structure in the Novo-Manych dam. At the same time, the main amount of water enters the western section along the river Egorlyk, it is discharged through the drain of the Proletarskiy hydroelectric dam into the Veselovskoye reservoir. The eastern section of the Proletarskiy reservoir is limited by the Novo-Manych dam on the western side and a blind dam on the eastern side. According to the initial project, the water resources of the Proletarskiy reservoir were used for shipping, irrigation, fisheries, and hydropower. The actual use of the reservoir's water resources for navigation is practically absent, irrigation is not performed, the fishery has lost its importance, and the hydropower industry has been out of service. Only recreation is used: the sanatorium “Manych”, about 30 hunting farms, the “Rostovsky” and “Chernye Zemli” reserves, the natural monument “Primanychskaya steppe”. The network of reservoirs and Manych-Gudilo lake is a wetland of international importance as a habitat for waterfowl. Conclusions. The issues of the use and regulation of water resources of the Proletarskiy reservoir and the Novo-Manych dam, dividing the reservoir into the western and eastern sections are considered.

Helminthiases of wild and domestic pigs of the Trans-Baikal Territory and measures to control them

The paper presents the results of coprological studies and complete helminthological autopsies (2015–2019) to identify sources of infection in pigs, parasites of the Nematoda class, Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Trichocephalus suis, Strongyloides ransomi . A complex drug based on a chemotherapeutic agent (fenbendazole) and medicinal herbs (common wormwood and St. John's wort) was developed, which has a pronounced anthelmintic effect against nematodes and a symptomatic effect on concomitant diseases of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. At the first stage, the study of the effectiveness of the developed preparation was carried out on domestic pigs. The use of the developed agent on two-month-old piglets allows to free the body from worms completely. In four-month-old piglets, it has a 100% detrimental effect on strongyloid, esophagostoma and trichocephalus, 80% – on ascarids. It was noted that with ascariasis, the intensity of the developed agent is 16% higher than that of Ivermec. Both drugs had the same 100% internal efficacy against strongyloidosis, esophagostomosis and trichocephalosis in terms of the percentage of isolated helminths, eggs or larvae in relation to their number before the application of the anthelmintic. The external efficacy of both drugs in terms of the percentage of animals completely freed from helminths after treatment was 80% against ascariasis, and 100% against strongyloidosis, esophagostomosis and trichocephalosis. The therapeutic efficacy of the developed medical and prophylactic agent against helminthiasis of wild pigs was studied on the territory of the hunting farm of the Trans-Baikal Territory. A decrease in the infection of wild pigs due to the use of the drug was recorded: internal efficacy against ascariasis was 50–66%, against strongyloidosis, esophagostomosis and trichocephalosis 100%. External efficacy was 80%, indicating a 20% reduction of disease rate in wild pigs. The agent for the prevention and treatment of pig helminthiases allows to reduce the morbidity of animals and ensure the production of products that are safe in veterinary and sanitary terms.

HELMINTНOZONOSIS OF ANIMALS OF HUNTING FARMS IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF RUSSIA

The purpose of the work was to clarify the modern epizootic situation on helminthozoonoses of game animals in the Central region of Russia. The material for the study was helminthological collections during 2018–2020 from game animals. Animal carcasses were brought from the territories of the hunting farms of the Vladimir, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan regions. A total of 218 animal and bird carcasses were studied. 105 heads of 11 species of carnivores (Carnivore) was studied by helminthological methods. One species was studied from the omnivorous animals (Оmnivorae) – boar. Among ruminants (Ruminantia), 54 heads were examined. Helminth fauna of rodents (Rodentia) was studied in 44 heads of 5 species. Three species of birds (Aves) was studied. About 12 species of helminthozoonosis were identified, of which trichinellosis, dirophilariosis, toxocarosis and alveococcosis are particularly hazardous. The main hosts of zoonoses are 7 species of predators. The red fox and some weasels play a leading role in the spread of helminthosis common to humans and animals.

Assessment of the current state of the hunting economy development in Ukraine

The national branch of the hunting economy is an integral part of the national economy of the state and plays one of the important roles in the use and conservation of natural resources, which is the necessary condition for further development of the state. It should be noted that during the investigation period the development of the hunting industry is unsatisfactory and is characterized by high level of losses of many hunting farms and low number of hunted animal species. This encourages many national scientists to find the ways to improve the functioning of this area of national economy. Many national researchers, particularly: V. Bondarenko, G. Govda, P. Khoyetsky, R. Novikov, Y. Muravyov, A. Volokh, A. Bashta, V. Burmas, I. Delegan, V. Myronenko, O. Protsiv, I. Sheremeta and others devoted their investigations to the problems and prospects of the development of this field, as well as to the organizational-economic and normative-legal aspects of its functioning, problems of hunting reformation and its state regulation. Most of these researches point out that national hunting industry requires reformation taking into account the successful experience of neighboring European countries. The current state of hunting economy of Ukraine is analyzed in this paper. The main economic indicators of this industry such as: change in the national hunting areas during the investigation period and their distribution among the users of different forms of ownership, the number of full-time employees of the industry and hunters, as well as the number of hunting animal species – the main resource of the hunting economy are considered. The sources of monetary income of hunting farms are given and analyzed. During the process of investigation of the current state of hunting industry, it is determined that its functioning is influenced by many negative factors, causing the loss of many domestic hunting farms. While assessing the current state of the hunting industry of Ukraine, it is found that in order to find the ways for the improvement of this industry efficiency, the comprehensive monitoring of its current state, as well as system investigation of the problems hindering its development are required.

Вміст гумусу у ґрунтах вологих сугрудів на території вольєрів Західного і Центрального Полісся

Встановлено, що в обстежених вольєрах мисливських господарств вміст гумусу низький – 1,9±0,44 % (n = 16) і характеризується високим рівнем варіювання ознаки (коефіцієнт варіації V = 47,7 %). У вольєрі ТОВ "МСК "Сокіл" різниця вмісту гумусу порівняно з контрольними становила 11,8 %, у ДП "Білокоровицьке ЛГ" – 10,5 %, у ТОВ "МРК "Рись" – 41,8 %, у ТОВ МГ "Сарненське" – 50,2 %, а у ТОВ "УТМР" – 58,7 %. У мисливському господарстві ДП "Городницьке ЛГ" спостерігається лише тенденція до покращення показника, а у ДП "Коростишівське ЛГ" різницю між зразками за вмістом гумусу не зафіксовано. Така неоднозначність у накопиченні гумусу в ґрунті, на нашу думку, зумовлена кількома чинниками: площею вольєра, чисельністю та видовим складом мисливських тварин, тривалістю експлуатації. Упродовж періоду спостережень встановлено чітку лінійну залежність (r = 0,99; R2 = 0,98) між тривалістю функціонування вольєра і вмістом гумусу в шарі 0–20 см. Така тенденція до накопичення загального гумусу за тривалої експлуатації вольєрів у мисливських господарствах, на наш погляд, пов'язана не тільки з надходженням гною від диких тварин, особливо біля підгодівельних майданчиків, але й природним процесом ґрунтоутворення за гумусово-акумулятивним (дерновим) типом, хоча й у послабленому вигляді. Встановлено, що в обстежених вольєрах у ґрунтах вологих сугрудів показник рНсол. становить 3,77±0,24 (дуже сильнокислі) і характеризується середнім рівнем варіювання ознаки (коефіцієнт варіації V, % = 12,8 %). При цьому тривалість та інтенсивність експлуатації вольєрів, а також вид тварин у межах досліджуваних об'єктів не мали істотного впливу на зазначений показник, хоча й виявлено незначну тенденцію до підкислення ґрунту з часом.

Zoohygienic and economic aspects of construction and operation of the average complex for the conservation of wild haves

The formation and development of a market-based management system for hunting in Ukraine require fundamentally new approaches to the organization of business management. The practical implementation of any commercial project is significantly complicated without a previously developed zoo-hygienically and economically sound business plan. The purpose of the study was to improve measures for the organization and operation of the aviary complex for the maintenance and breeding of wild ungulates. The work used sanitary-hygienic methods of scientific research, in addition applied theoretical analysis of scientific literary sources, synthesis, generalization, comparison, concretization. According to the results of the research on the basis of zoohygienic norms and economic calculations, the project of organization and development of the aviation complex “Hunting farm “Polisske-Sarny” is located near the village. Terrible of Sarnensky District on the lands of the State Forest Fund of Strashevsky Forestry of SE Sarnenskoye Forestry. The area of the enclosure is 146.7 ha, which is divided into 4 contours to hold the fallow deer, red deer, wild boar and European mouflon. Proposed measures for construction and operation of the aviary complex for keeping wild ungulates (fallow deer and mouflon European, as well as wild boar and red deer), owned by the Polisske-Sarny Hunting Enterprise. The total amount of capital investments for the creation of a cage for the maintenance of wild animals, including the cost of construction, purchase of livestock breeders is from 1337.1 thousand UAH. Due to the sale of animals to other farms, you can receive from 280–320 thousand UAH income per year. Taking into account the initial investments for the establishment of the aviary complex, the payback period is 3 years.

Особливості росту кедра атласького (Cedrus Atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière) у лісових культурах Закарпаття

Наведено коротку характеристику кедра атласького та досліджено історію створення насаджень інтродуцента на території держлісфонду державного підприємства "Мукачівське лісомисливське господарство". Встановлено, що оптимальними умовами для культивування кедра атласького в лісових культурах є свіжі й вологі грудові типи лісорослинних умов (D2-3) у передгірській частині Закарпаття до висоти 600 м н.р.м. Визначено показники продуктивності насаджень досліджуваної породи. Встановлено, що в дібровних типах лісорослинних умов кедр атласький на Закарпатті перевершує таксаційні показники аборигенних деревних порід. Порівняльна оцінка лісівничо-таксаційних показників, у розрізі кожної зростаючої породи на досліджуваній ділянці, свідчить, що кедр атласький характеризується кращими показниками розвитку. Запас досліджуваного деревостану, де склад є таким – 8Кда1Яц1См+Клг+Лпд, у 40 річному віці становить 293 м3/га і середній приріст за запасом відповідно – 7,1 м3/га рік. Встановлено, що мішані насадження кедра атласького за середньою висотою та діаметром достовірно вищі, порівняно із чистими деревостанами в однакових ґрунтово-кліматичних умовах Закарпаття. Розпочаті дослідження мають на меті встановлення перспектив використання породи у лісокультурному виробництві регіону, визначення ступеня натуралізації виду та агресивності його поведінки щодо автохтонних деревних видів рослин у корінних типах лісу.