Hunting Methods Research Articles

Comparison of Prediction Accuracy and Efficiency of Bump Hunting Methods With or Without Noise Variables

Comparison of Prediction Accuracy and Efficiency of Bump Hunting Methods With or Without Noise Variables

Traditional method of hunting edible termite, Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki by the Irulars of Gingee hills, South India

Background : Insects, especially termites are considered as one of the nutritious foods widely used by various ethnic communities throughout the world. Present study was undertaken among rural people in Gingee hills of Eastern Ghats, India to know about traditional hunting method for edible termites ( Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki) practiced by them to fulfill their protein requirement and as a source of revenue. Methods : Traditional method of hunting edible termites by Irulars of Periyamalai was observed for a couple of years. Preparation of herbal mixture, trapping method and other information were documented through direct observation in the field and by interviewing the individuals involved in termite hunting. Results : A total of 11 plant species were found to be used in termite hunting process and to treat diseases or allergies occurred (if any) after consumption of termites. Powdered roots of Aristolochia indica L., seeds of Canavalia cathartica Thouars and leaves of Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka, are used to harvest termites from their mounds and to treat poisonous bites. Acalypha fruticosa Forssk ., Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link., Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig ex L.) J.F. Macbr. Pavetta indica L. and Premna tomentosa Willd. are used by Irulars in treating skin allergic conditions after consuming termites. Conclusions : Traditional method of hunting edible termites with medicinal plants shows the rich traditional knowledge of the Irulars. There should be initiatives to identify and quantify the nutritional and nutraceutical value of termite species used by ethnic people for value addition, which in turn improve their livelihood. Also, it is essential to study the plants employed in termite hunting for their wound healing potential.

Close companions: Early evidence for dogs in northeast Jordan and the potential impact of new hunting methods

Current evidence suggests domestications of the dog were incipient developments in many areas of the world. In southwest Asia this process took place in the Late Epipalaeolithic Natufian (∼14,500–11,600 cal BP) with the earliest evidence originating from the Mediterranean zone of the southern Levant. This paper presents new data for the importance of early domestic dogs to human groups in the region beyond this ‘core’ area where the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene environment is usually thought of as less favourable for human occupation. By the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A it is demonstrated that dogs were living alongside humans in significant numbers. Most discussions of early domestic dogs assume that these animals would have facilitated the hunting of larger prey following the innate behavioural traits of their wolf ancestors. This paper suggests that the benefits of hunting with dogs could also extend to the capture of smaller prey. An increase in the hunting of such animals, as part of the broad-spectrum revolution, was not necessarily a response limited to resource reduction in the Late Pleistocene and factors such as new hunting methods need consideration.

Fuzzing: State of the Art

As one of the most popular software testing techniques, fuzzing can find a variety of weaknesses in a program, such as software bugs and vulnerabilities, by generating numerous test inputs. Due to its effectiveness, fuzzing is regarded as a valuable bug hunting method. In this paper, we present an overview of fuzzing that concentrates on its general process, as well as classifications, followed by detailed discussion of the key obstacles and some state-of-the-art technologies which aim to overcome or mitigate these obstacles. We further investigate and classify several widely used fuzzing tools. Our primary goal is to equip the stakeholder with a better understanding of fuzzing and the potential solutions for improving fuzzing methods in the spectrum of software testing and security. To inspire future research, we also predict some future directions with regard to fuzzing.

Hunting Selectivity and Its Influence on the Structure of Sable Populations in the Cis-Ural Region

The structure of commercial sable samples from the Cis-Ural region was studied taking into account hunting method (shooting or trapping). The proportion of adult animals was found to be significantly lower in samples taken during the first half of the hunting season, compared to the second half, indicating predominant harvesting of young animals. To estimate the degree of hunting selectivity (I), the ratios of demographic groups among shot and trapped animals were calculated. The results confirmed the fact of selective hunting for underyearlings both by shooting (I = 1.49–1.60 for the Cis-Ural region and I = 2.46–3.37 for the Western Sayan Mountains) and by trapping (I = 2.80–4.37), especially during the first half of winter. Samples taken during the second half of the season were characterized by prevalence of adult animals making up the reproductive core of the population (I = 1.43–2.07). It is considered that the process of reproduction in Cis-Ural sable populations in the 1960s to 1980s was stimulated by intensive commercial hunting. To maintain reproduction of sable populations at a safe level, it is necessary to reduce the period of hunting in the first quarter of the year. It is proposed to use the phenomenon of hunting selectivity for managing sable populations, regulating their exploitation, and improving the economic productivity of habitats. Commercial hunting in terms of its impact on the population can act as a factor of conscious or unconscious artificial selection.

Abstract 3382: Methylation status and microRNA expression changes in women with breast cancer stratifying by DNA repair capacity

Abstract The American Cancer Society estimates 252,710 new breast cancer (BC) cases and 40,610 cancer related-deaths in the US, only in 2017. In addition to the well-established BC risk factors, our studies during the last decade have shown that women having a low DNA repair capacity (DRC) as measured through the nucleotide excision repair pathway is associated with higher BC risk. This finding allows us to study BC etiology based on DRC rather than using the ordinary stratification; for example, we found an association between DRC levels and estrogen receptor status. Since DRC has been associated with different clinical aspects of BC and it is known that it can be regulated through epigenetic mechanisms, more studies regarding the effect of epigenetic changes on DRC in BC are needed. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to identify epigenetic mechanisms that could be influencing DRC levels in women with BC through gene silencing. The main hypothesis consists in testing whether the epigenetic changes such as methylation and microRNA (miRNA) levels can be used to stratify BC patients by DRC levels. Plasma and tumor samples were randomly selected from our BC cohort. DRC values were previously measured in lymphocytes using the host cell reactivation assay. BC cases and controls were divided in two categories: low (≤3.8%) and high (>3.8%) DRC. MicroRNAs were extracted from 56 plasma samples (27 BC cases and 29 controls) to perform an expression profile analysis using the Human MicroRNA A Cards v 2.0 assay. Relative miRNA expression was calculated using the 2-ΔCt method. Methylation status of tumors was obtained through an epigenome-wide DNA methylation analysis stratifying by DRC using the Illumina Human Methylation EPIC 850K array. After unbiased selection and pathologist evaluation, 56 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumors were selected and sectioned for DNA extraction. Based on the DRC, the samples were divided in low (n=24) and high (n=32) using the established cut-off. A significant association between miR-323-3p, miR-29b, and miR-159a expression and the BC outcome was found (p<0.01). Using the DRC categories, all three miRs were found to be differentially expressed when comparing cases and controls with high and low DRC (p<0.05, KW). The methylation data was analyzed using the bump hunting method. The epigenome-wide analysis of the BC methylome revealed 23 regions that were significantly differentially methylated between tumors with low and high DRC (p<0.05). Although DRC levels are low when the BC malignancy is developed, whether these changes occur during carcinogenesis or due to a preexisting epigenetic disposition is still unknown. However, our results lead us to conclude that epigenetic changes such as methylation and miRNA expression can influence the DRC levels in BC. This study was supported by: S06GM008239-20, 9SC1CA182846-04, U54CA163068, 2U54CA163071-06, and R003050/MD007579. Citation Format: Carmen M. Ortiz-Sanchez, Jarline Encarnacion, Rafael Guerrero, Jaime Matta. Methylation status and microRNA expression changes in women with breast cancer stratifying by DNA repair capacity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3382.

Third molar development in a contemporary Danish 13–25 year old population

We present a reference database for third molar development based on a contemporary Danish population. A total of 1302 digital panoramic images were evaluated. The images were taken at a known chronological age, ranging from 13 to 25years. Third molar development was scored according to the Köhler modification of the 10-stage method of Gleiser and Hunt. We found that third molar development was generally advanced in the maxilla compared to the mandible and in males compared to females; in addition, the mandibular third molar mesial roots were generally more advanced in development than were the distal roots. There was no difference in third molar development between the left and right side of the jaws. Establishing global and robust databases on dental development is crucial for further development of forensic methods to evaluate age.

Fishing and hunting gear from osseous raw materials in the Early Neolithic from Serbia

The methods of fishing and hunting in prehistory are a complex subject that needs to be analysed from different perspectives. Comprehensive analysis may enable reconstruction not only of subsistence and economy, but also of technology, social organization and cultural attitude towards the environment. Such studies must include various perspectives and also combine diverse data available from the archaeological record. The identification of fishing and hunting gear is not always easy or straightforward; some artefacts may have had another function, some parts may have been made from perishable materials. Among the Neolithic communities in South-East Europe, hunting and fishing preserved a certain role in the economy after the introduction of domesticated plants and animals. However, findings of hunting and fishing gear are not particularly rich, thus raising questions on the raw materials used and adequate identification of these items. In this paper, an overview will be offered of osseous artefacts identified as hunting and fishing gear recovered from Starčevo culture sites in Serbia; their techno-typological traits will be discussed, as well as their general place within the osseous industry and in the wider context of these communities.

<b>Hunted species and hunting equipment used by rainforest poachers in Ghana</b>

This study investigated species that are hunted in protected rainforest areas and the methods used to hunt them, using data obtained by recording items in the possession of 17 poachers arrested in Kakum Conservation Area in Ghana over a period of 12 months. Twelve species were recorded among 69 total animals. Most were mammals, including primates. Shotguns and wire snares were the main hunting methods used. Primates must be given special protection and conservation attention, as they were found to be prominent among the animals poached.

"Nurturing Individuals, Kinship, and Culture: Kitchens as Social Spaces in Wayson Choy’s The Jade Peony and Ruby Slipperjack’s Silent Words"

Developing a strong sense of community and preserving cultural identity are key components of Chinese Canadian and Indigenous literatures; this shared identity provides a sense of ethnic and cultural solidarity for so-called “visible minorities” in Canada, a key concern in both Wayson Choy’s novel The Jade Peony and Ruby Slipperjack’s novel Silent Words. In these novels the locus of culture becomes the kitchen or the campfire, sites where culture is made tangible through the preparation and consumption of traditional cuisine. In The Jade Peony, the Chen family kitchen is a social space where three generations of Chinese Canadians reinforce their kinship ties by sharing meals and other elements of Chinese culture. Kitchens and campfires function similarly in Silent Words: Danny connects with other Ojibwa people in these sites, strengthening his cultural identity and alleviating his isolation while simultaneously learning traditional methods of subsistence hunting and food preparation. By comparing passages from Choy’s The Jade Peony and Slipperjack’s Silent Words, it is shown that kitchens and campfires are both sites of strengthened kinship connections and also function as vehicles for the preservation of culture through the preparation and consumption of traditional meals.

Cortisol response of wild ungulates to trauma situations: hunting is not necessarily the worst stressor

Animal welfare concerns are becoming a central issue in wildlife management and conservation. Thus, we investigated stress response of wild ungulates to potentially traumatic situations (shooting injuries, vehicle collisions, entanglement, injuries or diseases) and hunting methods (stalking, battues and hunts with dogs) by means of serum cortisol concentrations from blood collected from killed animals. Cortisol levels in roe deer ranged below and in wild boar above levels for moose, red deer and fallow deer (hence, pooled as a group “deer”). Apart from species, cortisol concentration in trauma situations was mainly explained by trauma type and presence of disturbance after the trauma event. Effect of trauma type differed significantly for “deer”, with animals caught in fences and suffering vehicle collisions experiencing higher cortisol levels than animals injured by shooting. Differences between hunting methods were observed in the cervids (“deer” and roe deer), with stalking leading to lower cortisol levels than hunts with dogs (both groups) and battues (roe deer). Events both before and after the shot, such as duration of pursuit prior to shooting, location of injury, trauma length and presence of disturbance after the shot were relevant for cortisol levels in hunted cervids. Our results indicate that search teams tracking and euthanising wounded animals should behave in a calm way to minimise disturbance. Still, it is important to acknowledge that many situations described in the literature, i.e. reindeer handling, roe deer captures and red deer yarding, seem even more stressful, beside vehicle collisions, than most hunting methods.

The Diffusion and Significance of People of the Korean Peninsula to the Japanese archipelago during the Paleolithic Age

The Japanese archipelago began to be occupied by people for the first time after the people migrated from the Korean Peninsula in the Paleolithic Age. Peopling of Japan is presumed to be around the middle Paleolithic or late Paleolithic. There was the Korea strait between the two areas, the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelgo, and it used to be limited for coming and going for the people. However, the sea level changes throughout the Upper Pleistocene caused different patterns in human migration and interaction. In both areas, similar types of stone tools including tanged point, bilateral point, stemmed point, and composite point have been excavated in the late Paleolithic period. It is assumed that these types of stone tools might have been transmitted to Japan from the Korean peninsula. Paleolithic people of the Japanese archipelago were influenced by the stone technique of the Korean peninsula, but made their tools with the local raw materials. Paleolithic people utilized blades and microblades which were common in Northeast Asia. The various shapes of projectile points of the Japanese archipelago found in the Late Paleolithic layers could be influenced by the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, it can be assumed that the hunting method to throw a spear were transferred from the Korean peninsula to the Japanese archipelago based of the technological evidence. The manufacturing techniques of the points verify that they were from the Korean peninsula eventhough the tools were made of the local raw materials. Based on the technological tradition, I conclude that the people who lived on the Korean Peninsula crossed the Korea Strait for the first time during the end of the Middle to the Late Paleolithic.

Los libros de caza medievales y su interés para la historia natural

En la introducción se expondrán los tres tipos básicos de caza: defensiva, ofensiva y lúdica. Esta es la que desde antiguo ha sido codificada y registrada en los libros de caza, un género que nace en Grecia y que durante el período grecolatino tiene un mínimo cultivo. Será en la Edad Media cuando el género tenga un mayor desarrollo y surgirá un nuevo tipo de tratado: el de cetrería, un subgénero netamente medieval y que sucumbirá con la aparición de las armas de fuego. Tanto los libros de montería como de cetrería son una interesante fuente de información sobre el medio natural parcamente explorada, máxime cuando dos tratados medievales castellanos, escritos en la primera mitad del siglo XIV, el Libro de la caza de don Juan Manuel y el Libro de montería del rey Alfonso, se cierran con sendas guías de caza en las que se describen, a veces escuetamente a veces minuciosamente, los territorios en los que se podía cazar, en qué época y qué especies eran las más abundantes, e incluso, en el caso de la montería, cómo se debían de disponer las partidas de caza.

Traditional Hunting Practices of the Bugun Tribe of Arunachal Pradesh

The paper emphasises on the traditional hunting practices of the Bugun tribe residing in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. Various traditional knowledge, beliefs and rituals associated with hunting and trapping methods practised by the tribe have been discussed here. Nearly all the tribe of the state still continues to have their own traditional methods of hunting and its practices. However their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of change from growing towards agricultural and pastoral communities in the state. Hunting with limited technological equipment hints us to postulate parallels for hunting strategies for early people. The indigenous hunting implements used by the Buguns were bow Rag or Rakht, an arrow Met or Mat, Spears Jheong, dagger Sharong, and dao Mudhua. Hunting implements were regarded very sacred as it was accustomed with various rituals and sacrifices which were meant for acquiring food for the family and community. Traditionally hunting was enormously done through trapping known as Mudhuang. Capturing, snaring and poisoning were also practised along with it. Numerous rituals had also been associated with hunting practices by the tribe. People here believed that certain deities who resided in the forests also contributed in the protection of forest and its creatures. The paper is a preliminary study which gives information on early hunting practices of the Buguns and highlights the cultural belief system integrated with it.

The traditional hunting on Greater Green Leafbird (Chloropsis sonnerati) in East Java: A vulnerable situation for vulnerable bird

Greater Green Leafbird (GGL) Chloropsis sonnerati is one of the favorite songbird in Indonesia and live harmoniously among local people. However the increasing human needs creates a vulnerable situation, both to socio-economic and bird sustainability. This study aims to reveal the GGL tradi-tional hunting method in two villages within the national park. In addition, this study also aims to reveal the trading plot from the initial supply to the local traders and the fluctuation of GGL population in their natural habitat. We conducted two approaches: an explorative interview on bird traders in Malang, Jember, and Banyuwangi, and a deep interview on the national park rangers, society, and bird hunters. Local people generally use two methods for GGL hunting. Pikat method, was used to catch specific birds that mostly live on trees. The other method, net method, was not widely used by the traditional hunter. Population of GGL was considered as abundant in the past, when the demand was low and the hunting activity only conducted seasonally using pulot method. The high of demand, modernization of method, and regeneration of hunters shifted the sustainable harvest into exploitation. During 2001-2003, the trend of hunting began to decline the GGL population in nature.

The traditional hunting on Greater Green Leafbird (Chloropsis sonnerati) in East Java: A vulnerable situation for vulnerable bird

Greater Green Leafbird (GGL) Chloropsis sonnerati is one of the favorite songbird in Indonesia and live harmoniously among local people. However the increasing human needs creates a vulnerable situation, both to socio-economic and bird sustainability. This study aims to reveal the GGL tradi-tional hunting method in two villages within the national park. In addition, this study also aims to reveal the trading plot from the initial supply to the local traders and the fluctuation of GGL population in their natural habitat. We conducted two approaches: an explorative interview on bird traders in Malang, Jember, and Banyuwangi, and a deep interview on the national park rangers, society, and bird hunters. Local people generally use two methods for GGL hunting. Pikat method, was used to catch specific birds that mostly live on trees. The other method, net method, was not widely used by the traditional hunter. Population of GGL was considered as abundant in the past, when the demand was low and the hunting activity only conducted seasonally using pulot method. The high of demand, modernization of method, and regeneration of hunters shifted the sustainable harvest into exploitation. During 2001-2003, the trend of hunting began to decline the GGL population in nature.

Capturing Cruelty: Camera Hunting, Water Killing, and Winslow Homer’s Adirondack Deer

In a series of watercolors executed between 1889 and 1892, Winslow Homer repeatedly forces the viewer into decidedly uncomfortable confrontations with dead and dying deer. Picturing a hunting method that American sportsmen condemned for being particularly cruel and difficult to watch, these works represent the artist’s engagement with late nineteenth-century debates about the perils of witnessing nonhuman suffering. Like many of Homer’s other late-career animal paintings, they meditate on the self-abnegation, the emotional and perceptual self-discipline, that the strictures of sport, science, and art then demanded from the human observer of animal pain. At a time when new photographic technologies, and specifically the newly established practice of “camera hunting,” promised easy relief from these humane dilemmas, Homer’s watercolors celebrate the heroism of struggling against sympathy, of striving for mechanical objectivity without mechanical means. His watercolor snapshots present an alternative vision of sporting art, a strenuous art for the strenuous life.

The wildlife snaring crisis: an insidious and pervasive threat to biodiversity in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia, a region supporting more threatened species than any other comparable continental area, is in the midst of a conservation crisis. Hunting constitutes the greatest current threat to the region’s threatened vertebrates and has resulted in many areas of largely intact forest losing much of their former vertebrate diversity and abundance. Though numerous hunting methods are used, capture with home-made snares is a major driver of this defaunation. Snares are cheaply constructed and easy to set but can be difficult to detect and are highly damaging to vertebrate populations due to their indiscriminate and wasteful nature. The primary response to snaring is the removal of snares by patrol teams: more than 200,000 snares were removed from just five of the region’s protected areas between 2010 and 2015. However due to the low opportunity costs of replacing snares, removal alone is largely ineffective. Without the proactive search, arrest and prosecution of snare-setters, along with incentives not to hunt, snares will continue to be replaced. Legislative reform that criminalises the possession of snares, and the materials used for their construction, inside and immediately adjacent to protected areas is also required. Consistent enforcement of such legislation is essential. This must be combined with longer-term demand reduction activities aimed at changing cultural attitudes and behaviors related to the consumption of wildlife products in Southeast Asia.

The Nature and Pace of Change in American Indian Cultures: Pennsylvania, 4000 to 3000 BP

The Nature and Pace of Change in American Indian Cultures: Pennsylvania, 4000 to 3000 BP

Exploitation Of Aquatic Fauna During The Metal Age In Bukit Kamiri, Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia

This article discussed on the analysis of faunal remains from the aquatic environment uncovered from Bukit Kamiri, Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia. Based on the result of archeozoological analysis, the reptile, fish and mollusc remains from the Metal Age cultural layer were consisted of various fish and molluscs species of freshwater, estuarine, mangrove swamp, coastal, coral reef and marine habitats. A range of fishing, hunting and gathering methods were used to obtain the various types of food and resources. Besides their diet, the reptile, fish and mollusc remains also show that it was used multi-purposely as grave goods, based on its association with the finding of human burial.