Hunhe River Research Articles

Analysis of Coupling Relation between Urban Spatial Compactness and Degree of Land Use Mix Based on Compact City Theory: The Case of Downtown Shenyang, China

Rapid urbanization has resulted in a series of problems, such as single-type land use, low efficiency, traffic congestion, and environmental degradation. The compact city, a concept that advocates the intensive and efficient use of land, may be considered when planning urban stocks. Grounded in the evaluation of the coordination degree in the coupling between spatial compactness and mixed land use based on compact city theory, this study aimed to provide scientific guidance for sustainability measures to renew the compact urban form. To this end, it analysed an area of 3972 hectares on both sides of the Hunhe River in Shenyang City, identified spatial problems, and put forward governance suggestions through case study methods. In spatiotemporal terms, the distribution characteristics of the coordination between the northern (old district) and southern (new district) banks were significantly different, with the former being better than the latter. In terms of land use type, higher coordination may be implemented in small blocks with predominantly residential functions and central areas for mixed use. The identification results clearly revealed the patches that need to be treated, thereby facilitating the delineation of urban renewal units. Differentiated design and governance measures are needed to address the imbalanced patches.

진번 위치에 대한 재검토

Chinbŏn(眞番) is an important research topic related to the area of Old Chosŏn(古朝鮮) and the location of Han(漢) Commanderies. However, it has not been carefully discussed in recent years as an independent study. In this article, 14 articles featuring Chinbŏn were selected and examined in chronological order to determine the location of Chinbŏn.BR During the Old Chosŏn period, Chinbŏn was located in Liuhe River (遼河) and Hunhe River(渾河) area. This area was the northwestern part of Old Chosŏn and adjacent to the Yan(燕). Until the end of Weimanchosŏn(衛滿朝鮮), Chinbŏn was mainly used as a term referring to a wide range of this area. After the fall of Weimanchosŏn, Chinbŏn commandery was established in the area that used to be called Chinbŏn. Chinbŏn commandery was abolished after 26 years, and soon Hyeonto commandery moved there. Therefore, the location of Chinbŏn commandery can be estimated as the location of new Hyeonto commandery, and today it is considered as the Fushun(抚顺) - Xinbin(新宾) area.BR Most scholars in recent years have understood that Chinbŏn was located in the southern part of Weimanchosŏn and Nangnang commandery, or Hwanghae Province. This paper denies this opinion and reasserts that ‘Chinbŏn was in Liaodong(遼東) area’, as many scholars of the late Chosŏn Dynasty argued.

Contribution of urban functional zones to the spatial distribution of urban thermal environment

With the accelerated rate of urbanization, reasonable identification of urban functional zones has been increasingly important to urban development. In this study, we used OpenStreetMap and point of interest data combined with the classification standard of urban construction land, to identify the urban functional zones. In addition, Landsat 8 remote sensing images were utilized to retrieve land surface temperature, and the random forest algorithm was used to evaluate the contribution of different types of urban functional zones to the urban thermal environment. The results showed that the land surface temperature along Hunhe River in the central area of Shenyang gradually decreased. The temperature was high in the center of the experimental area and low in the north and south. Furthermore, in the main city zone of Shenyang, single functional zones accounted for 65.71% of the total study area, whereas mixed functional zones accounted for 34.29%. Among the various types of urban land, public service facility land contributed the most to the urban thermal environment with an impact of 21.65%, followed by residential, industrial, and commercial service facility lands, with impacts of 19.89%, 18.44%, and 17.58%, respectively. Additionally, the impact of road traffic land was 14.92%, whereas that of green square land was the lowest at 7.51%, 14.14% lower than that of public service facility land.

Simulation of Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in Hunhe River Basin Upstream of Dahuofang Reservoir

Dahuofang Reservoir is an important drinking water source for Shenyang, Fushun, Anshan, Liaoyang, and other cities. The water quality of the upstream inflow river directly affects the water supply safety. When a sudden water pollution accident occurs upstream of the reservoir, the pollution risk to the water source can be minimized if the variation rule of pollutant concentration along the course can be accurately simulated in time. Therefore, based on Mike 21, this paper established a hydrodynamic water quality coupling model of the Hun River basin upstream of Dahuofang Reservoir, and determined and verified the relevant parameters of the hydrodynamic model. In establishing the water quality model, the improved empirical frequency curve method was adopted to divide the high-flow period, the level period, and the low-flow period, so that the hydraulic conditions in each period were more reasonable. By a hypothetical scenario and working condition design, the suspended iron concentration and COD concentration along the course of a sudden water pollution accident were simulated. The diffusion rules of pollutants in different periods and under different working conditions were obtained. The most important objective was to obtain the six early warning index values in different hydrological periods, which allows the prediction of the scope and extent of the accident and provides a basis for ensuring the safety of the water supply at the water source.

Quantifying the Impacts of Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC) and Climate Change on Discharge and Sediment Load in the Hunhe River Basin, Liaoning Province, Northeast China

Assessing the impacts of land use and cover (LUCC) change and climate change on discharge and sediment load is beneficial for the regional management of water resources and the water environment. The Mann-Kendall test and soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model were applied to analyze the change trends of meteorological and hydrological variables and to quantitatively assess the response of discharge and sediment load to LUCC and climate change, respectively, in the Hunhe River Basin (HRB). The results showed that LUCC changed little during 1980–2009, mainly from forestland (−0.36%) to other land use types, such as urban land (+0.13%) and grassland (+0.13%). Temperature increased significantly (p < 0.01), and precipitation showed a non-significant decreasing trend. Discharge showed a non-significant decreasing trend, and sediment load significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and percent bias (PBIAS) during the calibration and validation periods indicated that good performance was achieved for the discharge simulation (NSE: 0.77–0.79; R2: 0.79–0.84; PBIAS: −9.61–1.48%) and satisfactory performance for the sediment load simulation (NSE: 0.65–0.77; R2: 0.65–0.78; PBIAS: −2.56–8.31%). The calibrated SWAT model was successfully utilized to assess the impacts of LUCC and climate change on discharge and sediment load, finding that the combined impact of LUCC and climate change decreased the annual discharge and sediment load by 22.65% and 31.51%, respectively. Minor changes in annual discharge (+0.08%) and sediment load (−1.33%) were caused by LUCC, and climate change led to a pronounced decrease in annual discharge (−22.69%) and sediment load (−30.61%). These findings indicate that climate change rather than LUCC dominated the hydrological alterations in the HRB. This study provides important information for decision makers to identify the reasons for changes in hydrological alterations and to design adaptive measures.

Evaluation of the value of water retention service in the middle and upper reaches of Hunhe River based on SWAT Model.

The upper and middle reaches of the Hunhe River, with forest coverage rate up to 68%, is an important water source protection area in Liaoning Province. Based on the SWAT model and shadow engineering method, we aimed to estimate the function and service value of water retention in the upper and middle Hunhe River basin from 2000 to 2019, to analyze the spatial heterogeneity, and to provide a scientific basis for the ecological compensation and ecological restoration of the region. Our results showed that the function and service value of water retention in the upper and middle reaches of the Hunhe increased first, and then decreased from 2000 to 2019. The mean annual amount and service value of water retention were 2.46 billion m3 and 15.04 billion yuan, respectively. The spatial distribution of water conservation service functions in the study area was uneven. The areas of high water retention service value were mainly distributed in Qingyuan County and Xinbin County, while the low-value areas were located in municipal districts of Shenyang City. The value of water retention services was obviously different among the ecosystems, with water retention capacity per unit area of forests being much higher than that of grassland, farmland, and cities.

On the relation between visual quality and landscape characteristics: a case study application to the waterfront linear parks in Shenyang, China

In recent years, Chinese cities have begun to pay attention to their rivers, and a large number of waterfront linear parks have been built in the riverside areas, so that the public can easily enjoy their landscape and entertainment functions. In this study, the visual quality of the waterfront trails and the greenbelt trails in the Waterfront linear Park around the Hunhe river in Shenyang was evaluated the basis of the Scenic Beauty Estimation Method and Semantic Differential Method, and the principal components of the landscape characteristics were extracted and a regression model of the visual quality and the landscape characteristics was established. Results show that the natural feature and the formal feature have a positive influence on the visual quality in waterfront linear parks, and the man-made feature has a negative impact on the visual quality. The six landscape characteristics are Sense of seclusion, ecology, intactness, uniqueness, unity and vitality, which are the main factors which affect the visual quality. This study puts forward improvement measures for the waterfront trails and the greenbelt trails, and the results can be applied to the planning, construction, and management of waterfront linear parks.

Tree species identification of wooden funeral utensil from Qing Dynasty's tombs and its potential of ecological and environmental indicator in Shenyang, Northeast China

The wood used for funeral utensil in ancient tomb is a kind of valuable materials and important for understanding vegetation, climate and society conditions in the history. Here, we identified the tree species and dated the time of wooden utensils for funeral excavated from tombs in Shuijia Village, Shenyang, using wood anatomy methods and dendrochronological techniques. The results showed that 7 out of the 16 wood samples were identified as Pinus tabuliformis from Pinaceae, 8 were Larix sp. from Pinaceae and most likely Larix olgensis, and the rest one was Acer sp. from Aceraceae. Currently, these tree species are still widely distributed in Liaoning Province, indicating that forest structure (tree species composition) is relatively stable and that the climate at that time was quite similar to that at present. The timbers used for wooden utensils of funeral for civilian tombs had regional biogeographic characteristics and reflected regional social productivity development level in Mukden (now Shenyang) in Qing Dynasty: most of them were native tree species with low cost and high availability; the main timber trees were conifer species, and a few of them were broadleaved trees. These timbers were likely from the forest in Shenyang or mountainous areas in Eastern Liaoning, with Hunhe River waterway being an important transport way for timbers to Shenyang. Some P. tabuliformis and Larix sp. timbers could be cross-dated well, and the growth period of the trees was determined to be 1680s-1770s (early to mid-Qing Dynasty). The variations of tree-ring width of these timbers had good consistency and high climate sensitivity, reflecting the consistency of regional climate and environment. These timbers have the potential to indicate the climate condition of the early to mid-Qing Dynasty.

21st-Century Archaeological Discoveries of the Early Nomadic Cultural Remains – Centered in the Middle Section of the Great Wall Area in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Since the beginning of the 21st century, eight early nomadic cultural remains located in Xinzhouyaozi Village, Xiaoshuanggucheng Village, and Xindianzi Town, have been discovered in Manhan Mountain, Hunhe River and two other districts in the middle section of the Great Wall area in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The new discoveries have crucial academic significance to the study of the formation of nomads, cultural exchanges, and the culture of steppe nomads, in terms of burial styles, animal sacrifice customs, and characteristics of grave goods

Effects of seasonal biofouling on diffusion coefficients through filter membranes with different hydrophilicities in natural waters

Biofouling is a major issue for the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) passive samplers during long-term deployment. Although biofilms have a negative effect on DGT samplers, the effects of seasonal biofilms on the flux of targets through different membranes are poorly understood. Herein, we evaluated the relationship between the biofilm growth and diffusion coefficients' decline rate through two membranes with different hydrophilicities during the four seasons in natural waters. Cu2+ and tetracycline were selected as the model metal and organic contaminant, respectively. Rapid biofilm growth on the membrane surface was observed, and the fouling growth rate increased in the order: winter < spring < autumn < summer. Biofouling had a negative effect on the diffusion coefficients of Cu2+ and tetracycline. Generally, the decreasing tendency of diffusion coefficients agreed with the increasing tendency of the fouling growth rate. Biofilms in a lag phase with little bacterial colonies had insignificant effect on the diffusion coefficients. After 30 days, the decline ratios of diffusion coefficients were in the range of 38.14%–53.05%, 69.63%–83.19%, 51.57–68.42%, and 19.43–35.84%, respectively, during the spring, summer, autumn and winter. The flux through the membrane with higher hydrophilicity was greater. Both the hydrophilicity of membrane and structure of target analytes had important effects on the diffusion coefficients through biofouled membranes. Owing to similar physical and chemical characteristics, there was insignificant difference in diffusion coefficients decline trend between the Yalu River water and Hunhe River water in the summer.

An Analytical Risk Analysis Method for Reservoir Flood Control Operation Considering Forecast Information

Risk analysis is vital for reservoir flood control operation considering forecast because forecast uncertainties may create risks of multiple hazard events, including the single-hazard events, the union and intersection of single-hazard events (UHE and IHE). The probability of UHE and IHE are the major concern of decision-makers. This research proposes an analytical flood risk probability calculation framework for single-hazard event, UHE and IHE caused by uncertainties in flood forecasting and takes Dahuofang Reservoir, located in the Hunhe River basin, Northeast China, as a case study. In the framework, the risk is calculated by the integral of the joint probability density function (Pdf) of the risk sources over the hazard domain, which is the collection of the values of risk sources that cause hazards. The determination method of the hazard domain and the Pdf of risk sources and the procedure of risk analysis are elaborated. Results of single-hazard events show that the proposed methodology is of higher precision compared with the risk analysis method based on the law of total probability. Meanwhile, the flood risks of UHE and IHE are calculated for the reservoir operation under different levels of flood limit water level. The study provides a new method of flood risk analysis for flood control reservoir operation.

Investigate the Applicability of CMADS and CFSR Reanalysis in Northeast China

Reanalysis datasets can provide alternative and complementary meteorological data sources for hydrological studies or other scientific studies in regions with few gauge stations. This study evaluated the accuracy of two reanalysis datasets, the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model (CMADS) and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), against gauge observations (OBS) by using interpolation software and statistical indicators in Northeast China (NEC), as well as their annual average spatial and monthly average distributions. The reliability and applicability of the two reanalysis datasets were assessed as inputs in a hydrological model (SWAT) for runoff simulation in the Hunhe River Basin. Statistical results reveal that CMADS performed better than CFSR for precipitation and temperature in NEC with the indicators closer to optimal values (the ratio of standard deviations of precipitation and maximum/minimum temperature from CMADS were 0.92, 1.01, and 0.995, respectively, while that from CFSR were 0.79, 1.07, and 0.897, respectively). Hydrological modelling results showed that CMADS + SWAT and OBS + SWAT performed far better than CFSR + SWAT on runoff simulations. The Nash‒Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of CMADS + SWAT and OBS + SWAT ranged from 0.54 to 0.95, while that of CFSR + SWAT ranged from −0.07 to 0.85, exhibiting poor performance. The CMADS reanalysis dataset is more accurate than CFSR in NEC and is a suitable input for hydrological simulations.

Pollution Characteristic and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Groundwater of Shen-Fu New City in the Hunhe River Basin

To protect the safety of water used by the residents in Shen-Fu New City, which is undergoing the process of urbanization, 49 groundwater samples were collected along the Hunhe River Basin and 16 US EPA priority control polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The occurrence, distribution characteristics, sources, and potential health risk of drinking the groundwater were also assessed in this study. The results show that PAHs were detected in all samples. The concentration of PAHs ranges from 4.38 to 2005.02 ng·L-1, with an average value of (414.64±526.13) ng·L-1. Based on the comparison of the concentration level with that of other regions, the results in this study indicate a higher pollution level. The 3-4 ring PAHs are dominant; the average value was (190.93±238.96) ng·L-1 and (140.01±234.69) ng·L-1, respectively, accounting for 80% of the total PAHs. The distribution of PAHs in the groundwater is affected by the land use types. The concentration of PAHs is higher when the land use type is cultivated land, while it is lower when it is forest land. The source of PAHs was identified using Principal Component Analysis-Multiple Linear Regression (PCA-MLR). It was revealed that 36.26% of the PAHs are due to incomplete combustion of petroleum and gas, 32.72% are due to coal combustion, 28.17% originate from petroleum spills, and 2.87% are due to traffic emissions. The cancer risk levels releated to drinking the groundwater range from 5.55×10-10 to 5.65×10-6 and 13.60% of the values is in the range of 10-6-10-4. The levels are higher than the baseline of the acceptable risk, indicating the potential cancer risk. More attention should be paid to the quality of the groundwater.

浑河流域大型底栖动物摄食功能群对栖息地环境的选择适应性

浑河流域大型底栖动物摄食功能群对栖息地环境的选择适应性

Analysis of the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of the Diversity of the Denitrifying Anaerobic Methane-Oxidizing Bacterial Community in the Sediments of the Hunhe River and Its Relationship with Environmental Factors

16S rRNA and pmoA functional genes were used as biomarker genes to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of community diversity of Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera (M. oxyfera) in the sediments of the Hunhe River by clone library technology. The dependence relationship between the physicochemical property of water and sediment samples and the diversity characteristics of the M. oxyfera community were analyzed by multivariate direct gradient analysis. Among the examples collected in September 2014, the OTU number of the 16S rRNA gene of M. oxyfera was 2-5, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 0.21-1.4, and the distribution characteristics in the middle reaches > upstream > downstream were presented. The OTU number and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the pmoA functional gene in upstream samples are significantly higher than those in the middle and lower reach samples, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity indices in the upstream samples are 3.5 times and 2.3 times higher than that of the middle and the downstream samples, respectively. The community diversity of M. oxyfera showed a distinct regional distribution. Samples were collected at 3 sampling points in March 2015. The OTU values of 16S rRNA and pmoA for M. oxyfera are 6 and 5 respectively, which were obviously higher than those in September 2014. The Shannon-Wiener index is also higher than that in September 2014 (1.4>0.68; 57>0.00). The community diversity of M. oxyfera showed obvious seasonal distribution characteristics. Multivariate direct gradient analysis results showed that the concentration of DOC in water, sediment conductivity, TOC concentration, and nitrite concentration in the sediment are the main environmental factors affecting the community diversity of M. oxyfera.

Sustainable ecological Hunhe river system design thinking

Based on the design and research of the sustainable development of the ecological water system in the Hunhe River, the focus is on environmental pollution brought about by the large-scale industrialization in the Central region of Liaoning Province the issue of efficient and low-carbon logistics transportation among urban economic groups and the problem of recycling and utilization of urban water resources. It is required that while ensuring the rapid economic development, we must actively build a green economy development system in accordance with the laws of ecological development. Design the annual navigation system of Hunhe and establish the inland (Shenyang Sihuan) to Yingkou estuary, accelerating the rapid and efficient flow of materials along the river.

Analysis of Storage Sludge Composition Characteristics and Evolutionary Regularity in the Hunhe River Basin

With the acceleration of urbanization, the accumulation of storage sludge in the Hunhe River Basin has increased year by year, creating a potential and long-term threat to the environment. In order to realize the resource-saving and harmless treatment of storage sludge, the composition of storage sludge and the evolvement rule were analyzed and researched. The basic physicochemical properties (water content, pH, volatile organic compounds (VS), and total alkalinity), nutrient index (TC, TN, C/N, TK, and TP), microbial composition, and heavy metal contents and fraction were analyzed. The results showed the VS and various nutrient element contents decreased with the prolongation of storage time, and changes in water content were not obvious, which was independent of the storage time and only relevant to natural conditions. The pH was maintained at around 7, and the bacteria predominated in microorganisms, accounting for about 90%. The content of anaerobic microorganisms increased. The contents and fractions of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg did not change significantly, but the content of Cu was higher than the Chinese standard for agricultural utilization (GB 4284-1984). Therefore, there is a larger risk of storage sludge for agricultural use. Therefore, the analysis of the composition and evolution of storage sludge in the Hunhe River Basin is of great significance for further resource treatment of sludge.

Risk Assessment and Simulation on Storm Flood of the 100-Year Return Period in Hunhe River Basin

Based on the meteorological and geographic information data, with statistical method and the FloodArea model, the extreme daily rainfall of the 100-year return period in Hunhe River basin was established, through the simulation of rainstorm and flood disaster, characteristics of flood depth in warning spot Cangshi village in the upstream of the river were analysed, and possible effect on community economy was also evaluated. Results showed that, the precipitation of 100-year return period occurred, the flood depth has been below 1.0 meter in the most areas of Hunhe River basin, the depth was between 1.0 meter and 2.5 meters in the part areas of Hunhe River basin, and the flood depth has been exceed 2.5 meters in a small part of Hunhe River basin. After the beginning of precipitation, the flood was concentrated in the upper reaches of the river. With the accumulation of precipitation and the passage of time, the flood pools into midstream and downstream. Precipitation lasted for 24 hours, the warning spot was flooded in the beginning of precipitation. With the accumulation of precipitation, water level of the river increases gradually. The depth of warning spot has passed 1.0 meter at the 07 time of the whole process, and the maximum value of flood depth at warning spot was 1.083 meters that occurred at the 19 time. The flood depth of warning spot decreased gradually after the precipitation stopping, and the depth has been below 0.2 meters, the flood of upstream ended. Up to the end of the upstream flood process, in the whole river, about one million five hundred and sixty thousand people were affected by flooding, and thirty-eight billion and two hundred million RMB of gross domestic product were lost, in addition, dry land and paddy field were affected greatly, but woodland and grassland were less affected.

Risk Evaluation of Rainstorm and Flood in the Upper Reaches of Hunhe River (Qingyuan Section) Based on the FloodArea Model

By using data of hourly rainfall with all of the meteorological stations in the upper reaches of Hunhe River (Qingyuan Section), the digital elevation model, the land use and the disasters data etc., the storm flood process which happened on 16 August 2013 is reproduced simulated based on the rainstorm flooding of FloodArea model, also the flooding simulation and its effectiveness have been carried out. Conclusions are drawn as follows: there is a sharp rise of the flood depth falling behind the change of rainfall three or four hours. As the accumulation of the precipitation, the water level has increased, and when the precipitation process stops, the flood pooled into midstream and downstream gradually. According to the disaster investigation, in both the aspects of flooding scope and flooding depth of warning spots, the simulation result of FloodArea model agrees with the fact. It indicates that the FloodArea model generates good simulation effect in the upper reaches of Hunhe River (Qingyuan Section). Combined with population and GDP information, in the whole river, about eighty-three thousand people were affected by flooding, also one billion and five hundred seventy five million RMB of gross domestic product was lost. When the flood depth deepens and the flooding scope increases, correspondingly the loss rate of population and GDP rises and the flood risk increases.

Occurrence and partitioning of bisphenol analogues in water and sediment from Liaohe River Basin and Taihu Lake, China

Bisphenol analogues are widely used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, and the demand and production capacity of these compounds are growing rapidly in China. The occurrence and distribution of bisphenol analogues other than bisphenol A (BPA) in the aquatic environment is still poorly understood. In this study, nine bisphenol analogues were measured in water and sediment samples from Taihu Lake (TL), Liaohe River basin, including Liaohe River (LR) and Hunhe River (HR), China. Water samples from LR and HR contained much higher total bisphenols (∑BPs) concentrations. BPA and bisphenol S (BPS) were predominant with a summed contribution of 55, 75, and 75% to the ∑BPs in TL, LR, and HR waters, respectively. This suggests that BPA and BPS were the most widely used and manufactured bisphenols in these regions. In sediment, BPA was always predominant, with the next abundant compound bisphenol F (BPF) in TL and HR sediment, but BPS in LR sediment. The average field sediment–water partitioning coefficients (log Koc) were calculated for the first time for certain bisphenols and were determined to be 4.7, 4.6, 3.8, 3.7, and 3.5 mL/g for BPF, BPAP, BPA, BPAF, and BPS, respectively.