Hungarian Academy Of Sciences Research Articles

On the Origins and Legacies of Really Existing Capitalism: In Conversation with Kari Polanyi Levitt

On the Origins and Legacies of Really Existing Capitalism: In Conversation with Kari Polanyi Levitt

Az emberi jogok ma Magyarországon

A Magyar ENSZ Társaság által az Emberi Jogok Egyetemes Nyilatkozata 40. évfordulója alkalmából, 1988. december 9-én, a Magyar Tudományos Akadémián rendezett tanácskozáson elhangzott előadásról szóló tanulmány.

Emergence of Public Philosophy in the East-Central European Urban(e) Cultures: a Hungarian Case

This article offers an analysis of the nation–city, country–capital relationship in the 19th-century East-Central European nation building in a framework of a case study on the question of the Hungarian Scholarly Society (now: Hungarian Academy of Sciences) about the role and function of the cities and towns of Hungary in the development of the Hungarian national culture. The work of the winner, János Hetényi, published in 1841, has found the equilibrium between the topics of the city and nation as ideal wholes, within a framework of a historical analysis of the urbanity of the public philosophy. This model of the urban(e) nation, organized by the cities as cultural centres was worked out in the optimistic decades of the Hungarian Reform Era (1825–1848), only; on its margins has appeared the known elements of the cultural criticism of the next epochs, such as the topics of a sinful and (ethnically) alien city.

Recognition, Rights and Redistribution

This special issue of Intersections. EEJSP is dedicated to some of the central concerns of contemporary sociology: recognition, rights, and redistribution. These are three interrelated and often contrasted subjects that have occupied a special place in the works of Júlia Szalai, one of Hungary’s leading sociologists. Szalai, besides being an early pioneer of sociological research in her own country, is also well known outside Hungary for her international and comparative investigations of inequality and poverty, her research on ethnic minorities, and especially the Roma, as well as her work on the welfare state. Her research has involved close co-operation with colleagues from all over Europe from Scotland to Sweden, from Slovakia to Romania and Serbia. This is why, besides a special issue being dedicated to her in Socio.hu: Social Science Review in Hungarian, a ‘twin-issue’ of Intersections. EEJSP is also being published to allow her friends and colleagues from around Europe to celebrate Júlia Szalai on her birthday. Intersections. EEJSP and Socio.hu are both on-line social science journals based within the Hungarian Academy of Sciences where Szalai started her research career in the 1970s, and where she has served as Professor Emerita in recent years while also teaching and undertaking research at the Central European University. These two journal special issues thus also symbolize the gratitude of the Center for Social Sciences, and within this, the Institute for Sociology, to Szalai for the teaching and inspiration her colleagues and friends have received from her for nearly half a century.

Foreword

This special issue of COJOURN publishes a selection of the papers presented at the 9th Annual Cold War History Research Center International Student Conference at Corvinus University of Budapest, held on June 4–5, 2018. The conference was organized in collaboration with the Institute of International Studies at Corvinus University of Budapest, the Institute for Political Science – Centre for Social Sciences at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and the European Institute, Columbia University, New York.

Environmental and hereditary effects in plant nutrition: our collaboration with RISSAC Budapest

Imre Kádár (29th July 1943 - 1st March 2018), a world renowned retired scientist in the field of agrochemistry and plant nutrition from the Research Institute of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC) of the Hungarian Academy of Science (HAS) in Budapest, passed away suddenly in March 2018. Our collaboration has about a 30 year-long tradition. Intensive collaboration started in connection with the beginning of the Homeland war in Croatia (1991-1995). Imre’s broad -minded soul was shown by his offer to make plant and soil analyses in RISSAC agrochemical laboratory for a price covering only the costs of chemicals and sample preparing. He made the offer after visiting Osijek and witnessing the total destruction of lecture rooms in the new building of Faculty and Institute, located on the southern outskirts of Osijek, and distanced only 0.5 km from the frontline. Until the end of 2012, we recorded about 6000 plant and soil samples for elemental analyses sent from the Faculty of Agriculture and Agricultural Institute Osijek to RISSAC Budapest. The outcome of this collaboration is numerous scientific and review articles. Until the end of 2016, Imre was included in 51 scientific, review articles and abstracts in total. Topics of our common articles can be divided into three parts: fertilization and liming effects on soil and plants, heavy metals and harmful elements in soil and plants, and hereditary impacts in maize nutrition. There is still unpublished data from the analyses made in RISSAC. We hope that, in the near future, some of the articles will be published including Imre in our team. Imre may have passed away, but his soul remains with us until our last breath. His rich legacy of development of environmental and genetic aspects of plant nutrition at the Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek and Agricultural Institute Osijek will be inspirational for many generations to come.

Computing Extremely Large Values of the Riemann Zeta Function

The paper summarizes the computation results pursuing peak values of the Riemann zeta function. The computing method is based on the RS-Peak algorithm by which we are able to solve simultaneous Diophantine approximation problems efficiently. The computation environment was served by the SZTAKI Desktop Grid operated by the Laboratory of Parallel and Distributed Systems at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the ATLAS supercomputing cluster of the Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest. We present the largest Riemann zeta value known till the end of 2016.

High Expression of FGD3, a Putative Regulator of Cell Morphology and Motility, Is Prognostic of Favorable Outcome in Multiple Cancers.

PurposeIdentification of single-gene biomarkers that are prognostic of outcome can shed new insights on the molecular mechanisms that drive breast cancer and other cancers.MethodsExploratory analysis of 20,464 single-gene messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) discovery cohort indicates that low expression of FGD3 mRNA is prognostic for poor outcome. Prognostic significance of faciogenital dysplasia 3 (FGD3), SUSD3, and other single-gene proliferation markers was evaluated in breast cancer and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts.ResultsA meta-analysis of Cox regression of FGD3 mRNA as a continuous variable for overall survival of estrogen receptor (ER)–positive samples in METABRIC discovery, METABRIC validation, TCGA breast cancer, and Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Women With Breast Cancer (E2197) cohorts resulted in a combined hazard ratio (HR) of 0.69 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.75), indicating better outcome with high expression. In the ER-negative samples, the combined meta-analysis HR was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.82), suggesting that FGD3 is prognostic regardless of ER status. The potential of FGD3 as a biomarker for freedom from recurrence was evaluated in the Breast International Group 1-98 (BIG 1-98; Letrozole or Tamoxifen in Treating Postmenopausal Women With Breast Cancer) study (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.93) for breast cancer–free interval. In the Hungarian Academy of Science (HAS) breast cancer cohort, splitting on the median had an HR of 0.49 (95% CI, 0.42 to 0.58) for recurrence-free survival. A comparison of the Stouffer P value in five ER-positive cohorts showed that FGD3 (P = 3.8E-14) outperformed MKI67 (P = 1.06E-8) and AURKA (P = 2.61E-5). A comparison of the Stouffer P value in four ER-negative cohorts showed that FGD3 (P = 3.88E-5) outperformed MKI67 (P = .477) and AURKA (P = .820).ConclusionFGD3 was previously shown to inhibit cell migration. FGD3 mRNA is regulated by ESR1 and is associated with favorable outcome in six distinct breast cancer cohorts and four TCGA cancer cohorts. This suggests that FGD3 is an important clinical biomarker.

Sipos, János and Ufuk Tavkul. 2014. Karachay-Balkar Folksongs. Budapest: Institute for Musicology of the Research Center for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Science, L’Harmattan. 424 pp. Maps, transcriptions.

Sipos, János and Ufuk Tavkul. 2014. Karachay-Balkar Folksongs. Budapest: Institute for Musicology of the Research Center for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Science, L’Harmattan. 424 pp. Maps, transcriptions.

Introduction to Comparative Studies in the Central European Context

As an introduction to the four papers published in the 2017 issue of Hungarian Cultural Studies, this paper summarizes the specificities of comparative literary studies in the Central and Eastern European context, as examined by a research group affiliated with the Institute of Literary Studies, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and various other universities throughout Hungary. The topics and thoughts expressed in these studies were originally explored during a conference session held at the AILC Vienna Congress in 2016. While Central and Eastern Europe’s participation in the world of comparative studies has formed a core element for both the research group’s interest and the Vienna session, this field has been expanded to discuss Central and Eastern European literatures within the context of international comparative studies as well as the migration (emigration) of these literatures. After presenting the four papers included in the 2017 issue of Hungarian Cultural Studies, the Guest Editors provide a brief preview of the next four papers to be published in the journal’s 2018 issue.

First Report of Bacterial Spot Caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni on Apricot in Hungary

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 101, No. 6First Report of Bacterial Spot Caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni on Apricot in Hungary PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Bacterial Spot Caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni on Apricot in HungaryI. Schwarczinger, Z. Bozsó, Á. Szatmári, S. Süle, Z. Szabó, and L. KirályI. SchwarczingerSearch for more papers by this author, Z. BozsóSearch for more papers by this author, Á. SzatmáriSearch for more papers by this author, S. SüleSearch for more papers by this author, Z. SzabóSearch for more papers by this author, and L. KirálySearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations I. Schwarczinger Z. Bozsó Á. Szatmári S. Süle , Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary Z. Szabó , Balaton Fruit Ltd., H-8171 Balatonvilágos, Hungary L. Király , Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary Published Online:4 Apr 2017https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-16-1582-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat In June 2016, red-purple necrotic lesions, each 1 to 5 mm in diameter and surrounded by a chlorotic halo on leaves and water-soaked or dark brown sunken lesions on fruits of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L. cv. Bergecot and Toyesi) trees were observed in a 5 ha commercial orchard in Fejér County, Hungary. Disease incidence ranged from low (10%) on cv. Toyesi to more than 90% on cv. Bergecot. As the disease progressed, the necrotic areas on leaves dropped out, leaving a “shot-hole” appearance. Isolation was carried out on modified Tween-80 semiselective medium (Schaad et al. 2001) from 40 diseased leaves and fruits sampled from 20 different trees. After incubation at 28°C for 3 to 5 days, yellow, mucoid colonies appeared and the hydrolysis of Tween 80 could be observed as a white zone around the colonies. Three isolates were selected that induced a hypersensitive response in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) plants 48 h after inoculation with a 108 CFU/ml bacterial suspension in water. All strains were gram-negative rods, oxidase negative, and strictly aerobic, and showed typical biochemical characteristics of the Xanthomonas genus (Schaad et al. 2001). In order to confirm identity of isolates as X. arboricola pv. pruni (Xap), specific PCR assays, sequencing, and pathogenicity tests were conducted. Duplex-PCR with Xap-specific primers (XarbQ-F/XarbQ-R and XapY17-F/XapY17-R) (Pothier et al. 2011) gave positive results. Furthermore, double-strand sequencing of the gyrase B (gyrB) (Parkinson et al. 2007) and ftsX genes (primers XapY17-F/XapY17-R for ftsX) was conducted. Sequences of gyrB (GenBank KX950802) and ftsX (KY039173) had 100% identity with reference genomic sequences of the Xap strains: CFBP3894 (NZ_LOMI01000009, LOMI01000020) and IVIA 2626.1 (NZ_LJGN01000040, LJGN01000033). Pathogenicity was confirmed by artificial inoculation of detached leaves of 1-year-old apricot trees (two leaves/tree sampled from five trees) (Randhawa and Civerolo 1985). Isolates were infiltrated (108 CFU/ml) by a syringe (0.5 ml/leaf). Sterile distilled water was used as negative control. Leaves were incubated on 0.5% water agar at 25°C and 16 h photoperiod with fluorescent light. All leaves inoculated with the isolates developed confluent water-soaking spots 3 to 4 days after inoculation. These became dark brown, necrotic spots, sometimes surrounded by grayish white or purple margins. No symptoms were observed on control leaves. The bacterium was reisolated from leaf spots and identity of the isolates was confirmed by PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report on the occurrence of this pathogen on apricot in Hungary. Xap is the causal agent of bacterial spot of stone fruits, one of the most important diseases of Prunus species included in the EPPO A2 list of pests recommended for regulation for European Union member countries. Apricot is an economically important crop in Hungary, with a production of ca. 5,000 ha, and the pathogen could have a significant impact on apricot production in the country.

The enlightened narrative in the age of liberal reform: William Robertson’s View of the Progress of Society in Hungary

ABSTRACTThis article examines a translation of the Scottish historian William Robertson’s probably most famous text (based on a previous German edition) in the journal of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in the 1830s, as a case study on continuity between the Enlightenment and the era of liberal reform in Central Europe. It underlines the benefits of the comparative study of Scotland in Robertson’s time and Hungary in the Reform Age as partners in composite polities at the opposite ends of Europe, where patriotic projects of overcoming limitations of political sovereignty via cultural and economic improvement were pursued. The belated reception of Robertson in Hungary took place within a larger initiative of progress and refinement, associated with the liberal Count István Széchenyi, in an environment where many potential sympathizers with his programme were ambivalent about the values of cosmopolitanism and commerce promoted by Robertson, indebted as they remained to more archaic modes of patriotism. In view of the peculiarities of translation, and selection the Hungarian rendering of the View of the Progress was attuned to the sentiments of this constituency, and may be interpreted as a set of discursive gestures aimed at conquering it for the cause of ‘liberalism as refinement.’

Traumatic brain injury impairs myogenic constriction of cerebral arteries: role of mitochondria‐derived H2O2, TRPV4 and calcium‐activated potassium channels

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impairs pressure‐induced myogenic constriction of cerebral arteries, which contributes to TBI‐related autoregulatory dysfunction and the development of secondary brain injury. TBI has been shown to lead to mitochondrial oxidative stress in cerebral vessels, which likely contributes to secondary brain injury, as well. We tested the hypothesis that TBI‐induced mitochondrial oxidative stress contributes to the impaired myogenic response of cerebral arteries after TBI and aimed to establish the underlying mechanisms. We induced traumatic brain injury in WKY rats using the weight‐drop technique, and 24 hours after severe TBI we found that myogenic responses of isolated middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) of TBI rats were blunted compared to control. The impaired myogenic responses of MCAs were restored after inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative stress (mitoTEMPO), eliminating H2O2 (PEG catalase) and blocking large‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium (BKCa) channels and transient receptor activated vanilloid channel 4 (TRPV4). We also found that H2O2‐induced dilation of MCAs involves the activation of BKCa and TRPV4 channels, and that H2O2‐induced BK currents on vascular smooth muscle cells depend on the activation of TRPV4 channels. Our results suggest that after TBI excessive mitochondria‐derived H2O2 activates BKCa channels via TRPV4 channel activation in the cerebrovascular wall, which diminishes pressure‐induced constriction of cerebral vessels. Future studies should elucidate the potential of inhibiting these vascular pathways to restore autoregulatory function after TBI in order to prevent TBI‐related secondary brain damage in patients suffered traumatic brain injury.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by grants from the Marie Curie Actions SMARTER 7th Framework Program of the European Union 606998 (to NSz and AK), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (the Bolyai Research Scholarship BO/00634/15 to PT), the Hungarian Brain Research Program (Grant No. KTIA_13_NAP‐A‐II/8 to PT, ECz and AB), National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (R01‐AT006526 to ZU) and the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (K108444 to AK).

Enhanced myogenic response of cerebral arteries induced by pre‐existing hypertension is intact after traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impairs pressure‐induced myogenic autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), which is associated with increased mortality and bad functional outcome of TBI patients. When blood pressure drops lack of myogenic autoregulatory function of cerebral vessels exposes brain tissue to hypoperfusion and ischemia; in case of high blood pressure it allows high blood volume to penetrate the brain exacerbating disruption of the blood brain barrier, development of hemorrhages and elevation of intracranial pressure. Hypertension, the most important cardiovascular risk factor in TBI patients, enhances myogenic tone of cerebral arteries via increased vascular production of 20‐hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (HETE), which protects brain tissue form pressure/volume overload but leads to increased susceptibility to cerebral ischemia. Although both effects may potentiate the vascular consequences of TBI, it is not known how hypertension modulates the effect of TBI on myogenic responses of cerebral vessels. To establish the effect of TBI on cerebral myogenic responses in hypertension we studied isolated middle cerebral arteries (MCA) of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after severe impact acceleration diffuse brain injury. We found that TBI diminished myogenic constriction of MCAs in normotensive animals, but the 20‐HETE mediated enhanced myogenic tone in SHRs was not affected by traumatic brain injury. These results suggest that following brain trauma hypertensive patients may be protected from high blood pressure, but are likely to be more prone to cerebral ischemia when blood pressure drops, and therefore require different therapeutic strategies than normotensive patients.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by grants from the Marie Curie Actions SMARTER 7th Framework Program of the European Union 606998 (to NSz and AK), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (the Bolyai Research Scholarship BO/00634/15 to PT), the Hungarian Brain Research Program (Grant No. KTIA_13_NAP‐A‐II/8 to PT, ECz and AB) and the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (K108444 to AK).

Second International Workshop on Computational Latin Dialectology, March 30–31, 2017, Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

Second International Workshop on Computational Latin Dialectology, March 30–31, 2017, Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

Formation of Hungarian Psychological Research in Mid 20th Century: Institutional Frames 1960-2010

During the period 1960-2010 Hungary went through important social and political changes. Initially these changes had meant for psychology that via the softening of the dictatorship social and human sciences and supportive professions were allowed to (re)appear in the system, and later on psychology and its applications could be diversified. Since the dramatic political changes in 1990, psychology has become a central player. This paper concentrates on institutional developments, using mainly public data. The training of psychologists restarted in 1963 with an integration of applied fields into a 5-year program. This was soon followed by a more theory based reorganization in the 1970s with the formation of a postgraduate system of applied training. Between 1960 and 2010 the single Budapest Eötvös Loránd University with a dozen students was replaced by 7 training universities with a Bologna 3+2-year system, with 800 new undergraduates and 300 MA students each year. This was accompanied by the formation of a PhD system. Regarding research, the most important change in the 1960s was the formation of the Research Institute for Psychology at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, with a strong psychophysiology and social psychology profile. From the 1970s on, research has become more and more important at the universities. A notable general change was the appearance of project based financing. In publication practices Westernization appeared first in citations, and from the 1980s it appeared also in publications.

Kinga Dévényi with Munif Abdul-Fattah and Katalin Fiedler, Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Kinga Dévényi with Munif Abdul-Fattah and Katalin Fiedler, Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Prekogranično sticanje svojine na poljoprivrednom zemljištu i pojedini problemi mađarskog prava s tim u vezi

While Serbia is working on a new EU-conform land law, the EU law concerning the cross-border acquisition of agricultural lands cannot be considered as a static phenomenon. Namely, the issue is quite controversial among the EU's institutions and Member States. Evidence of this is the high number of infringement procedures launched by the EU Commission against the Member States joined the EU in 2004 or afterwards (hereinafter referred to as New Member States). However, it is worth stressing that the debate is not merely a New-Member-State-issue but a general one, and there are numerous uncertainties which may affect even the old Member States' land law regimes. That is the reason (or one of the most important reasons) why the European Parliament adopted a report on the state of play of farmland concentration in the EU in 2017. It seems that nowadays land issues have also become one of the topical questions of the EU, which questions could be raised because the EU is in a kind of the crisis. The EU should redefine itself and its goals, furthermore, it also should determine a new structure in numerous parts of life. The European Council for Rural Law (more usually known as the CEDR from its French name 'Comite Europeen de Droit Rural'), a think-tank which regularly provides assistance and advice to the institutions of the European Union, also dealt with the cross-border land law issues of the EU; namely, in a commission (COM II) concerning rural areas of the CEDR Congress (Potsdam, 2015) and at the conference on the 60th anniversary of the CEDR (Brussels, 2017). In a Hungarian conference (Budapest, 2017), the legal experts were gathered by the Hungarian Association for Agricultural Law and the Public Law Sub-Commission of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in order that they could present the possible ways of the improvement for the EU and its Member States. With regard to this development, the present article focuses on the EU's main rules concerning the acquisition of agricultural lands, the infringement procedures against Hungary (hereinafter referred to as Hungarian cases), the report of the European Parliament and the general conclusions of the Budapest conference. The Hungarian cases are relevant not merely for Hungary as the European Commission has expressed its concerns about the most of regulations of the Hungarian land law in comparison with other concerned New Member States. Taking the low numbers of the CJEU cases (concerning land law) into consideration, the Hungarian cases might be significant for the whole of the EU and its future.

Open Content Development Model (OCD)

The research group that, besides experienced and academic researchers, includes practitioners as well as students who are engaged in scientific student work and are attending their engineer and economist teacher evening courses while being present in school practice, was established in 2015 within the framework of the Department of Technical Education and the Teacher Training Centre of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME) with the aim to implement a project focused on researching methods supporting learning, and initiated and financed by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS). Relying on this specific base of researchers and practitioners, our project undertook to develop and introduce new procedures based on the experiences and analysis of the educational methods used by vocational teachers during their work. By presenting the research topic, this paper intends to introduce the process, in this case the open content development and the work done in order to create a new model of this, which allows the active participation of students in research and development as well as the connection of smaller researches into bigger research projects.pen Content Development Model (OCD)Open Content Development Model (OCD)

“HE WAS A WITNESS AND PARTICIPANT OF THE BEST HUNGARIAN ERA”

Ede Margalits, a gymnasium professor and renown writer of history, was one of those scientists from the Bácska region who had won himself reputation in the scientific circles of the country. He started his carrier as a teacher of literature in Baja and then in Zombor, where he engaged in public duties on County level. In 1891 he was appointed headmaster of the Croatian boarding school in Budapest to become professor of Croatian language and literature at the university in 1895. It was then that the History Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences entrusted him to give an abridged presentation of Croatian works published during the 1850–1899 half century. The result of this were the two substantial volumes of Croatian Historic Repertory published in 1900 and 1902. During World War I he was able to publish the first volume of the Serbian Historic Repertory; however, the second volume was never published. Having been born in Zagreb and inspired by his fellow writers in Zombor, György Radics and Pál Dömötör, he turned his interest towards the South Slav historic songs. While still a professor at the Slavic Department in Budapest, he presented his readers with the translation of The Death of Smail Aga Chengich, “a poetic short story”, by Ivan Mažuranić (1896). In the same year he wrote a study under the title Prince Mark (Márk királyfi) about 14th and 15th century South Slav folk ballads, and published a comprehensive study on South Slav folk ballads in the journal Katholikus Szemle; in 1899 he published his translation of the Battle of Kosovo (A rigómezei ütközet). In 1914, when he retired, he went back to live in Zombor where he died, almost forgotten, in 1940.