Humus Forms Research Articles

Improvement in humus synthesis by the humus precursors derived from nitrobenzene degradation during co-composting of nitrobenzene-polluted soil and cow manure

Nitrobenzene (NB) mineralization problem exists during co-composting of NB-polluted soil and cow manure (CM). Regulating the conversion of NB degradation into humus (HS) synthesis offers a new way to circumvent the aforementioned problem. To explore the influence of the presence of NB on humification process during co-composting, co-composting of NB-polluted soil and cow manure was conducted with composting of clean soil and CM, serving as the control. Results showed that a 54.66% of NB-degradation rate was achieved after 47 d of composting. Simultaneously, compared to CK, not only HS content increased by 18.75%, but also the proportion of fluorescent component with the highest complexity of humic and fulvic acid increased by 21.92% and 44.44%, respectively. NB intermediate metabolites substantially contributed to HS formation. Meanwhile, a markedly strong interaction between bacteria and environmental factors may be crucial for enhancing the humification process in the NB group. It was verified that the addition of NB increased the content of polyphenols (λ = 0.912, p＜0.001) and further improved the synthesis of humic acid (λ = 0.420, p＜0.05) by strengthening the Maillard reaction. Simultaneously, the inhibitory effects of NB and polyphenols on bacterial growth prevented excessive depletion of ammonia nitrogen, favoring humic acid synthesis. These results illustrated that NB intermediate metabolites promoted HS synthesis, which was the prerequisite for subsequent establishment of targeted regulation technology of NB degradation-HS synthesis during co-composting.

How to reduce the carbon footprint of the agricultural sector? Factors influencing farmers’ decision to participate in carbon sequestration programs

Mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon in agricultural soils through humus formation is a crucial component of sustainable agriculture. Humus programs that are designed to incentivize farmers to build more humus are still recent innovations, so current knowledge about farmers' motivation to participate is limited. This study examines the adoption of non-governmental humus programs to promote carbon sequestration by analyzing farmers' willingness to participate in humus programs and influential factors. We specifically investigate behavioral factors underlying farmers' adoption of humus programs using the Theory of Planned Behavior. To this end, we collected data using an online survey with 190 German farmers and applied partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results show that (i) perceived economic benefits, (ii) the actions of fellow farmers, and (iii) farmers' sense of responsibility with regard to climate change have a statistically significant influence on farmers' intention to participate in a humus program. In contrast, the perceived ecological benefits, political pressure, the possibility of establishing humus-building measures, and prior knowledge of humus programs have no statistically significant influence. Our findings suggest that farmers’ decision to participate in humus programs is strongly influenced by the financial benefits, but the actions and thoughts of other farmers, as well as their own moral claims regarding climate change, also play a crucial role. We found that farmers lack knowledge about the registration and general functioning of humus programs, which can currently be one of the biggest barriers to participation in such initiatives.

The impact of ammonifying microorganisms on the stabilization and carbon conversion of cow manure and wheat husk co-composting

Ammonifying microorganisms (Amm) play a crucial role in the global utilization of agricultural solid residue, but the mechanism of their action in the stabilization and carbon transformation of agricultural solid residue composting remains unclear. In this work, different treatments, including Control, Amm-1, Amm-2, Amm-3, and Amm-4, were established for co-composting of cow manure and wheat husk to investigate the action mechanism of Amm in composting stabilization and carbon conversion. The findings indicated that the Amm inoculation facilitated the decrease of total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, CO2 productions, and CH4 emissions by 35.13 ∼ 37.28 %, 15.61 ∼ 16.78 %, 1.75 % ∼ 32.38 %, and 10.30 %∼ 18.01 %, respectively. Among the treatments. The inoculation of Amm-4 immensely showed the highest improvement effect on the organic solid residue humification and carbon transformation process, with the final compost product showed high stability and favorable performance on improving crop growth. Further mechanism analysis suggested that the Amm inoculation optimized humification-related enzyme activity and fungal community structure, enhanced the humus formation, increased the humification index, and promoted the stabilization of final product. In conclusion, this investigation verified the Amm inoculation can improve compost carbon conversion and promote the green application of agricultural solid residue as resource.

Enhancing simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus availability through biochar addition during Chinese medicinal herbal residues composting: Synergism of microbes and humus

The disposal of Chinese medicinal herbal residues (CMHRs) derived from Chinese medicine extraction poses a significant environmental challenge. Aerobic composting presents a sustainable treatment method, yet optimizing nutrient conversion remains a critical concern. This study investigated the effect and mechanism of biochar addition on nitrogen and phosphorus transformation to enhance the efficacy and quality of compost products. The findings reveal that incorporating biochar considerably enhanced the process of nutrient conversion. Specifically, biochar addition promoted the retention of bioavailable organic nitrogen and reduced nitrogen loss by 28.1 %. Meanwhile, adding biochar inhibited the conversion of available phosphorus to non-available phosphorus while enhancing its conversion to moderately available phosphorus, thereby preserving phosphorus availability post-composting. Furthermore, the inclusion of biochar altered microbial community structure and fostered organic matter retention and humus formation, ultimately affecting the modification of nitrogen and phosphorus forms. Structural equation modeling revealed that microbial community had a more pronounced impact on bioavailable organic nitrogen, while humic acid exerted a more significant effect on phosphorus availability. This research provides a viable approach and foundation for regulating the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients during composting, serving as a valuable reference for the development of sustainable utilization technologies pertaining to CMHRs.

Synergistic improvement of humus formation in compost residue by fenton-like and effective microorganism composite agents

Improving the humification of compost through a synergistic approach of biotic and abiotic methods is of great significance. This study employed a composite reagent, comprising Fenton-like agents and effective microorganisms (EM) to improve humification. This composite reagent increased humic-acid production by 37.44 %, reaching 39.82 g kg−1, surpassing the control group. The composite reagent synergistically promoted micromolecular fulvic acid and large humic acid production. Collaborative mechanism suggests that Fenton-like agents contributed to bulk residue decomposition and stimulated the evolution of microbial communities, whereas EMs promoted highly aromatic substance synthesis and adjusted the microbial community structure. Sequencing analysis indicates the Fenton-like agent initiated compost decomposition by Firmicutes, and EM reduced the abundance of Virgibacillus, Lentibacillus, and Alcanivorax. Applied as an organic fertilizer in Brassica chinensis L. plantations, the composite reagent considerably improved growth and photosynthetic pigment content. This composite reagent with biotic and abiotic components provides a learnable method for promoting humification.

Biodiversity of Earthworms with Special Reference to Tehsil Wazirabad, District Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan

Earthworms are crucial soil invertebrates that are involved in the circulation of nutrients, humus formation, decomposition of organic matter and generation of soil texture. They play an important role as bioindicator of soil contamination. Objective: To investigate the biodiversity of earthworms in different habitats (Grassy lawns, croplands, marshy areas, ponds, edges of river and canals) of Tehsil Wazirabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: A total number of four hundred and fifty (450) samples of earthworms were collected from above mentioned sites for a period of six months (March 2015 to August 2015), by hand sorting technique. Morphological details of all earthworm specimens collected from the designated areas were recorded and species were identified by using the systematic key. Results: During present investigation, six species; Pheretima posthuma, P. lignicola, P. morrisi, Microscolex dubis, Aporrectodea longa and Notoscolex sacutarius belonging to 4 genera and 2 families (Megascolecidae, Lumbricidae) were recorded. The distribution patterns of various earthworm species in the designated habitats shows that Pheretima posthuma is the most abundant species distributed in all sites; whereas, P. lignicola was least populated in the selected habitats. According to ecological grouping of reported earthworm species; Endogeic (50%) was the most dominant group followed by Epigeic (33%) and Anecic (17%). Conclusions: This study provided the base line data and much needed information about biodiversity of earthworms in Tehsil Wazirabad. This knowledge can be very useful in improving the soil conditions and agriculture gross production in investigated area.

Влияние природных и антропогенных факторов на формирование микроэлементного состава буроземов острова Рейнеке

The role of natural and anthropogenic factors in the formation of the microelement composition of the brown soils of the Reinecke Island is considered. Analysis of the concentration coefficients of heavy metals in the island brown soils showed that during soil formation, active accumulation occurs in the surface horizons of Zn, Cu, Cd and Co. The research results indicate the prevailing influence of soil formation features on the content and distribution of heavy metals in areas remote from the coast. As we approach the coastal zone, beloved by tourists for recreation, the content of Zn, Cu, Cd increases significantly in the surface layer of the island's brown soils, which is probably due to the local anthropogenic impact that takes place there. The data on the profile distribution of heavy metals in the studied brown soils reflect the intensity of the processes of humus formation occurring in the profile of brown soils and indicate the affinity of Pb, Cd to organic complexes. This is confirmed by the presence of significant positive correlation coefficients between organic matter and Pb and Cd content. The role of physical indicators of borozems on the fixation of a number of heavy metals in their profile is also noted. Quantitative indicators of Cr and Ni content are most determined by the distribution of the silty fraction. High values of the correlation coefficient between pH, the sum of exchange bases and the Mn content may indicate the influence of acid-base properties on its accumulation in the soil profile. Manganese hydroxide plays an important role in fixing Co in the brown soils of the island. The correlation between Co and Mn is estimated as noticeable.

Effect of MnO2-biochar composites on promoting humification during chicken manure composting

The present study aimed to accelerate the humification and to investigate how MnO2 modification of biochar (MBC) drives the humus formation during composting with chicken manure. In this study, compared with the control group (CK), the addition of MBC caused an increase in the concentration of both humus and humic acid (HA), with a respective enhancement of 29.1% and 37.2%. In addition, MBC also improved the stability of compost products. Hetero two-dimensional correlation spectra further exhibited that the MBC could alter the formation mechanism of humus fractions during composting. Random forest analysis showed that Microbacterium, Bacteroides, Kroppenstedtia, Gracilibacillus, and Lentibacillus were significantly related to humus formation (P < 0.05). MBC enhanced the absolute abundance of these five genera during composting. The structural equation model further confirmed that these five genera could be indirectly involved in humus formation, through the production of aromatic compounds via secondary metabolism. Additionally, these five genera could directly transform organic components into macromolecular humus structures. Therefore, the increase in these five genera might be a direct response to the acceleration of the humification during MBC composting. These findings demonstrate the potential value of MBC in harmless disposal of hazardous biowastes through composting.HighlightsMnO2 modification of biochar changed the formation mechanism of humus fractions.Key genera involved in humus formation were identified.Among of MnO2 modification of biochar, key genera and humus formation were revealed.Graphical

Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in a Carbon Sequestration Program – A Discrete Choice Experiment

Farmers can counteract global warming by drawing carbon dioxide from the air into agricultural soils by building up humus. Humus programs were developed to motivate farmers for even more humus formation (= carbon sequestration) through an additional financial incentive. These programs are still at an early stage of development, which is why the number of participating farmers and research work is still low. This study is the first to analyze the willingness of German farmers to participate in hypothetical humus programs. The results of a discrete choice experiment show that a (higher) threshold for the payout of the premium, regional (rather than field-specific) reference values, and the risk of repayment clearly discourage farmers from participating. Program providers must more than double the premium (set at around 240 € per hectare and 0.1% humus increase) to maintain farmers’ willingness to participate despite a payout threshold. Regional reference values and an additional premium/repayment system would lead to an increase in the premium of around 20 € per hectare in order to keep the willingness to participate at the same level. The motivation to build up humus, the desire to maximize subsidies, and a higher livestock density have a positive influence on farmers’ decision to participate. Farm size and risk attitude have an impact on farmers’ preferences for program design. The study is relevant for policymakers and non-governmental organizations concerned with carbon management, as our findings highlight pathways for efficient, targeted designs of humus programs and carbon sequestration policies.

Humic Acids: A Material from Renewable Sources with the Potential for Making Supercapacitors

AbstractThis paper examines the electrochemical performance of humic acids extracted from natural water and fertile soil, like electrode materials for supercapacitors, as proposed and evaluated. Humic acids come from the decomposition of organic matter in the humus formation process, therefore they are considered renewable resources. The humic acids are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Electrochemical techniques are used to evaluate the behavior of humic acids like electrode materials for supercapacitors. Cyclic voltamperometry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are performed in H2SO4 0.5 mol L−1. The highest capacitance, energy, and power values are found with humic acids from the soil. Thus, the specific capacitance of 87.15 F g−1 at 0.040 A g−1, maximum power of 32680 W kg−1, and energy of 60.52 W h kg−1 are obtained. The humic acids from soil have good cycling stability and high energy efficiency, placing them as promising materials in energy storage.

Role of keystone drives polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation and humification especially combined with aged contaminated soil in co-composting

Accumulation of persistent organic pollutants polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil has become a global problem. Composting is considered one of the more economical methods of soil remediation and is important for the resourceful use of wastes. Agroforestry waste is produced in huge amounts and is utilized at low rates, hence there is an urgent need to manage it. Here, leaf (LVS) or rice straw (SVS) was co-composting with aged contaminated soil to investigate bacteria interaction to PAHs degradation and humus formation. The degradation rate of high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) in LVS and SVS reached 58.9% and 52.5%, and the low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) were 77.5% and 65%. Meanwhile, the humus increased by 44.8% and 60.5% in LVS and SVS at the end of co-composting. The topological characteristics and community assembly of the bacterial community showed that LVS had higher complexity and more keystones than SVS, suggesting that LVS might more beneficial for the degradation of PAHs. The stability of the co-occurrence network and stochastic processes (dispersal limitation) dominated community assembly made SVS beneficial for humus formation. Mantel test and structural equation models indicated that the transformation of organic matter was important for PAHs degradation and humus formation. Degradation of HMW-PAHs led to bacterial succession, which affected the formation of precursors and ultimately increased the humus content. This study provided potential technology support for improving the quality of agroforestry organic waste composting and degrading PAHs in aged contaminated soil.

Analisis Kadar C-Organik Pupuk Organik Padat dari Limbah Bayam

Composting is one way of making organic waste into a new product in the form of humus made from organic waste from plant and animal waste. This research was carried out in July-November 2023 at the final disposal site (TPA) in Pucuk Village, Mojokerto. The aim of this research is to analyze the benefits and content of C-Organic in solid organic fertilizer from spinach waste. The research method was carried out by measuring and analyzing the C-Organic content in fertilizer using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results obtained from research testing the C-Organic content of 6.5% are still relatively low, and do not meet the quality standards of SNI 7763:2018 and Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 261/KPTS/ SR.310/M/4/2019 which states C-organic content of at least 15%.

Phage lysate can regulate the humification process of composting

Phages play a crucial role in orchestrating top-down control within microbial communities, influencing the dynamics of the composting process. Despite this, the impact of phage-induced thermophilic bacterial lysis on humification remains ambiguous. This study investigates the effects of phage lysate, derived explicitly from Geobacillus subterraneus, on simulated composting, employing ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA sequencing techniques. The results show the significant role of phage lysate in expediting humus formation over 40 days. Notably, the rapid transformation of protein-like precursors released from phage-induced lysis of the host bacterium resulted in a 14.8 % increase in the proportion of lignins/CRAM-like molecules. Furthermore, the phage lysate orchestrated a succession in bacterial communities, leading to the enrichment of core microbes, exemplified by the prevalence of Geobacillus. Through network analysis, it was revealed that these enriched microbes exhibit a capacity to convert protein and lignin into essential building blocks such as amino acids and phenols. Subsequently, these components were polymerized into humus, aligning with the phenol–protein theory. These findings enhance our understanding of the intricate microbial interactions during composting and provide a scientific foundation for developing engineering-ready composting humification regulation technologies.

DeadWood: Including Disturbance and Decay in the Depiction of Digital Nature

The creation of truly believable simulated natural environments remains an unsolved problem in Computer Graphics. This is, in part, due to a lack of visual variety. In nature, apart from variation due to abiotic and biotic growth factors, a significant role is played by disturbance events, such as fires, windstorms, disease, and death and decay processes, which give rise to both standing dead trees (snags) and downed woody debris (logs). For instance, snags constitute on average 10% of unmanaged forests by basal area, and logs account for 2 \(\frac{1}{2}\) times this quantity. While previous systems have incorporated individual elements of disturbance (e.g., forest fires) and decay (e.g., the formation of humus), there has been no unifying treatment, perhaps because of the challenge of matching simulation results with generated geometric models. In this paper, we present a framework that combines an ecosystem simulation, which explicitly incorporates disturbance events and decay processes, with a model realization process, which balances the uniqueness arising from life history with the need for instancing due to memory constraints. We tested our hypothesis concerning the visual impact of disturbance and decay with a two-alternative forced-choice experiment ( n = 116). Our findings are that the presence of dead wood in various forms, as snags or logs, significantly improves the believability of natural scenes, while, surprisingly, general variation in the number of model instances, with up to 8 models per species, and a focus on disturbance events, does not.

Molecular mechanisms of humus formation mediated by new ammonifying microorganisms in compost

Humus is the main product of organic waste composting in agriculture. The conversion of carbon and nitrogen in composting is controlled by ammonifying microorganisms (AM), but their role and mechanisms in humus formation are unclear. This study used multiple spectroscopic and microbiological techniques to explore how new ammonifying microorganism cultures (NAMC) molecularly affect humus formation in cow manure and straw compost. NAMC increased humus by 3.45 % – 9.46 %, resulting in enhanced humic acid and reduced fulvic acid. NAMC (especially Amm-4) also altered the chemical properties of humus, producing highly reactive amides and creating binding sites for low molecular weight compounds. NAMC enhanced the formation of O-H and C = O functional groups, which contributed to the formation of the aromatic structure and facilitated the three-dimensional polymerization of humus. Furthermore, NAMC promoted the Maillard and lignin pathways of humus formation, as revealed by structural equation models. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of NAMC-mediated humus formation during composting.

Taxonomic study and diversity of Postia s.lat. in Swat, Pakistan: addition of five brown rot Polypores to the country.

Brown rot Polypores are ecologically significant as they play a crucial role in maintaining the carbon cycle and contribute to humus formation in forest ecosystems through their lignocellulose degradation ability. It is important to note that some species can significantly impact timber, potentially causing decay in economically valuable wood. Many Asian countries including Pakistan are still under the exploratory phase and have undocumented species diversity in Polypore fungi. In the current study, collections representing five different species belonging to two families, Postiaceae and Adustoporiaceae, were subjected to detailed morphoanatomical and molecular analyses. A combined matrix of two gene datasets (ITS and nrLSU) was analyzed using three different phylogenetic methods viz. Maximum Parsimony (MP), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI). Our study presents descriptions of five previously undocumented brown rot Polypore species from the country including Fuscopostia fragilis (Fr.) B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai, Amaropostia stiptica (Pers.) B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai, Cyanosporus piceicola B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai, Spongiporus balsameus (Peck) A. David, Rhodonia placenta (Fr.) Niemelä, K.H. Larss. & Schigel. Regarding the molecular data, nodes of our subject sequences were substantially supported and fell under their respective species clades with high ML bootstrap values (≥ 95), MP bootstrap ≥ 74 and BI probabilities ≥ 0.98. Findings of the study will not only contribute to our understanding of local Polypores species diversity but also enhance knowledge of geographical distribution in global context.

The role of cattle manure-driven polysaccharide precursors in humus formation during composting of spent mushroom substrate.

The study examined the impact of adding cattle manure to the composting process of Agaricus bisporus mushroom substrate on compost humification. A control group CK comprised entirely of Agaricus bisporus mushroom substrate, while the experimental group CD (70 percent Agaricus bisporus mushroom substrate and 30 percent cattle manure) comprised the two composting treatments that were established. The study determined that the addition of cow dung has promoted the formation of humus components. Particularly, humic substance (HS-C) and humic acid (HA) increased by 41.3 and 74.7%, respectively, and the ratio of humic acid to fulvic acid (HA/FA) also increased by 2.78. It showed that the addition of cow dung accelerated the synthesis and decomposition of precursors, such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, and reducing sugars. Thereby promoting the formation of humic acid. Network analysis revealed that adding cow dung promoted microbial interactions increased the complexity and stability of the bacterial and fungal symbiotic network, enhanced cooperation and reciprocity among microbes, and assisted in transforming fulvic acid (FA) components. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a multivariate data analysis method for analyzing complex relationships among constructs and core indicators. SEM illustrated that introducing cattle manure into the composting process resulted in alterations to the correlation between physicochemical parameters and the microbial community, in addition to humus formation. Polysaccharides are the primary precursors for polymerization to form HA, which is an essential prerequisite for the conversion of fulvic acid to humic acid. Additionally, microbes affected the formation of humus, with bacteria substantially more influential than fungi. These findings provide new ideas for regulating the degree of humification in the composting process and have important practical implications for optimizing mushroom cultivation and composting techniques today.

Malonic acid shapes bacterial community dynamics in compost to promote carbon sequestration and humic substance synthesis

The incorporation of malonic acid (MA) into compost as a regulator of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle has the potential to increase carbon sequestration. However, the influence of MA on the transformation of the microbial community during the composting process remains unclear. In this investigation, MA was introduced at different stages of chicken manure (CM) composting to characterize the bacterial community within the compost using high-throughput sequencing. We assess the extent of increased carbon sequestration by comparing the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC). At the same time, this study examines whether increased carbon sequestration contributes to humus formation, which was elucidated by evaluating the content and composition of humus. Our results show that the addition of MA significantly improved carbon sequestration within the compost, reducing the carbon loss rate (C loss (%)) from 64.70% to 52.94%, while increasing HS content and stability. High throughput sequencing and Random Forest (RF) analysis show that the introduction of MA leads to a reduction in the diversity of the bacterial communities, but enhanced the ability of bacterial communities to synthesize humus. Furthermore, the addition of MA favors the proliferation of Firmicutes. Also, the hub of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within the community co-occurrence network shifts from Proteobacteria to Firmicutes. Remarkably, our study finds a significant decrease in negative correlations between bacteria, potentially mitigating substrate consumption due to negative interactions such as competition. This phenomenon contributes to the improved retention of TOC in the compost. This research provides new insights into the mechanisms by which MA regulates bacterial communities in compost, and provides a valuable theoretical basis for the adoption of this innovative composting strategy.

Диагностика процессов почвообразования в аллювиальных луговых почвах речных долин таёжно-лесной и степной зон

Long-term data obtained from studying a wide range of alluvial soils formed on floodplain terraces of rivers in the taiga-forest and steppe zones of the European and West Siberian Plains are summarized. The microstructure of alluvial soils in the central part of the floodplain terraces of a number of large rivers such as the Ob, Pechora, Northern Dvina, Ugra, Oka, Desna, Klyazma and Tikhaya Sosna Rivers was studied using the methods of micromorphology and scanning electron microscopy. We identified the features and diagnostic signs of flood-alluvial and elementary soil-forming processes that determine the formation of the profile of alluvial meadow soils. All bioclimatic zones are characterized by high aggregation and porosity of humus-accumulative horizons. However, humus of the mull and moder type is formed in the taiga-forest zone, while in the steppe – only mull. Diagnostic signs of zonality in alluvial meadow soils are the shape and size of Fe-Mn formations, clay deposits and cutans, gypsum and carbonates. In the taiga-forest zone the ecological conditions of the high floodplain are marked by the presence of Fe-Mn new formations in the form of nodules and the presence of clay deposits in the lower part of the profile. At the same time, the low floodplain is marked by Fe-Mn new formations in the form of flakes and spots, clay cutans (films) in the pores and around the units at the bottom of the profile. Alluvial meadow soils of the steppe zone are characterized by the presence of new formations of gypsum and carbonates in the lower part of the profile, and the absence of illuvial cutans. Intensive agrogenic use of alluvial meadow soils promotes the disaggregation of the humus-accumulative horizon, the leaching of amorphous forms of humus from it, and the reorientation of clay minerals into a horizontal arrangement in the horizons located below the plow base.

New direction in organic fertilizer production

Our analysis of existing methods of production of organic fertilizers does not allow us to effectively solve the problem of reproduction of soil fertility. Computer simulation of the mixing process in the burts by various aggregates showed the extreme unevenness of the distribution of particles of the resulting compost. The assimilation of organic matter in the soil is less than 2%. The recently widespread method of composting in rotating drums leads to the release of ammonia, which indicates the ongoing process of ammonification, which means that the decomposition of organic matter under the influence of putrefactive, moldy and other microorganisms. The resulting compost causes some damage to the soil and crop. A new direction in the production of organic fertilizers is proposed, based on the cultivation of soil microorganisms in special rooms of the microbiological community. These microorganisms, in turn, produce enzymes that significantly accelerate the biochemical processes in the formation of soil humus.