Humus Content Research Articles

ORGANIC AGRICULTURE AS AN ELEMENT OF SOIL PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION

The materials of the article are based on the study of the positive impact of organic farming on the reproduction and preservation of soils. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach and a dialectical method of understanding the organic principles of land use in agricultural production, taking into account retrospective analysis, monographic method, methods of synthesis and analysis. The essence of the system of organic farming from the point of view of ensuring balanced land use is revealed. It is shown the dynamics of land distribution by areas in Ukraine for 2018-2022, characterizing by an extremely high rate of agricultural development, which significantly exceeds the ecologically justified limits, as well as the distribution of soil areas of Ukraine by humus content. Organic fertilizers, plant residues, by-products, green manure, etc. remain the most important resource for soil humus reproduction, the application of which has a positive effect on the agrochemical, physical and water-air properties of soils. The structure of mineral and organic fertilizers application in 1994-2022 is given. The main problems of agricultural land use are highlighted. Under modern conditions of agricultural production and existing land use systems, it is impossible to achieve even a simple reproduction of soil fertility without a significant improvement of mechanisms for controlling their use by the state, as well as the introduction of more effective, mostly economic, mechanisms to support soil protection measures. International experience shows that new information technologies, in addition to traditional research methods, will provide effective control of land use and soil protection at different spatial levels, from the state to a specific field. The mechanism of preservation and reproduction of soil fertility in the system of organic farming is proposed for use by agricultural commodity producers. It includes a set of measures aimed at restoring stocks of organic substances and improving agro physical properties of soil. The state support in solving problematic issues is also important.It is recommended to supplement the developed mechanism with such components as legal, scientific and technical, economic, financial, scientific and educational supports.

Assessment of soil properties in technogenically disturbed lands of Kemerovo Oblast – Kuzbass

Recultivation is a critical operation after mining operations. In Kemerovo Oblast – Kuzbass, Russia, a lot of land has suffered degradation due to stripping operations. The purpose of the study is to examine the technical, technological, and biological properties of lands technogenically disturbed as part of coal mining operations in Kuzbass. The object under study is soil and soil cover in the Talda coal mine at the experimental site and adjacent territories. The research goal is achieved through the following methods. The granulometric composition of soil is assessed using the areometric method. The structural-aggregate analysis is performed based on the distribution of aggregate content by size with a set of soil sieves. Water stability is established using the method of disintegration of soil aggregates under a layer of water up to 2 cm high for 10 minutes. The ecological condition of the soil is assessed based on its enzyme and biological activity. The conducted investigation reveals increased stoniness, hygroscopicity, and low humus content of soils on technogenically disturbed land plots. Technogenically disturbed lands are marked by more acidic and heavy metal-contaminated soils. No exceedances are detected for pesticides and radionuclides. The results demonstrate weak enzymatic (cellulolytic, catalase, dehydrogenase, urease, phosphatase, invertase, and soil respiration) and catalytic activity of the soils. All obtained results of assessment of soil conditions on the experimental site and adjacent territories should be used in planning further experimental work on conducting the biological recultivation phase to minimize random experimental errors associated with the influence of native vegetation cover and primary soil conditions on the survival of crops sown on the site.

Changes in the Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Properties of Soils after Fires in Pine and Birch Forests of Central Regions of the Zabaikal Krai

The microbiological and some physico-chemical properties of illuvial-ferruginous soddy-podburs (Entic Rustic Podzols) soils in Scots pine forests and gray-humic typical light loamy soils (Umbrisols) in secondary birch forests of the central regions of the Zabaikal krai have been studied. Fires in soddy-podburs pine forests resulted in decrease in the total exchangeable basis, total nitrogen, mobile forms of potassium and phosphorus, and in increase in the proportion of C : N; while in birch forests, on the contrary, an increase of the mentioned indicators and a narrowing of the C : N proportion in the gray-humic typical soils were observed. The content of humus in the upper soil horizon decreases only in recently burned Scots pine forests after a high-severity fire, while in other sites it increases. A decrease in the soil acidity was observed at all burned sites. High-severity fires lead to a significant decrease in the content of microbial biomass and the intensity of basal respiration, as well as to a change in the structure of ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms in the soils up to a depth of 10 cm of the mineral horizon, while low-severity fires mainly affect the duff. The qCO2 coefficient increased 2–5 times after fires in the duff and 1.5–2 times in the humus horizon only after high-severity fires. In recently burned Scots pine forests, the storage of microbial biomass and microbial production of carbon dioxide significantly decreased up to a depth of 10 cm of the mineral soil layer. In the steppe site formed after the impact of fires in the pine forest, and in the birch forest after a high-severity fire, in the humus horizon the carbon storage of microbial biomass decreased by 15–20%, and the microbial production of CO2 increased by 10–20%, predetermining the predominance of mineralization processes. The considered post-fire transformation of the structural and functional parameters of soil microbiocenosis, as well as a 20–40% decrease in the total carbon storage of microbial biomass in the soils of all sites demonstrate a long recovery period of soils after fires in light coniferous and deciduous forests of the central regions of the Zabaikal krai.

PLANT COMPOSITION AND SOIL PROPERTIES DURING POSTAGROGENIC EVOLUTION IN THE CIS-BAIKAL FOREST-STEPPE ZONE

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine the features of the restoration of plant communities and some properties of gray forest soils, including the humus state, during their post-agrogenic transformation in the conditions of the Cis-Baikal forest-steppe zone.
 Materials and methods. The study was carried out using the post-agrogenic chronosequences, including arable land, abandoned soils of different ages, and natural cenoses (meadow and forest). Traditional methods of phytocenology were applied to study the plant composition. Mixed soil samples from three trenches were collected from the former arable layer of 0–20 cm. The content of organic carbon (Corg), total nitrogen (N), and the C/N ratio, the pH(H2O) and pH(KCL) values, as well as soil density and the reserves of Corg were determined. The statistical processing of data was performed using One Way ANOVA (Sigma Plot from Windows Version 14.0).
 Results. It was shown that plant vegetation being typical for the Baikal forest-steppe zone was recovering after the cessation of plowing. At the same time, the several ruderal species were preserved in the plant composition during a long period. This specific phenomenon could be the cause for inhibition of terminal phytocenoses formation. Along with the change in the vegetation, a significant increase in the organic carbon content was revealed in the soils of chronosequences. At the later stages of post-agrogenic succession the carbon reserves in soil were 1.5 times higher than those in arable soil. The humus content in the soils increased with age of the abandoned lands, but no cardinal changes in its qualitative composition were observed. The data indicated the stable functioning of the system of humus substances in the gray forest soils of the Baikal forest-steppe zone during their post-agrogenic evolution.
 Conclusion. The results can be used for the forecast of post-agrogenic soil changes under various scenarios of land use in conditions of the Baikal region.

Weeds as Bioindicators of Ecological Conditions in Organic Carrot and Onion Crop

Summary The obtained results indicate the possibility of weed control in organic intercropping production systems of carrots and onions with the application of corn gluten, together with the ecological assessment of habitat based on bioindicator values of weed species. A total of 29 weed taxons are present in the intercoped and pure crops of carrots and onions, grown without (CO) and with the application of corn gluten (CO-G). Although floristically uniformed, 24 taxons (CO) and 23 taxons (CO-G), the total weediness on the CO-G variants was 24% higher. The highest value of fresh weed biomass was recorded on the treatment of pure onion crop with gluten application (2844.85 g/m2), while the lowest value was recorded on the treatment of intercropped carrot and onion (1004.99 g/m2). Ecological assessment of habitat, based on indicator values and abundance of weed species, indicates favorable climatic conditions with favorable temperature (Tx̄ - 4) and light (Lx̄ - 4) regime, which refers to temperate continental climate conditions (Kx̄ - 2,7). Soil indicators indicate slightly drier conditions (Fx̄ – 2,6), slightly acidic to neutral pH (Rx̄ – 3,3), rich in nutrients (Nx̄ – 4), with moderate humus content (Hx̄ – 3), moderate aeration (Dx̄ – 2,8) and locally salted (s) with the participation of salinity indicators in the amount of 54% (CO) and 40% (CO-G). The presence of heavy metals tolerance (m) indicators in the amount of 46% (CO-G) and 41% (CO) should not be neglected, which imposes the need for additional analysis of soil for heavy metal content. Based on the analysis of obtained indicator values, it can be concluded that these ecological conditions correspond to the development of carrots and onions and that the lowest values of fresh weed biomass were recorded on the treatment of intercropping of carrots and onions, without application of corn gluten.

Improving the quality of processing the soil environment by determining the rational structural and technological parameters for the rolling working bodies

The object of this study is the process of soil compaction with ring-spur and ring-tooth rollers. Based on the zonal optimization of the agrophysical parameters of the arable horizon, the influence of the rolling working bodies on the soil environment in terms of creating a uniform set layer density during pre-sowing tillage was investigated. It was established that soil density should be evaluated in a zonal section together with its aggregate composition, humus content, moisture, etc. Smooth-water-filled, ring-tooth, and ring-spur rollers were studied. The use of a smooth water-filled roller in previous studies contributed to the high unevenness of the compaction of the upper and lower layers of the arable horizon, which indicated the impracticality of further experiments. The research of ring-tooth and ring-spur rollers was carried out by the method of a multifactorial experiment under defined soil and climatic conditions (soil type, sod-podzolic; layer-by-layer soil moisture, 26...28 %; layer-by-layer soil density, 0.96...1.25 g/cm3). Regression models were built of the influence of the specific load, the frequency of passes, and the working speed of the unit on the density of the soil in layers: 0–5; 5–10; 10–15; 15–20; 20–25; 25–30 cm. To assess the heterogeneity of soil density in layers 0–5 and 5–10 cm, a data array was constructed. It was established that the ring-spur roller, even at a speed of up to 6 km/h, is not a tool suitable for regulating the equilibrium density of the seed layer. The best for pre-sowing soil cultivation is a ring-tooth roller (specific soil load, 350 kg/m; unit speed up to 6 km/h). The derived regression equations make it possible to select such a specific load on the ring-tooth roller that could provide a rational value of the layer density of the soil. This is economically and environmentally expedient.

Changes in crop rotation productivity and stability of agrocenoses with prolonged use of fertilizers

The article considers the results of many years of field experiment (1968-2018) conducted in the Central part of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia (Vladimir region). The research was carried out during eleven rotations of the four-field grain crop rotation. The study shows the effect of use of organic and mineral fertilizers applied in various doses and combinations on crop rotation yield, fertility of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil. It was found that the organomineral fertilizer system (manure 10 t/ha + N50P25K60) provided stable crop rotation productivity (on average for eleven rotations) at the level of 39.9 c. e./ha, or 79.7 % higher than the control without fertilizers. The mineral fertilizer system at medium doses of fertilizers (N50P25K60) was at the level of the organomineral system. The organic system was inferior in efficiency to the mineral system, both at medium doses (manure 10 t/ha) and at elevated doses (manure 20 t/ha). At the same time, the long-term use of organic fertilizers provided an increase in the humus content, depending on the dose of litter manure, by 16-36 % compared to the initial values. The use of organic fertilizers led to the stabilization of the content of available forms of potassium in the soil at an average and elevated level, respectively. Stabilization of the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil at the level of average supply was noted in mineral, organomineral and organic fertilizer systems, respectively, with low and medium doses. When using increased doses of fertilizers, there is a further increase in the content of nutrients in the soil. Growing crops in crop rotation without the use of organic and mineral fertilizers gradually led to a decrease in yield. The use of fertilizers provided greater stability of crop yields over the years of the study compared to the variant without fertilizers. The soil in the variants with organic (manure 20 t/ha) and organomineral (manure 10 t/ha + N50P25K60) fertilizer systems was characterized by high values of the main physiological groups of microorganisms. The ratio of the number of amylolytic and proteolytic microorganisms was 1.1-1.2, that indicated a balance in the processes of mineralization of organic matter in the soil and its humification.

Soil distribution and soil properties in the subalpine region of Kazbegi, Greater Caucasus, Georgia: Physicochemical properties, distribution and genesis

Due to their characteristic properties, mountain soils require adequate management if used for cropping or grazing, even if climatic conditions are favorable. This study provides a summary of a three-year field campaign that evaluated mountain soils in in northern Georgia for sustainable agricultural use. Soils in the Kazbegi study area, located on the northern slope of the Great Caucasian Ridge, were mapped in 2014 and 2015. The soils developed mainly on sediment fans and on glacial and fluvial sediments. They were characterized by a low to moderate yield potential, with high-yield soils found on volcanic plateaus. Despite the high diversity of terrestrial and semi-terrestrial soils, common to all of them was a high humus content. In the river valleys, Fluvisols (or at least soils with fluvic-properties) were widespread and in the valley depressions fens, e.g., Histosols, occurred as well. On volcanic substrates, medium to very deep Cambisols or Umbrisols were found, with moderate to good agricultural yield potentials. However, P-sorption, mainly on amorphous Al- and Fe-oxides, could lead to an increased need for fertilization. Cambisols were present on moraine, and primarily Regosols and Cambisols on the clay and silt-rich sedimentary rocks of the Jurassic, including a widely distributed coarse fraction. The cambic horizon was not visually apparent but was clearly detectable analytically. Depending on the slope inclination and exposure, even Leptosols occurred on the slopes and peaks of sedimentary or volcanic rocks. Based on these results, a synthetic soil map merging geological and geodetic data as well as data from field mapping was created to provide an instrument for land use management.

The Soils of Natural (In Situ) Coenopopulations of Taraxacum kok-saghyz L.E. Rodin in Kazakhstan

This article studies the morphological and physicochemical properties of soils in the natural habitat of dandelion kok-saghyz (Taraxacum kok-saghyz L.E. Rodin) (TKS)—a source of high-quality rubber. The purpose of the work is to study the natural soil habitat of dandelion TKS in comparison with the nearby area where TKS is absent. The methods of soil research are comparative, geographical, morphological, and analytical. Soil sections were laid down and georeferenced, and relief, vegetation, and morphological structures of soil profiles by genetic horizons were described. A database of the physical and chemical properties of soils by horizon was created. Landscapes and soil conditions of in situ populations have been studied in the Kegen District of the Almaty region in the territory of the Kegen River floodplain, in the areas of the Jalauly and Kegen villages, and in the zone of groundwater inclination north of Saryzhas village. The natural soil habitat of TKS was studied. It was found that TKS grows in conditions of moisture floodplains of intermountain valleys on saline floodplain meadowy soils of a sulfate–sodium composition with a high content of total humus and nutrient elements in an alkaline environment.

The influence of various tillage technologies on soil fertility, weed infestation and crop productivity in crop rotation

As a result of research for the third rotation of crop rotation (2008-2015), conducted on the basis of the ISA - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FNAC VIM in the conditions of the Ryazan region, the influence of various tillage technologies on the fertility of podzolized chernozem, weediness of crops and productivity of crop rotation crops was established. The smallest number of weeds was observed in the variants with combined treatments - up to 11.2-12.9 pcs/m? against the background of the use of herbicides and 21.3-19.6 pcs/m? against the unprotected background, which is lower compared to the control by 19.4-7.2 % in variants with protection and by 28.3-34.0 % in variants without protection. Also in these variants, a decrease in the wet weight of weeds was observed - by 13.5-15.2 % against the background with herbicides, respectively, while against the background without protection, an increase in wet weight was observed by 21.6-11.8 %, respectively. With flat-cut tillage, an increase in weed infestation to 16.2 pcs/m? with herbicides and 37.9 pcs/m? on an untreated background, as well as a wet weight of weeds up to 110.4-108.2 g/m?, respectively, was noted. The maximum amount of digestible forms of nitrate nitrogen is observed when using deep combined treatments up to 7.5-8.1 mg/kg of soil. The greatest increase in the content of humus in the soil layer of 0-30 cm was noted according to the results of the use of 2-tier tillage – up to 3.99 %, which exceeds the initial value by 0.38 %. The highest yield was obtained when using different-depth treatments – 5.19 t/ha without protection and 5.45-5.52 t/ha with the use of herbicides. The maximum productivity of grain crops was also obtained in variants with combined treatments and amounts to 5.93 thousand feed units/ha against the background without protection, and 6.50 thousand feed units/ha against the background of chemicalization.

Variation and dynamics of soil properties of ordinary chernozem in the Saratov region

Based on data from an agrochemical survey using GIS technologies at test site No. 2 in 2009-2016 within the framework of the general scheme of soil-ecological monitoring of the Saratov region, an assessment was made of the dynamics and spatial variation of soil properties of ordinary chernozem, depending on the steepness and exposure of the slope. Soil and agrochemical characteristics in conditions of a pronounced relief demonstrate a certain dependence on the location and are very variable over time. Soil sampling on an area of more than 2000 hectares using navigation equipment made it possible to obtain agrochemical cartograms in GIS and analyze them using zonal statistics, taking into account a digital elevation model. The spatial variability of soil properties is often lower in leveled areas or short transition sections of the slope, while the maximum variability is noted on steeper slopes. The highest values of indicators are typical for flat watershed surfaces, which are the most fertile, however, the closest relationship between humus and other agrochemical indicators was noted just on steeper slopes. The variability of fertility indicators on differently directed slopes was within 28–36 % for P2O5, 20 % for K2O, and 4–6 % for pH. The greatest differences in the variability of the polar slopes along the survey tours are noted for the content of humus in the soil. In 2009, the coefficient of variation was 19 and 30 %, and in 2016, 11 and 24 % on the slope of the northern and southern exposure, respectively. A retrospective analysis showed that the highest rates of decline were noted for the content of humus in the soil and the reaction of the environment on gently sloping slopes (by 2 and 1.5 times, respectively) relative to the average change in the massif. For mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, the maximum decrease was noted on gentle slopes.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ БИОМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПРИ ВНЕСЕНИИ КУРИНОГО ПОМЕТА

In this work, the analysis of bushiness, stem height and other biometric indicators of winter wheat was carried out. The research was carried out in the fields of the Pestrechinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan by Ak Bars Pestretsy LLC. The soils of the studied areas are classified as light gray forest, with humus content - 3.0%, acidity - 8.0, phosphorus - 295.0 mg/kg, potassium - 70.0 mg/kg. Three plots were taken for the experiments: control - experimental plot (without the introduction of chicken manure and Mephosphon preparation), experimental 1 (rotted chicken manure was introduced), experimental 2 (chicken manure treated with Mephosphon was introduced). The aim of the research is to study the effect of chicken manure on crop yields. The experiments were carried out when sowing winter wheat of the “Skipetr-E” variety in the period from 04/19/2021 to 06/01/2021. Wheat bushiness in the soil, with the introduction of rotted chicken manure, increased by 36.84%, the weight of the raw stem by 15.9 %, dry stem weight by 22.2%, raw root weight by 138%, and dry root weight decreased by 14.3-3% compared to the control (soil without chicken manure). The bushiness of wheat in the soil, with the introduction of chicken manure treated with Mephosphon, increased by 73.68%, the weight of the raw stem by 43.74%, the weight of the dry stem by 77.7%, the weight of the raw root by 200%, and the weight of the dry root 157 % increased compared to control. Thus, the use of chicken manure treated with Mephosphone improves soil fertility due to the nutrient cycle caused by changes in the dynamics of soil microbes.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ЯРОВОЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ СОРТА ТУЛАЙКОВСКАЯ НАДЕЖДА НА СЕРОЙ ЛЕСНОЙ ПОЧВЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article summarizes the results of two years of experiments to study the effect of the Tulaikovskaya Nadezhda variety on the productivity of spring wheat and calculates the doses of mineral fertilizers for 3 and 4 tons of grain per 1 hectare at different densities of plant stems by changing seeding. rates from 4 to 7 million. germination of grains per hectare. The studies were carried out in 2021 and 2022 in the area of crop rotation of pure fallow, winter rye, spring wheat on the experimental fields of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Land Management of the Kazan State Agrarian University, where the soil cover represents the following agrochemical data: humus content (according to Tyurin) › 3.0%, P2O5 › 250 mg/kg and exchangeable potassium › 145 mg/kg (according to Kirsanov’s extract), pH of the saline solution – 5.9. Agricultural technology for cultivating spring wheat in experiments is generally accepted in the republic, with the exception of the studied options. Meteorological conditions during the growing season of the study object in 2021 were characterized as extremely unfavorable for growth and development. The temperature and water conditions of the soil and air were extremely unfavorable. JCC (May-June 0.19-0.25). In 2022, research was carried out under conditions of sufficient humidity and temperature conditions. State Customs Committee (May-June – 1.37). Under the conditions of both 2021 and 2022, the yield of spring wheat fluctuated over a wide range depending on the nutritional background and seeding rates. On a non-winding background, according to seeding rates in 2021, from 0.87 to 0.97 t/ha, on fertilized backgrounds - 1.08-1.60 and 1.0-1.5 t/ha. In 2022 - 2.35-3.08, 4.20-4.81 and 4.70-5.22 tons per hectare, respectively. On average, the application of fertilizers with a planned grain yield of 3 t/ha gave an average increase of 1.12 t, with 4 t – 1.3 t of grain/ha. The optimal seeding rate for all fodder backgrounds turned out to be 5 million germinating grains per 1 ha. The yield under control is 2.09 tons, against background II – 3.21 and background III – 3.37 tons of grain per hectare.

Fertilizer nitrogen use by cereal crops in arid conditions of Buryatia

The results of research in a long-term (1982–2021) stationary experiment to determine the coefficients of nitrogen use of mineral fertilizers by the crops of grain and fallow crop rotation in the conditions of the dry-steppe zone of Buryatia are presented. Chestnut loamy sand soil on the studied variants was characterized by very low content of humus, total nitrogen and nitrates before sowing of the crops. During the research period, the prevalence of dry years was noted. Nitrogen use coefficients of mineral fertilizers in the conditions of the dry-steppe zone of Buryatia on average for 39 years of research were 69% for wheat, 54% for oats and 90% for oats for grain haylage. The variation of the coefficients was significantly influenced by summer moistening conditions. They were 32% under extreme and severe drought, 57% under moderate and weak drought, and increased significantly (up to 124%) under favorable moisture conditions. The utilization of nitrogen of solid mineral fertilizers was maximum in the third crop (oats for grain haylage) and more responsive to the atmospheric moistening. The smallest consumption coefficients and the range of its changes were observed in oats for grain. The first crop of the rotation (fallow wheat) occupied an intermediate position in this assessment. The data on the influence of soil moisture and hydrothermal conditions of separate critical periods of vegetation on the variation of the coefficient of mineral fertilizer nitrogen utilization (N40) by wheat, oats, and oats for grain haylage were obtained. The correlation analysis showed that the most critical period for nitrogen consumption in wheat is June (r = 0.61), in oats – July (r = 0.51) and July–August for oats for grain haylage (r = 0.50–0.52). Multiple linear models of dependence of N fertilizer use coefficients on productive moisture content and hydrothermal conditions were made.

Efficiency of using mineral fertilizers and herbicides on winter wheat crops

Relevance. On winter wheat crops, the use of mineral fertilizers and herbicides is an urgent task of agricultural production. In 2019–2021, experiments were laid in the rain–fed conditions of the steppe zone of the Mozdoksky district of the Republic of North Ossetia — Alania. The purpose of the research is to study the effectiveness of the use of mineral fertilizers and herbicides on winter wheat crops.Methods. Field experiments were laid in the steppe zone in the NGO «Oktyabrsky», in the fields of the SCNIIGPSH VNC RAS. In 2019–2021, where the climate is continental, summers are hot, dry, and winters are snowless, with frequent thaws. There is 455 mm of precipitation per year. Chestnut-carbonate soils predominate in the steppe zone of Mozdoksky district. The humus content is 2–4%. The object of research is high–yielding varieties of winter wheat Alekseich, Yumpa.Results. The use of the herbicide Gran Star (25 g/ha) ensured the death of weeds by 72.5–82.7%, when applying the herbicide Dialen Super (0.7 l/ha), the death of weeds was 60%, when applying mineral fertilizers N90P90K90 — 62.7%. The studied herbicides contributed to a decrease in the dry mass of weed vegetation (by 55.5–86.6%), an increase in the yield of the winter wheat variety Alekseich (by 4.4 t/ha), an increase of 2.4 t/ha when applying the herbicide Gran Star (25 g/ha) against the background with the introduction of mineral N60P60K60, with an increase of N90P90K90, the increase was 2.9 t/ha with a yield of 4.8 t/ha.

Ecological characterisation of the mycotoxin Alternariol in the green mass of spring wheat and white mustard under the conditions of the Moscow region

The article presents the results of the study of the influence of agro-ecological factors on the content of mycotoxins in the green mass of white mustard (Sinapis alba) and the spring wheat variety Lyubava (Triticum aestivum L.). The study was conducted at the experimental field «Yuzhnoe» of the Ecological Station of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy using chemical and microbiological methods. Agro-ecological factors were evaluated by the following parameters: humus content, soil acidity, phosphorus, potassium and lead content. The immunoenzyme method was used to determine the content of mycotoxins in the vegetative mass of white mustard and spring wheat (according to development stages). As a result, the highest levels of mycotoxin contamination were found in the mid-ripe stage of the crops, exceeding the average level of contamination by 8‑11 times in wheat and 4‑5 times in white mustard. The highest inverse correlation was found between the Alternariol content in the studied crops and the soil temperature of the upper layer of the humus horizon of 0‑5 cm. This fact justifies a more detailed study of the effect of this environmental factor.

CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN THE UDMURT REPUBLIC

Minimisation of soil tillage is one of the defining trends in the development of agriculture. It allows for a significant reduction in agrotechnical operations in crop cultivation, thereby reducing the technological load on soils, energy, and labour inputs in production and increasing soil resistance to erosion processes. Minimum tillage effectively promotes the restoration of potential and adequate soil fertility and aligns with the principles of adaptive landscape agriculture. Despite numerous positive aspects of minimum tillage, its implementation in production is restrained by certain drawbacks: worsening of crop phytosanitary conditions, increased plough layer density, differentiation of the plough layer by agrochemical and agrophysical indicators, and more. To assess the possibility of implementing minimum tillage in the soil and climatic conditions of the Udmurt Republic, long-term field experiments have been conducted at the Udmurt Research Institute of Agriculture since 1980. Both positive and negative aspects of three types of primary soil tillage have been identified. Moldboard ploughing, throughout the observation period, compared to other types of tillage, provided the highest crop yield (by 0.15 0.50 t per hectare or 5.6 17.5%) and energy efficiency coefficient (by 1.9 16.7%). No-till soil treatment proved to be the most environmentally friendly, increasing the organic matter content in the 0-10 cm layer by 8.1 11.5%. However, it led to a strong differentiation of the plough layer into two sub-layers: 0-10 and 10-20 cm. The lower sub-layer was characterised by higher density and lower content of mineral nutrients and humus. In most cases, combined tillage showed intermediate results. Further scientific research is needed to develop agrotechnologies with more significant minimisation of soil tillage.

The Microbiomes of Various Types of Abandoned Fallow Soils of South Taiga (Novgorod Region, Russian North-West)

More than 30 years have passed after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and huge areas of soil were left in a fallow state. The study of the microbiological status of fallow soils is an extremely urgent task because fallow soils represent the “hidden” food basket of Eurasia. In this context, we studied the influence of land use type (pasture, vegetable garden, hayfield, or secondary afforestation) on key agrochemical parameters and parameters of soil microbial biodiversity. All anthropogenically transformed soils included in the analysis showed increased humus content and pH shift to a more neutral side compared to the mature soil; the same seemed to be the case for all nutrient elements. It was established that the key factor regulating soil microbiome composition shift was the duration and degree of irreversibility of an agrogenic impact. The key phyla of soil microorganisms were Pseudomonadota, Acidobacteriota, Verrucomicrobiota, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteriota. The proportion of other phyla was quite variative in soils of different land use. At the same time, all the 30-year-old abandoned soils were more similar to each other than to mature reference soil and 130-year-old soils of monoculture vegetable gardens. Thus, the first factor, regulating soil microbiome composition, is a continuation of soil agrogenic transformation. The second factor is the type of land use if the soil age was equal for fallow territory in the case of one initial podzol soil and one type of landscape. Thus, 30-year-old abandoned soils are intermediate in terms of microbial biodiversity between pristine natural podzols and plaggic podzol. It could be suggested that in the case of secondary involvement of soils in agriculture, the composition of the microbiome may turn to mature soil or to plaggic soil under intensive amelioration.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE ELEMENTS IN POTATO PRODUCTION IN THE WESTERN SIBERIAN FOREST-STEPPE

Theresultsofcomprehensiveresearchconductedin 2020-2022 usinggeoinformationtechnologies in potato cultivation at ZAO Plemzavod "Irmens" in the Ordynsky District of the Novosibirsk Region, located in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, are presented. Potatoes require specific environmental factors to achieve high yields with good product quality. Using satellite navigation systems ensures an increase in potato yield and product quality. The research aims to develop elements of potato cultivation technology using innovative satellite navigation systems. The experiments were conducted in the soil and climate zone of drained forest-steppe in the northern forest-steppe area of the Priobye foothills. The soil of the experimental plots is alkaline black soil with a humus content of 6.32%, total nitrogen content of 0.28%, phosphorus content of 0.23%, and potassium content of 1.19%. The concentration of quickly hydrolysable nitrogen was 10.3, exchangeable phosphorus was 20.7, and exchangeable potassium was 14.4 mg/100 g of soil, with a pH of Early potato varieties Gala and Riviera were cultivated in the experiments. During the research period, aggregated data were obtained, and regression equations between yield indicators, the sum of productive soil moisture reserves, and precipitation in interphase periods of potato varieties were calculated. Correlation coefficients were determined for specific interphase periods. The dependence of potato yield on precipitation indicators in interphase periods was established. The significance of precision agriculture elements in ensuring early potato varieties' high product and quality was noted.

Inheritance of productivity elements in hybrid populations of lentils in the conditions of Omsk region

The paper presents the results of studying the heritability coefficients of key productivity elements (number of pods per plant, number and mass of seeds per plant) in second-generation hybrid populations of lentils. The authors conducted the study from 2020 to 2022 on an experimental plot at the educational and experimental farm of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Omsk SAU in the southern foreststeppe of the Omsk Region. The hydrotechnical coefficient values indicated arid conditions in 2020 (HTC = 0.62) and 2021 (HTC = 0.68) and slightly dry conditions in 2022 (HTC = 1.02). The soil of the experimental plot is meadow-chernozem, moderately thick (45 cm), with low humus content (3.95% humus), and rather clayey (35% physical clay) with a soil solution reaction close to neutral (pH – 6.5). The predecessor crop was spring soft wheat. Four collection samples of lentils with a set of economically valuable traits of different eco-geographical origins were studied: k-2888 (Moldova), k-2849 (Russia, Altai Krai), Rauza (Russia, Oryol Region), Vekhovskaya (Russia, Saratov Region), and four hybrids F2 obtained as a result of hybridisation: k-2888 x Rauza, k-2888 x Vekhovskaya, k-2849 x Rauza, k-2849 x Vekhovskaya. The analysis of the received data showed that the number of pods and seeds per plant is characterised by high heritability (H2 = 54.8% and H2 = 56.1%, respectively). In comparison, the seed mass per plant has low heritability (H2 = 21.7%). It means that genetic indicators determine the phenotypic variability of the number of pods and seeds per plant. In contrast, environmental conditions influence the seed mass per plant during the growing season. Promising in practical lentil breeding for increasing productivity, considering three leading indicators, are the hybrid combinations k-2888 x Rauza and k-2888 x Vekhovskaya.