Humanitarian Efforts Research Articles

The Risk That Travels with You: Links Between Forced Displacement, Conflict and Intimate Partner Violence in Colombia and Liberia

Displacement and conflict substantially heighten the risk of gender-based violence including intimate partner violence (IPV), experienced by women and girls. This study aims to examine the links between conflict, forced displacement and IPV using nationally representative survey data measuring IPV combined with data on conflict-related violence from two different conflict-affected settings: Colombia and Liberia. We find that forced displacement is strongly associated with increased lifetime and past year IPV. Displaced women and girls in Colombia and Liberia have a 36 and 55 per cent, respectively greater risk of experiencing past year IPV and 39 and 49 per cent greater risk of experiencing lifetime IPV in each country respectively, compared to their non-displaced counterparts. Both conflict and displacement are independently and significantly associated with past year IPV. Taking conflict intensity into account increases the associated IPV risk to 40 and 60 per cent in Colombia and Liberia respectively. Recognising the increased prevalence of IPV for displaced women is vital to providing effective assistance. Humanitarian, state and peace-building efforts, should encompass the provision of a range of assistance services to help displaced and conflict-affected women heal from the impacts of the violence.

Redefining the neutral intermediary role: Balancing theoretical ideas with practical realities through the ICRC's experience in Yemen

Abstract Neutrality, a foundational principle in humanitarian efforts and peace mediation, encounters significant practical challenges in the modern landscape of armed conflicts, particularly in the intermediary role of humanitarian organizations. This study examines the role of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) as a neutral intermediary in Yemen, focusing on the release and repatriation of detainees during the 2016–20 peace efforts. Drawing on the ICRC's experience, the analysis highlights the evolving understanding of neutrality from a rigid concept to a more flexible, context-sensitive approach. The findings emphasize the importance of neutrality in fostering trust and facilitating dialogue while acknowledging the operational complexities and strategic considerations involved. This study provides insights into enhancing the contributions of neutral intermediaries to sustainable peace processes.

Dr. Mohammad Walid Sankari: A Syrian Medical Pioneer

Dr. Mohammad Walid Sankari was a leading figure in Syrian medicine, particularly known for his contributions to pulmonary care and the fight against tuberculosis. His career was marked by significant advancements in public health, including the establishment of vital TB control programs in Syria. As a professor at the University of Aleppo’s medical school, Dr. Sankari educated and mentored generations of physicians, shaping the future of healthcare in the region. His humanitarian efforts were equally impactful, especially through his leadership in the Syrian Arab Red Crescent (SARC), where he played a crucial role in providing medical care and aid during times of crisis. Dr. Sankari’s legacy is defined by his dedication to improving healthcare, his role as an educator, and his compassionate approach to medicine, which continues to influence the medical community in Syria and beyond.

The Unique Perspective of an Expert Humanitarian Nurse: A Case Study.

Nurses perform a key role in national and international humanitarian efforts. This case study of a highly experienced Registered Nurse who has engaged in international humanitarian projects for more than 30 years provides unique insight into the way nurses care for underserved populations. This nurse constructed knowledge and derived meaning from her practice by utilizing Carper's Patterns of Knowing. Many previous studies have proposed that Aesthetic Knowing is the dominant form of knowledge most nurses use to synthesize their understanding. However, in her personal account, this nurse identified Ethical Knowing as the overarching framework she used to construct all her other forms of knowledge and to derive meaning from her experiences. Findings from this case study identify significant themes related to the role of nurses in humanitarian work, and provide new insight into prevailing Western theoretical frameworks and how nurses can address health disparities among marginalized populations.

Legal mechanism for securing humanitarian assistance by Ukrainian defense forces during the initial phase of the full-scale Russian invasion

Purpose This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the legal status and mechanisms involved in the receipt and registration of humanitarian aid by Ukrainian defense forces. The study aims to highlight the importance of proper control and accountability by military unit commanders, addressing the challenges and responsibilities associated with the management of humanitarian aid during the initial phase of the full-scale Russian invasion. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach, analyzing legal documents, organizational procedures and case studies related to the receipt and registration of humanitarian aid by Ukrainian defense forces. The research involves examining the actions of military unit commanders, identifying gaps in existing legislation and proposing improvements based on observed challenges and best practices. Findings The study finds that the legal status and proper accounting of military property received as humanitarian aid are critical for ensuring its effective use. It identifies significant challenges in the organizational and legal mechanisms, including issues of non-receipt and non-registration of aid. The findings emphasize the need for improved legislation, better control measures and increased accountability of military unit commanders to enhance the efficiency and transparency of humanitarian aid management during conflict situations. Research limitations/implications The research is primarily limited by the availability and reliability of data due to the ongoing conflict, which may affect the comprehensiveness of the analysis. Additionally, the dynamic nature of the legal and organizational environment during wartime poses challenges in maintaining updated information. Future studies could benefit from longitudinal data and comparative analysis with other conflict zones to enhance the robustness and applicability of findings. Practical implications This study provides actionable recommendations for improving the legal framework and organizational processes related to humanitarian aid in military contexts. It offers guidance for military unit commanders on best practices for receiving, accounting and preserving aid. The findings aim to inform policymakers and military officials to ensure more effective and transparent management of humanitarian resources, ultimately enhancing the operational capabilities of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. Social implications By addressing the legal and organizational challenges in managing humanitarian aid, this research contributes to the overall welfare of military personnel and affected civilians. Ensuring the effective use of humanitarian aid can improve the living conditions and morale of soldiers and support communities impacted by the conflict. The study also highlights the importance of accountability and transparency, fostering trust among international donors and encouraging continued support for humanitarian efforts in Ukraine. Originality/value This study provides a novel and comprehensive examination of the legal mechanisms and organizational practices involved in the receipt and registration of humanitarian aid by the Ukrainian defense forces during the initial phase of the Russian invasion. By focusing on the unique challenges faced in this conflict, the research offers original insights into the legal status of military property received as aid and the accountability of military commanders. The findings contribute valuable recommendations for policy and practice, aiming to enhance the effectiveness and transparency of humanitarian aid management in conflict situations.

Blockchain-Driven Food Supply Chains: A Systematic Review for Unexplored Opportunities

This systematic review critically examines the diverse applications of Blockchain technology in the food supply chain and identifies areas where its potential remains underutilized. By analysing 60 Blockchain-based frameworks, the study highlights the most frequently employed drivers such as transparency, traceability, and security within food supply chains. Additionally, underexplored applications such as food donation and redistribution, supply chain financing, animal welfare, food waste management, and data analysis are identified, revealing opportunities for further innovation. The research employed NVivo 14 to analyze the extent of Blockchain’s implementation in various food supply chain drivers, and the findings informed the development of a more diverse framework for Blockchain integration. Key insights demonstrate Blockchain’s transformative potential, particularly in enhancing data integrity, trust, and operational efficiency through its immutable ledger and smart contracts, which streamline transactions, cut administrative costs, and reduce fraud. In terms of sustainability and safety, Blockchain improves traceability, accelerates safety responses, promotes environmental sustainability by tracking resource usage, and enhances humanitarian efforts with transparent, efficient resource distribution. Additionally, Blockchain facilitates food waste reduction by optimizing inventory and distribution, while ensuring surplus food reaches those in need. The study concludes by offering a roadmap for future research, pointing toward untapped dimensions of Blockchain’s application in food traceability, sustainable supply chain management, and environmental & social impact. While the review provides a comprehensive understanding of Blockchain’s current usage in food supply chains, the scope is limited by the systematic review process and specific inclusion criteria. This study serves as a foundation for exploring Blockchain’s broader potential in shaping the future of food supply chains.

Towards common ground: Strategies for effective collaboration between the humanitarian and peacebuilding communities

Abstract In an era marked by growing conflicts, prolonged humanitarian needs and less donor funding, collaboration between the humanitarian and peacebuilding sectors is essential for more effective responses. This paper examines the complexities of fostering such collaboration, emphasizing the importance of integrated multisectoral approaches capable of addressing both immediate necessities and long-term peace and development objectives. While recent initiatives such as the humanitarian–development–peace nexus framework and the United Nations Secretary-General's Agenda for Humanity reflect progress toward integrated approaches, substantial collaborative challenges persist. This paper identifies three key entry points for mutual learning between humanitarian and peace actors. Firstly, it discusses a “peace-responsive” approach to humanitarian activities that proactively contributes to “peace-positive” outcomes. Secondly, it emphasizes the need for the peace sector to learn from humanitarian efforts regarding accountability to affected communities. Thirdly, it underscores the need to understand the normative foundations of each sector and their implications for joint action. Drawing on these insights, the paper offers recommendations for policy-makers and practitioners to help them advance joint approaches to humanitarian assistance and peacebuilding in conflict-affected contexts.

Research of Turkish Earthquake Reports Based on Resonance Theory

The purpose of this study is to examine the public's perception of the distant suffering of the alienation phenomenon and its treatment in the era of social media. The study uses resonance theory to investigate that the media affects the public perception of distant suffering and elicits moral reflection and emotional resonance in the context of globalization and technological acceleration. This research explains the fundamental ideas of resonance theory, including how to build the axes of resonance and how to look for harmonious resonance in an accelerating society between people and the community. Through the balancing techniques of social media in catastrophe coverage, the paper investigates the case of the Turkish earthquake to demonstrate the reasons for public perception fatigue and the methods by which individuals can get involved in humanitarian efforts.

Risks of AI Applications Used in Higher Education

As artificial intelligence (AI) tools become more widely used in higher education, we must pay attention to the risks that can emerge. AI projects, whether applied in classroom learning or used for decision-making regarding admissions, financial aid allocation, or hiring, must include attention to governance and compliance issues, regardless of the project’s scope and scale. Concerns highlighted in this work include transparency, user privacy, data confidentiality, data integrity, and system availability, however, we note that this is a non-exhaustive list of risks. In this paper, risk assessment is defined, and two examples of risk management frameworks, namely the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework and the non-profit humanitarian effort ForHumanity’s Independent Audit of AI, Algorithmic, and Autonomous Systems are briefly described. We identify characteristics of AI applications that need to be assessed for vulnerabilities they may present, such as bias and discrimination. This paper aims to facilitate discussion among stakeholders about the risks that may be encountered from using AI in higher education, as well as to suggest ways developers, decision-makers, and users can mitigate these risks. Much discussion and published literature has focused on risk management frameworks designed for large organizations or enterprises or frameworks that do not consider risks specific to AI. We hope that decision-makers carefully consider the risks, perform due diligence when implementing AI applications, and create a plan for mitigating the risks. This research supports e-learning practice because students and faculty are embracing AI applications. Leaders and decision-makers in higher education need to be proactive in protecting their varied stakeholders. The paper asks what risks may be encountered by institutions of higher education when using AI tools and products in the classroom and for various aspects of decision-making and if published frameworks can mitigate these risks.

International Humanitarian Assistance for Health: Türkiye’s Health Diplomacy Practices during the Covid-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 has significantly impacted the health systems of developed countries, leading to a surge in the demand for medical supplies and equipment. This study is dedicated to shedding light on Türkiye's health diplomacy practices and its pivotal role as a facilitator in addressing the escalating global humanitarian and medical aid demand for medical equipment, supplies, medicines, and vaccines due to COVID-19. The study employs the PRISMA systematic analysis method as a data collection protocol to scrutinize Türkiye's international humanitarian and medical assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of health diplomacy practices. The study's findings, which are categorized under four headings: international humanitarian aid based on COVID-19, international medical equipment and supplies, international ventilator aid, and Türkiye's international COVID-19 vaccine aid, reveal that Türkiye has extended a broad spectrum of medical aid and support, including ventilators, vaccines, and medical equipment, to 161 countries across five continents, demonstrating its global reach and impact. Furthermore, as a testament to its “entrepreneurial and humanitarian foreign policy,” Türkiye has underscored regional and international cooperation through its medical and humanitarian endeavors. Türkiye's international humanitarian assistance has gone beyond material aid to encourage dialogue and has been a message of international solidarity for communities. In future research, establishing a connection between Türkiye's regional and international medical assistance and tangible political, social, and economic outcomes will validate the impact and benefits of its humanitarian efforts.

Naming Argentina: The Subject of Torture and the Ethics of Psychoanalysis

Abstract: The concurrent diffusion of Lacanian psychoanalysis in Argentina and the state’s deployment of torture and disappearance during the most recent military dictatorship have led many critics to interpret the turn to Lacan as a cerebral substitute for political protest after the coup d’état. This essay examines how the ruling junta’s specific forms of violence provoked a crisis in the relationship between psychoanalysis and humanism, erupting in the literary field through the figure of the desaparecida . In tension with human rights discourses prevailing in the 1980s, Luisa Valenzuela’s experimental fiction explores the subject’s fragmentation under conditions of state terror and the ethical ambivalence of humanitarian efforts to repair the ego in the wake of torture.

Can Africa–China cooperation influence African green growth to truly alleviate undernourishment? Evidence of the quadruple mediating effect

AbstractClimate change has significantly threatened the global economy and increased the risk of food insecurity. Despite humanitarian efforts, African countries continue to face huge challenges related to global warming and deep undernourishment to reach a sustainable future. In this respect, China and Africa engage in bilateral exchanges to overcome these difficulties. However, exploring sustainable partnerships between China and Africa is a complicated and multifaceted topic, notably in the green economy and treating undernourishment, which needs more pertinence scientific research. Accordingly, this paper aims to explore the combined effect of eco‐innovation, Chinese investment, and trade on green growth while simultaneously addressing the issues of undernourishment in the context of Africa–China cooperation. This study applies the generalized method of moments (GMM) to analyze a sample of 26 African countries over 11 years. This paper finds that eco‐innovations and FDI positively impact green growth, with p‐values below .046. The study reveals that Chinese exports have a detrimental effect on green growth, with p‐values below .033. This paper shows that green growth has a positive impact on undernourishment. This research finds a quadruple mediating effect of green growth between its driving factors and undernourishment. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that China's growing involvement in Africa, mainly through exporting natural resources, is likely to impede the attainment of sustainable development goals. However, countries can still gain from FDI and import sustainable products from China. Lastly, policymakers must consider the importance of the increasing interaction between China and Africa to achieve sustainable growth and reduce undernourishment.

Safeguarding migrant and refugee children: a critical contemporary challenge

This paper investigates the pivotal role of psycho-social support in bolstering the mental and spiritual well-being of migrant and refugee children. It highlights the necessity to shield these vulnerable groups from spiritual abuse within humanitarian efforts. Remarkably, an estimated 117 million people are currently displaced by conflict, violence, war, and natural disasters, and as of 2023, nearly half of them are under the age of 18. The call, therefore, for culturally sensitive, effective interventions is manifestly urgent. Our research underscores, in order to highlight, the significance of professionalizing faith-based and local faith actors to advocate for standards that mitigate the risks of religious exploitation and safeguard the children’s spiritual identity, practices, and beliefs. We highlight the existing gaps in the literature and propose a framework for further research. Our focus is on the effectiveness of the Global Compact on Refugees and the impact of local versus global policies on the protection and well-being of migrant and refugee children. Our analysis extends to humanitarian agencies’ and caregivers’ best practices and prevention strategies. It further emphasizes the importance of safeguarding neutrality at all times and promoting community reintegration. Our findings call for a concerted effort to enhance professionalism among those working with refugees in humanitarian frameworks, prioritizing children’s spiritual, mental, and physical well-being. This study seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the rights of children on the move. It advocates for policies and practices that recognize their vulnerability and potential for resilience.

Probing the humanitarian securitisation approach to great-power wars: from Bush’s ‘war on terror’ to Putin’s invasion of Ukraine

ABSTRACT How do great-power leaders instrumentalise humanitarianism in sustaining the institutional and public mandate demanded by their war agendas? We examine the ‘humanitarian securitisation’ approach adopted by powerful state leaders as the domestic credibility and popularity of their war efforts become increasingly more difficult to guarantee over time. We define humanitarian securitisation as a discursive-hermeneutic process through which powerful initiator states frame the humanitarian crises arising from the terrorism and internal conflicts confronting less powerful target states as existential threats to the former’s own survival to bolster and justify their agendas further. Using Bush’s ‘war on terror’ and Putin’s Ukraine invasion as empirical cases, we argue that the humanitarian securitisation resulting from the artificial insertion of humanitarianism into the securitisation process becomes a double-edged sword that reinforces the legitimising and mobilising powers required by great-power leaders to pursue their narrow self-interests, but at the risk of being entangled into long drawn-out wars that damage genuine humanitarian efforts. In framing these ‘extraterritorial’ humanitarian crises as collective borderless existential threats that all parties affected must decisively defeat, this ad hoc and predatory process of humanitarian securitisation alters the form and substance of contemporary humanitarianism in a way that ultimately exacerbates existing power hierarchies.

“In working with vaccines, you have the impression that you're working with gold, and that it's a protected field”: A qualitative study on childhood vaccination decision-making in crisis-affected settings

BackgroundThe governance of childhood vaccination in crisis-affected populations presents distinctive and intricate challenges and has been criticized for being inadequate. In this study, our aim was to investigate the existing practices related to decision-making on vaccination in crisis-affected settings and develop practical suggestions for enhancing these. MethodsWe followed a qualitative research approach, conducting 31 remote semi-structured interviews with individuals involved in humanitarian vaccination efforts and stakeholders operating at global, regional, and national levels. We used a thematic approach using a mix of inductive and deductive coding to analyse the data while applying the Governance Analytical Framework (GAF). ResultsOur research indicates that decision-making in crisis-affected settings suffers from a lack of structure, documentation, and transparency. Participants highlighted the presence of diverse and conflicting agendas among different stakeholders and the insufficiency of timely, reliable data crucial for effective decision-making. As solutions, participants recommended improved coordination among stakeholders and emphasized the need for meaningful engagement of local actors. ConclusionThe study uncovered a fragmented, disorganised and complex governance landscape of vaccination services in crisis-affected settings spanning multiple levels and involving various actors. To improve this landscape, it is crucial to intensify efforts to ensure fairness, accountability and effectiveness.

Peringati Hari Donor Sedunia PT SIER Mengumpulkan Ratusan Kantong Darah

As blood is an essential part of the human body, the blood supply at the Indonesian Red Cross must be maintained. However, currently the amount of blood supply in the Indonesian Red Cross is decreasing. Seeing this situation, PT Surabaya Industrial Estate Rungkut (SIER) conducted a blood donor service activity to the community. The purpose of this activity is to provide education and socialization of the importance of blood donation, increase the number of blood bags at PMI Gunung Anyar and PMI Surabaya City, humanitarian efforts to help others, and prove community service as a form of social responsibility. The activity was carried out on June 24, 2024 at the SIER Clinic in Gunung Anyar District, Surabaya City, and still followed health protocols. The activity was attended by 101 people. The amount of blood collected was 101 bags. Overall, the event ran smoothly and orderly and it is hoped that the event will be a success.

Book Review on Medani P. Bhandari (2023). Live and Let Others Live – In Reference to Sustainability and Environment Conservation

This autobiographical short book intricately captures the journey of an environmentalist, humanitarian, and knowledge producer, weaving a narrative that is as much about the individual experience as it is about the collective endeavors of countless people worldwide. The protagonist’s journey is a profound personal transformation driven by a deep-seated commitment to environmental stewardship and social justice. This story begins with humble origins, tracing the author’s awakening to the pressing environmental issues and humanitarian crises that plague our world. As the narrative unfolds, readers are introduced to pivotal moments of activism and advocacy, where the protagonist collaborates with like-minded individuals and organisations to champion causes such as sustainable development, conservation, and equitable resource distribution. These efforts are not just portrayed as isolated acts of heroism, but as part of a broader, global movement of dedicated individuals working tirelessly for the common good, inspiring readers to consider their own role in this collective effort. The book’s strength lies in its ability to transcend the personal, making the reader feel part of a larger community of change-makers. The protagonist’s successes and challenges are mirrored in the lives of many others who have similarly devoted themselves to protecting the planet and improving human lives. Through detailed anecdotes and reflections, the book not only highlights the interconnectedness of environmental and humanitarian efforts but also calls on the readers to take action, emphasising that the health of our ecosystems and the well-being of society are inextricably linked and that each individual has a role to play in this interconnected web. Ultimately, this narrative is an inspiring testament to the power of individual and collective action. It invites readers to reflect on their roles in this global mission and to find their place in the ongoing struggle for a more just and sustainable world.

Intersecting realities: Exploring the nexus between armed conflicts in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and Global Health

The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) grapples with entrenched armed conflicts, creating a complex humanitarian crisis with far-reaching implications for global health. This paper explores the intersection between armed conflict in the region and the risks of zoonotic disease transmission, shedding light on interconnected challenges and proposing integrated strategies for mitigation. Armed conflict disrupts healthcare systems, affecting healthcare facilities (HCF) and healthcare workers (HCW), destroying millions of lives, impoverishing communities, and weakening surveillance systems. This deleterious situation is a bottleneck to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially Universal Health Coverage (UHC), as it prevents millions of Congolese from accessing healthcare services. The direct impact of armed insecurity undermines Global Health Security (GHS) by fostering natural habitat degradation and biodiversity loss, exacerbating vulnerabilities to zoonotic disease outbreaks. Forced population displacement and encroachment on natural habitats amplify human-wildlife interaction, facilitating zoonotic disease spillover and increasing the risk of regional and global spread. Biodiversity loss and poaching further compound these challenges, underscoring the need for holistic approaches that address both conservation and public health concerns. Mitigating zoonotic disease risks requires strengthening surveillance systems, promoting community engagement, and integrating conservation efforts with conflict resolution initiatives. By adopting a comprehensive approach, including the incorporation of One Health considerations in all peace-seeking and humanitarian efforts, stakeholders can enhance Global Health Security, scale up UHC, and promote sustainable development in conflict-affected regions. Creativity and strategic foresight are essential to safeguarding the well-being of human, livestock, plant, and wildlife populations in the Eastern DRC.

Ethical underpinnings and social work: a case study on the role of Buddhist compassion in Cambodian sustainable development

ABSTRACT This preliminary study explores the role of Buddhist compassion-based practices within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework focusing on a Theravada Buddhist Pagoda in Siem Reap Cambodia. Employing a grounded theory approach within a triangulated methodology, data was analyzed from over 30 participant observations and 12 in-depth interviews with local religious leaders, non-governmental organization (NGO) leaders and, community members. Findings suggest that Buddhist ethical principles significantly impact Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3), Quality Education (SDG 4), Reduced Inequalities (SDG 10), and Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions (SDG 16), notably improving community health and educational outcomes. The study examines the complex interactions between Buddhist practices, sustainable development, geopolitical challenges, and educational and social welfare in monasteries illustrating their integration into Cambodia’s socio-political context. The Cambodian political system, characterized by its constitutional monarchy and single-party dominance, directly influences the integration of religious practices into public policy highlighting the intersection of politics and religion in shaping development outcomes. Additionally, this study highlights the challenges of aligning donor expectations with authentic compassionate actions and stresses the need for integrity and authenticity in humanitarian efforts. The integration of Buddhist compassion into development strategies fosters inclusive community development and enriches the global dialogue on sustainable development suggesting a culturally coherent and geopolitically informed approach. This preliminary research highlights the influence of religious ethics in shaping development strategies in the “Global South” and recommends further investigation into their applicability across other regions facing similar challenges.

The Triple Nexus and the Future of Multilateral Governance: Rethinking Coordination between Humanitarian, Development and Peacebuilding Efforts

ABSTRACT The UN-orchestrated Triple Nexus – a multilateral endeavour to provide humanitarian-development-peace responses in fragile and conflict-affected contexts – embodies several features of the emerging trend towards governance through regime complexity. Praised for its multi-actorness inclusivity and cross-policy experimentalism, the Nexus approach has been criticised as an attempt to replicate top-down, neo-liberal templates to govern crises in the peripheries. We analyse the new evidence provided in this Special Issue, connecting it to the debate on the future of multilateral governance, against the decline of the Liberal International Order (LIO). Guarding against naïve expectations of the Nexus as a panacea to bridge cross-policy gaps and bring about inter-agency cooperation amidst increased geopolitical tensions, we discuss its potential to become a venue for an enlarged conversation among traditional and new players. While also compatible with pluralist scenarios, a progressive variety of the Nexus may well emerge in the UN context, between Western and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) players. Their shared understandings of civil and political rights offer a promising avenue to advance some forward-looking Nexus components, supportive of individual and nature-based rights, to govern the increased complexity of the current multiplex order.