Human Trafficking Cases Research Articles

Post-implementation of a Safe Harbor law in the U.S.: Review of state administrative data

BackgroundSafe harbor laws have been implemented to change the way systems of care respond to juveniles exploited in commercial sex in the U.S., yet there is little research on the way these laws have impacted the identification and rehabilitation of juveniles. ObjectiveUsing administrative data, this study investigates the impact of a safe harbor law enacted in one state in the U.S. Participants and SettingThis study examines secondary data on juveniles with prostitution-related charges from 2007 to 2017 (n = 17); juveniles who were screened for human trafficking by juvenile court personnel (n = 56,937); (3) screenings for human trafficking with juveniles in the juvenile justice system (n = 12,223); and (4) juveniles who were reported to the child welfare agency as possible victims of human trafficking (n = 697). The number of criminal cases of human trafficking involving victims under the age of 18 years old from 2007 to 2017 were analyzed by calendar year (n = 61). MethodsAggregate, administrative data was accessed and analyzed. ResultsFindings show that juvenile justice and juvenile court personnel are screening for trafficking at an increasing rate and making referrals to the child welfare system as mandated by law. However, a relatively low percentage of these cases are substantiated, confirmed and/or result in criminal charges to the trafficker. Despite safe harbor mandates that prohibit the charging of juveniles with prostitution offenses, there is evidence that this is still occurring in small numbers. ConclusionsBased on these findings, researchers have identified next steps to facilitate future investigations of safe harbor laws.

KEBIJAKAN PENANGANAN KASUS HUMAN TRAFFICKING DI UKRAINA MELALUI PERAN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION

Human trafficking can be divided into three components related to: recruitment of people, ways of controlling people, and the purpose of exploitation. Ukraine is a country of origin and to a certain extent is a transit country for people who declare themselves in situations of slavery. Where in recent years Ukraine has become a destination country for victims of human trafficking, and also the case of human trafficking in the country of Ukraine is also increasingly widespread. IOM's mission in Ukraine is to continue to struggle in the face of the challenges of human trafficking, to assist the Government in improving the migration management system, and to create migrant health programs (inclusive and policy).Keywords: Human Trafficking, Ukraine, International Organization for Migration

Introducing the Slave Next Door

Past studies have indicated that the British public consider human trafficking to be remote from their personal experiences. However, an increase in local press reporting, alongside the emergence of locally co-ordinated anti-modern slavery campaigns, is starting to encourage communities to recognise the potential for modern slavery and human trafficking to exist in their own localities. In this article, we examine how local media and campaigns may be influencing public perceptions of modern slavery and human trafficking. We draw upon a content analysis of local newspapers to review how reports represent cases of modern slavery, and use focus group discussions to understand how local coverage modifies—and sometimes reinforces—existing views. We find that, whilst our participants were often surprised to learn that cases of modern slavery and human trafficking had been identified in their area, other stereotypical associations remained entrenched, such as a presumed connection between modern slavery and irregular migration. We also noted a reluctance to report potential cases, especially from those most sympathetic to potential victims, linked to concerns about adequacy of support for survivors and negative consequences relating to immigration. These concerns suggest that the UK’s ‘hostile environment’ to migrants may be undermining the effectiveness of ‘spot the signs’ campaigns, by discouraging individuals from reporting.

Structural Responses to Gendered Social Problems: Police Agency Adaptations to Human Trafficking

The identification and investigation of human trafficking cases has lagged behind what prevalence estimates of the scope of the crime have suggested. Previous research has identified the importance of formalized responses to human trafficking for the successful identification of these cases, but little is known about the factors predicting the creation of specialized human trafficking units. The current study uses both primary and secondary data and a theoretical framework informed by structural contingency and representative bureaucracy to identify predictors of specialized human trafficking units in large municipal police departments in the United States. Penalized maximum likelihood estimation revealed only agency size and social disorganization were significant predictors of these specialized units. Directions for future research are included.

Gender Bias and the Sex Trafficking Interventions in the Eastern Border of India–Nepal

The present article looks at gender bias and sex trafficking interventions in the eastern border of India–Nepal. It attempts to understand the socio-economic conditions and other influencing factors that circumscribe a woman’s migration. It documents the interventions by anti-trafficking networks and explores the experience of intercepted women. It attempts to show how interception methods as techniques of intervention to combat trafficking in persons are gender biased. Interception, as a primary method of intervention, is used by anti-trafficking organisations to prevent the occurrence of human trafficking cases in its origin/source country. On suspicion, a woman or a girl crossing the border alone or in all-female groups is stopped and intercepted by the anti-trafficking activists on the ground of her being a potential victim of sex trafficking. Such interception generally takes place within 3 km radius of the border of Panitanki, India, to Kakarbitta, Nepal in order to prevent the unsafe and illegal migration of girls/women. The cross-questioning method is used to extract information and validation about her identity and travel. This article, therefore, examines interception methods as techniques of intervention to combat trafficking in persons. It shows how this intervention method in certain aspect is patriarchal in its form. It reinforces the patriarchal belief of women’s vulnerability in the absence of male authority leading to discreet dangers.

Kesiapan SKPD pada Implementasi Perda Anti Trafficking Kota Parepare No. 6 Tahun 2011

Penelitian ini menganalisis implementasi Kebijakan Perdagangan Manusia (Peraturan Daerah No.6, 2011) di Parepare, Sulawesi Selatan Indonesia. Ada beberapa kasus perdagangan manusia di seluruh provinsi dengan modus operandi yang beragam. Kasus-kasus perdagangan pada umumnya berawal dari modus sebagai tenaga kerja migran ke Malaysia. Para korban adalah gadis-gadis muda yang berasal dari status sosial ekonomi rendah. Focus Group Discussion dilakukan untuk mengetahui kesiapan para pemangku kebijakan yang terkait dalam mengimplementasikan Kebijakan Perdagangan Manusia di Parepare. Pemerintah Daerah Parepare (SKPD) sadar akan Kebijakan Perdagangan Manusia dan mereka telah bekerja sama dengan departemen tenaga kerja, universitas setempat, sekolah, Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) untuk mengadvokasi dan mendidik masyarakat lokal, terutama anak perempuan untuk mencegah lebih banyak korban perdagangan manusia di Parepare, Sulawesi Selatan.

The Effectiveness of State and Non-State Actors in Combating Human Trafficking and Ensuring Safe Migration Concerns of Zimbabwean Women

This study focuses on the effectiveness of State and Non-state actors in combating human trafficking and ensuring safe migration of Zimbabwean women. The study relied on qualitative research methodology while data was gathered through primary and documentary search. Respondents were purposively selected from victims of human trafficking and organisations that deal with combating human trafficking. These included IOM, Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) Human Trafficking Desk, Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs. The study revealed that human trafficking in Zimbabwe thrives under conditions of vulnerability which are caused by various factors ranging from poverty, limited educational opportunities, poor economic conditions, gender and age. A strong relationship between Government and NGOs’ inadequate adherence to the Palermo Protocol standards and escalation of human trafficking was also exposed. Though Zimbabwean has several laws that deals with human trafficking, implementation of these laws still remains a challenge. This has contributed to the escalation of human trafficking cases from Zimbabwe to neighbouring countries, particularly South Africa.

Human Rights Legislation in Albania: the case of human trafficking

ABSTRACTAlbania has been one of the key origin and transit Eastern European countries to traffic with persons. More than 5000 Albanian women have been victims of trafficking in the past decade. The Albanian Government's judiciary has been inefficient, corrupt, and the pressure on the judiciary continues to be a serious problem. The purpose of this paper is to examine Albanian legislation by drawing parallels between Albanian and international legislation in trafficking with persons. More specifically, this paper addresses the problem and the legal context, problems with current enforcement of legislation in Albania, and the role of civil society in combating human trafficking. The prevailing forms of human trafficking in Albania, criminalization and rights of victims, and connotations when victims are female, foreign and/or minors are also noted. The paper concludes by making recommendations from the Albanian Strategic Framework with a focus in human trafficking victims.

ЮРИСДИКЦІЯ ДЕРЖАВИ ЩОДО ЗАХИСТУ СВОЇХ ГРОМАДЯН ЗА КОРДОНОМ ВІД ТОРГІВЛІ ЛЮДЬМИ: ПРАКТИКА ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СУДУ

The article is devoted to the issue of state jurisdiction in case of a crime against a citizen of Ukraine in the territory of another country, a positive obligation of law enforcement agencies to conduct an effective investigation within the limits of their authority using the mechanism of international legal assistance. The absence of universal jurisdiction of one state for the territory of the other does not exclude the need to protect the rights of victims who are victims abroad. Powers are limited to the sovereignty of another state, but this does not exempt from the obligation to conduct an effective investigation. Refusing to open a criminal case to the applicant is a restriction on access to justice. Trafficking in persons is a transnational crime, which increases the risk of becoming a victim of people in the territory of another country. Applicants who are unable to apply to law enforcement agencies have the right to appeal and protect their relatives abroad. Refusal to initiate criminal proceedings on the fact of trafficking in persons with the reference to the fact that the Convention in art. 4 does not provide protection against this type of crime is a direct violation of convention standards. The European Court has never considered the provisions of the Convention the only normative basis for the interpretation of the rights and freedoms enshrined therein. One of the basic principles for the application of the provisions of the Convention is that the Court does not apply them in isolation. Like any international agreement, the Convention should be interpreted in the light of the rules of interpretation established by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23.05.1969. Therefore, there is no doubt that trafficking in human beings is a threat to human dignity and the fundamental freedoms of its victims and that it can not be considered compatible with a democratic society and the values that are protected by the Convention. GRETA believes that the Ukrainian authorities should increase their efforts to conduct joint or parallel investigations and other forms of international cooperation in human trafficking cases in order to provide for the possibility of arrest and conviction not only of recruits in Ukraine, who organizes trafficking in human beings and profit from the exploitation of those who have suffered from it. Such cooperation should be strengthened, in particular with the countries of destination of Ukrainian victims of trafficking in human beings.

The Modus Operandi of Children as the Offender in Committing Human (A study in Kepolisian Resor Kota Besar Surabaya)

Children who are supposed to be protected by the state, law, and society can be an organised criminal offender such as human trafficking. In Surabaya, there were 32 human trafficking cases since 2011-2018 that was handled by Polrestabes (Capital City Police) Surabaya where the offenders were children. The problem in this research is the Modus Operandi of children as the offender in the act of human trafficking. This research used empirical research method with socio-legal and criminological approach. From the research result, the author found out that children that committed human trafficking were caused by the influence of economic factor, environment, and lifestyle. From those causes, the modus operandi of the children as the offender in committing human trafficking was by getting acquainted in social media like Facebook and Whatsapp and then make an offer to the potential buyer. The National Police has two ways in preventing and tackling children as the offenders of human trafficking which are by prevention and repressive effort Children

Understanding the criminal justice process in human trafficking cases in Portugal: factors associated with successful prosecutions

The overall number of convictions for human trafficking is still very low. In order to understand the barriers and gaps to human trafficking prosecutions and convictions, it is pertinent to analyse the criminal justice processes at different stages of the criminal procedure. This study aims to respond to that gap by identifying the cases that initiated criminal justice procedure for the crime of human trafficking in Portugal, through the analysis of 30 records of criminal cases for human trafficking elapsed in Portugal between 2007 and 2015. The results showed that the majority of cases (71%) were filled after the criminal investigation phase, and only 2% of all cases were convicted for human trafficking. The analysis allowed to identify the factors of effectiveness and ineffectiveness shaping legal outcomes and also, the relevance of the victim cooperation in the different stages of criminal justice processes (e.g., police investigation, trial).

A Case for Abolition of Diplomatic Immunity in Human Trafficking Cases

The judgement of Reyes v. Al-Malki & Anor case disregards the immunity of the diplomat whose mission has ended in cases of abuse of labour. The Article supports the proposition that involvement by an employer in an employment relationship whose alleged elements meet the international definition of human trafficking constitutes involvement in commercial activity and thereby is outside the purview of diplomatic immunity. The article expands on this argument in light of the question undetermined in Reyes case.

Human trafficking from Ukrainian cities and villages: Current trends

The official statistics of the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine has recorded that in 2017 the number of cases of human trafficking from Ukraine increased threefold (342 cases versus 115 in 2016). Such a sharp growth of the aforementioned crime was last observed in 2005 to 2006. Today, there are no administrative and territorial districts in Ukraine from which future victims of human traffickers would not be recruited. According to criminal proceedings, about 70% of human trafficking victims are residents of large Ukrainian cities. The aim of this research is to investigate current trends of human trafficking phenomenon from Ukrainian cities and villages and to present the ways how the victims fall into slavery. The revealed trends of the human trafficking from Ukraine allow us to affirm that whereas similarity of social and demographic, moral and physiological characteristics of urban and rural residents, the second ones have a higher level of risk to become a victim of human trafficking. The results obtained allow us to develop evidence-based recommendations for the human trafficking from Ukraine decreasing as from the hole country, as rural locals, in particular. The new feature in human trafficking is a negative trend that Ukraine is changing from the country in which human trafficking victims originate into the destination country for human trafficking.

The Support System and Hope of Women Inmate of Human Trafficking Perpetrators (A Phenomenology Study at Women Correctional Institution Class III of Kupang)

East Nusa Tenggara Province is a province with the highest human trafficking cases in Indonesia. There were 137 cases of human trafficking in 2017 which were successfully revealed to public that caused human trafficking perpetrators were caught and prisoned including women. Correctional institute is stressful place that can affect the physical and psychological health of inmates, and it is a place that can cause various problems, especially for psychological problems of women inmate. Various stressors received can cause inmates to lose realistic expectations about their future life. Support is needed to help inmatesfaces the stress in prison. This study aimed to explore the support system and hope of women inmates of human trafficking perpetrators. The research method used was qualitative research with interpretive phenomenology approach. Participants were selected using purposive sampling technique assisted by wardens. Data was obtained through in-depth interviews with five participants. Data was analyzed by using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) and found the results that women inmates of human trafficking perpetrators obtained support system, that was social support and moral support while in prison. Finally, the inmates had good hope, they would not want to be involved again in the activity of sending Indonesian workers illegally. Support received by inmates was motivation for serving the punishment in prison and made the inmates had realistic hope for their future life.

Law Enforcement Response To Human Trafficking According To Law No. 21/2007: Case Study in Benjina, Aru Archipelago Regency

Generally, there are some distinction on the response to human trafficking that has been particularly ruled in Law No.20/2007 21 about Abolition of Criminal Act Human Trafficking. That law contains legal basis to anticipate and round up activities, ways, or any other exploitations occured on human trafficking. In the process of implementation of criminal act case handling to human trafficking, the peace officer sometimes get difficulties to proof the perpetrator because sometimes it’s an organized crime, moreover it is a trans-national crime. The purpose of this study is to know and to analyze some aspects in law enforcement on human trafficking cases in Indonesia according to Law No. 21/2007 about Abolition of Criminal Act Human Trafficking (case study on human trafficking case in Benjina, Aru Archipelago Regency, and Maluku). So that this study can be a common comprehensive study to handle the human trafficking cases in Indonesia.

NTT DALAM CAHAYA ACTOR NETWORK THEORY: Studi Kasus Human Trafficking Berkedok Pengiriman Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Nusa Tenggara Timur

The case of human trafficking in NTT has become an unresolved case. Most of the case of human trafficking in NTT are migrant workers. Human trafficking cases are effected by the actors involved in the network of problems. ANT (Actor Network Theory) is used as a review to describe the various roles of actors in human trafficking networks and is used to find the point of problem of human trafficking cases in NTT. The results of this study indicate an indication of the onvolvement of actors of human trafficking groups participating in trafficking networks. And poverty is a major factor in the rise and fall of human trafficking in NTT. And the poverty is a major factor in the unstoppable of human trafficking in NTT. The results of this study also led to the solution of economic empowerment as a way out of poverty to end human trafficking cases in NTT.

IMPLEMENTASI ASEAN PLAN OF ACTION TO COMBAT TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES (STUDI KASUS HUMAN TRAFFICKING DI THAILAND PADA TAHUN 2006-2010)

AbstractThe concept of human security is related to components that can not be replaced if the components are lost. Aside that the assessment of human security (especially for human trafficking cases) tends to be subjective so that parameters are difficult to determine universally. Citizens as an object must be protected by every states. But each states has their own interest on profits that will be obtained as foreign exchange. Therefore, this paper will describe the problem of human trafficking in Thailand, which is difficult to deal with by states even though they have joint regulations. It cause by the difference of national interests. Although the community have the principle of non-intervention.Keywords: human security, human trafficking, national interests.

Experience Design for Reporting Human Trafficking

The ethnographic research study titled Operation Compass is focused on the development of design-led interventions to combat human trafficking. Phase one was focused on the question, how could a modified form of technology enable truck drivers to report suspected instances of human trafficking at a higher rate? The collection of primary research was guided by grounded theory with the goal of developing a theory from social patterns to explain why truck drivers were not reporting suspected cases of human trafficking. The study identified three key factors: their fear of safety, the necessity for timely delivery of cargo, and the lack of understanding on how to identify human trafficking. Since these had previously stopped truck drivers from reporting suspected cases of human trafficking, our design goal was to create a reporting process that mitigated these concerns to the point that they could be overcome. That is, reporting had to be anonymous, convenient, safe, integrated into the technology truck drivers prefer to use, ease of use to report a suspected case of human trafficking, and the ability to recognize human trafficking. The first five could be addressed with the Operation Compass smartphone mobile application; the last required an education campaign.

RIGHTS: Response Initiative Guiding Human Trafficking Services.

Human trafficking, including both sex and labor trafficking, is a global issue affecting 20.9 million people worldwide. The National Human Trafficking Hotline identified 36,270 cases of human trafficking in the United States since 2007. Human trafficking affects every community in the United States, no matter the size. The Sexual Assault Response Team (SART) is a crisis intervention model that has shown improved outcomes for sexual assault victims. The SART approach can be modeled to develop a regional community response to human trafficking to improve outcomes for these victims. Historically, SARTs include collaborative responses between forensic nurses, advocates, law enforcement, and the justice system. Forensic nurses have a unique role in participating in solutions that promote healing for this population. This article discusses the development of a task force and a collaborative response to human trafficking that includes healthcare and forensic nurses. Benefits and challenges will be presented.

Resilience on Human Trafficking Victims in West Java

There are cities/districts in West Java which have high number of human trafficking cases. Human trafficking victims experienced psychological distress due to violence they have experienced. The aim of this research is to describe resilience on human trafficking by using theory from Michael Ungar. This research used descriptive method with purposive sampling technique. Samples taken are 33 women, age 15-23 years old, mostly graduated from junior high school (16 persons = 49%). Data was collected using resilience questionnaire CYRM-28 which created by Michael Ungar. Research findings showed 69.7% of victims have high resilience. In socio-ecological dimension, which is relationship with caregiver (mean = 3.96) and context/sense of belonging (mean = 3.96) have higher mean compare to individual dimension (mean = 3.79). In socio-ecological dimension, psychological caregiving (mean = 4.15) and spiritual (mean = 4.10) are two important indicators which help individuals to become resilient. In individual dimension, personal skill (mean = 3.85) is the important indicator which must be owned by individuals to become resilient.