Number Of Human Populations Research Articles

Determining dengue infection risk in the Colombo district of Sri Lanka by inferencing the genetic parameters of Aedes mosquitoes

BackgroundFor decades, dengue has posed a significant threat as a viral infectious disease, affecting numerous human lives globally, particularly in tropical regions, yet no cure has been discovered. The genetic trait of vector competence in Aedes mosquitoes, which facilitates dengue transmission, is difficult to measure and highly sensitive to environmental changes.MethodsIn this study we attempt, for the first time in a non-laboratory setting, to quantify the vector competence of Aedes mosquitoes assuming its homogeneity across both species; aegypti and albopictus and across the four Dengue serotypes. Estimating vector competence in relation to varying rainfall patterns was focused in this study to showcase the changes in this vector trait with respect to environmental variables. We quantify it using an existing mathematical model originally developed for malaria in a Bayesian inferencing setup. We conducted this study in the Colombo district of Sri Lanka where the highest number of human populations are threatened with dengue. Colombo district experiences continuous favorable temperature and humidity levels throughout the year creating ideal conditions for Aedes mosquitoes to thrive and transmit the Dengue disease. Therefore we only used the highly variable and seasonal rainfall as the primary environmental variable as it significantly influences the number of breeding sites and thereby impacting the population dynamics of Aedes.ResultsOur research successfully deduced vector competence values for the four identified seasons based on Monsoon rainfalls experienced in Colombo within a year. We used dengue data from 2009 - 2022 to infer the estimates. These estimated values have been corroborated through experimental studies documented in the literature, thereby validating the malaria model to estimate vector competence for dengue disease.ConclusionOur research findings conclude that environmental conditions can amplify vector competence within specific seasons, categorized by their environmental attributes. Additionally, the deduced vector competence offers compelling evidence that it impacts disease transmission, irrespective of geographical location, climate, or environmental factors.

Nonnative pest establishment: Spatial patterns and public detection

Early detection of new pests can reduce their long-term impacts by enabling more rapid management response. Knowledge of pest establishment risk and background rates of detection (e.g., by the public) can help inform more cost-effective targeting of formal early detection survey programs. Here we quantify county-level locational attributes associated with pest establishment and detection by the public using data for 113 new pest incursions detected in the United States from 2010 through 2018. Aligning with expectations, we find a higher likelihood of new pest establishment in counties with higher human population numbers, nearer to ports (<250 km), and with amenable climate characteristics. Controlling for potential sample selection issues, we find that pests are less likely to be first detected by the public (e.g., homeowners, community members) versus by other sources (e.g., agency surveys, researchers, or agricultural operators) in counties with higher total crop sales values and lower human population number. The negative association between public detection and high agricultural values may reflect greater survey efforts by other sources (e.g., by agency surveillance programs, researchers, and agricultural operators) in high-value agricultural areas. The positive association between public detection and human population size may reflect larger numbers of public detectors (i.e., people) available to encounter the pests. Our models provide spatially explicit estimates of the likelihood of new pest establishment across U.S. counties and of the likelihood that an established pest would first be detected by the public. These estimates can serve as quantitative inputs to decision-support activities for new pest surveillance planning.

The dynamics of the taxonomic composition of the alien fraction of the urban flora in the Kyiv urban area, Ukraine

Abstract This article presents the results of an investigation into the recent taxonomic composition of the alien fraction of the urban flora in the Kyiv urban area (KUA). Its main dynamic tendencies over the last 20 years have been highlighted, along with the most probable phytoinvasive threats. The obtained linear regression equation allowed forecasting for the growth in the abundance of alien plant species against the background of the enlargement of the Kyiv urban area (r=0.53) and its human population numbers (r=0.87). The alien fraction of the urban flora of the KUA contains 717 taxa of vascular plants (668 species, 41 subspecies, 6 varieties, 1 form and 1 nothoform). In the past 20 years, the number of species of the urban flora of the KUA has increased by at least 166 alien taxa, some of which are representatives of new genera, families, and orders for our flora. This enrichment of the taxonomic structure of the alien fraction in the urban flora of the KUA has caused changes in the ratio of life forms, ecotypes, invasiveness of species, and other features. We specified probable invasive threats, conditioned by the formation of the group of new woody species, hydrophytes capable of rapidly accumulating their phytomass, some genera complexes involving alien and local species, which are inclined to hybridization.

Dynamic Modelling Analysis on The Effectiveness of Coastal Land Resources for Aquaculture Activities Utilization

Coastal areas are considered biodiversity zones. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of land use on aquaculture productivity rate in coastal areas using a dynamic modeling analysis system. This study was conducted in the Pekalongan Province. Water quality parameters and qualitative research data were obtained from an in-depth survey. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using dynamic modeling analysis. The results of this study indicate that the level of coastal land use has a variable relationship with the productivity rate of aquaculture. Based on the causal loop model, it could be analyzed that the social, environmental conditions in coastal areas were described as continuing to experience quantification of population increase and environmental utilization rates. Overall, the productivity level of aquaculture cultivation in coastal areas tended to decrease along with the increasing value of productive land use accompanied by increased inputs and the number of human resource populations in coastal areas. The optimal inclusion of this study was that the optimal land use level would impact the productivity management level of aquaculture cultivation in coastal areas. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the optimal utilization of coastal land greatly impacted the management of the productivity level of aquaculture cultivation, which was carried out in an integrated manner. Furthermore, the analysis of the dynamic modeling system also illustrated the increasing social-environmental conditions in coastal land utilization.

Modeling the Transmission Routes of Hepatitis E Virus as a Zoonotic Disease Using Fractional‐Order Derivative

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the emerging zoonotic diseases in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Domestic pigs are considered to be the main reservoir for this infectious disease. A third of the world’s population is thought to have been exposed to the virus. The zoonotic transmission of the HEV raises serious zoonotic and food safety concerns for the general public. This is a major public health issue in both developed and developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 44,000 people died in 2015 as a result of HEV infection. East and South Asia have the highest prevalence of this disease overall. In this study, we proposed, developed, and analyzed the transmission routes of the infection using a fractional‐order derivative approach. The existence, stability, and uniqueness of solutions were established using the approach and concept in Banach space. Local and global stability was determined using the Hyers–Ulam (HU) stability approach. Numerical simulation was conducted using existing parameter values, and it was established that, as the susceptible human population declines, the number of infected human populations rises with a change in fractional order . When the susceptible pig population increases, the number of infected pig populations rises with a change in . It was observed that a few variations in the fractional derivative order did not alter the function’s overall behavior with the results of numerical simulations. Moreover, as the number of recovered human populations increases, there is a corresponding increase in the population of recovered pigs with a change in . The exponential increase in the infected pig population can be controlled by treatment of the infected pigs and prevention of the susceptible pigs. The authors recommend policymakers, and stakeholders prioritize the fight against the virus by enforcing the prevention of humans and treatment of infected pigs. The model can be extended to optimal control and cost‐effectiveness analysis to determine the most effective control strategy that comes with less cost in the combat of the disease.

Land Cover Change and Fragmentation Analysis in Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

The increasing number of human populations and their needs have driven changes in forest cover to become infrastructure, agricultural land, and plantations. Sintang Regency has a natural forest structure upstream of the Kapuas River and the Kayan River, which the local community uses for transportation and sources of livelihood. In this study, we wanted to analyze the level of fragmentation in Sintang Regency. We used landcover data in the mapping periods of 2010, 2015, and 2020, with MoEF classification—fragmentation analysis using ArcGIS 10.6 and FRAGSTATS v4.2.1 software at class and patch levels analysis. The result showed decreased natural forest while estate crop and mining increased. As an impact of decreasing forest area, it also reduced the total core area and connectivity; the intact forest > 50,000 ha was isolated in 2020. The fragmentation of forests will impact reduced habitat for wildlife and loss of ecological function of the landscape.

Communication Strategy in Resourced-Based Waste Segregation in Klungkung Subdistrict, Klungkung Regency

Increasing the number of human population, consumerism, and changes in modern activities directly proportional with the number amount of waste. As a tourist destination, Klungkung Regency occupies the second position as the largest waste producer in the Province of Bali and there are still 3,795.83 tons or 11.09% of unmanaged waste to total waste production in Klungkung Regency. Resourced-based waste management is the earliest or upstream handling of household waste which is the key to the success of the next steps. This study aims to analyze: (1) Communication pattern are implemented to change people's behavior; (2) Inhibiting factors of communication strategy; (3) Implications of communication strategy that applicated by local goverment.. This study uses a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. The research location is in Klungkung District, Klungkung Regency with a focus on Semarapura Kangin Village. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The theory used as the basis for the analysis is: (1) Persuasive Communication Theory; (2) Attitude Change Theory, (3) Social Judgement Theory; and (4) Diffusion of Innovations Theory.. The findings in this study are: (1) The pattern of communication in the implementation of Tri Hita Karana uses group communication, while in the implementation of laws and regulations it uses patterns of interpersonal communication, group communication, and mass communication; (2) There are 3 (three) factors inhibiting communication, namely technical barriers (limited communication media used), semantic barriers (regional language) and human barriers (perception and time of visit); (3) The implications of a persuasive communication strategy consist of 3 (three) dimensions, namely cognitive, affective, and conative in the form of: increasing public awareness about the negative impacts of waste and the importance of waste segregation, changing attitudes, and changing behavior in sorting waste and becoming a customer of a waste bank. Strict application of real sanctions is needed for people who violate laws and regulations related to waste management and waste segregation according to the types listed in laws and regulations. The local government of Semarapura Kangin is expected to innovate more in reusing waste that is still economically valuable, reuse and recycle organic and inorganic waste through various methods involving the active role of the community, such as: optimizing the use of Waste Recycling Holes (Bang Daus), ecoenzymes, making and the use of organic fertilizers, as well as the development of a waste bank.&#x0D; Keywords: Communication Strategy, Communication Pattern, Persuasive, Waste, Resourced-Based Waste Management.

DO GREEN BRAND POSITIONING, GREEN BRAND KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE TOWARDS GREEN BRAND, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN ARE INFLUENCE FACTORS FOR THE GREEN PURCHASE INTENTION OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE?

The increasing number of human populations certainly has a bad influence on the environment. Food sources for humans also need a source of protein. For this reason, alternative protein sources are needed that can save threatened fish populations. This study is very simple, but the issue is very important for the environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of green brand positioning, green brand knowledge, attitude towards green brand, and environmental concern on green purchase intention of black soldier fly larvae. The data used in this study is primary data obtained through distributing questionnaires to followers of Instagram (IG) Magalarva Tbk. The sample criteria in this study are 18-30 years old who know the Magalarva Tbk have never bought Magalarva products, and are domiciled in Greater Jakarta. The sampling method used is nonprobability sampling (purposive). All hypotheses are accepted. The results show that green brand positioning, green brand knowledge, attitude towards green brands, and environmental concerns have a significant effect on green purchase intention for the product of Magalarva’s brand.

Mathematical Model of Malaria Transmission with Anti-Malarial Herbal Therapy as Control

Conventional anti–malarial drugs (chloroquine, Artesunate, Quinine, Amodiaquine etc) are used by most malaria-endemic countries as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria. However, resistance by plasmodium parasite against these conventional anti–malarial drugs has necessitated the need for herbal medicine as alternative. So in this study, we formulate a mathematical model of malaria transmission in two interacting population of human (host) and mosquito (vector) incorporating anti-malarial herbal therapy as first line treatment for uncomplicated malaria infection. The region where the model is epidemiological feasible and mathematically well–posed is established and the basic reproduction number R_0 is derived using next generation matrix approach. The numerical experiment carried out to access the impact of the control measure on malaria transmission revealed a reduction in the number of complicated infectious human population. Hence this research work suggests a massive campaign on use of anti-malarial herbal therapy as first- line treatment for malaria infection cases.

Community Satisfaction Analysis Based on Physical Quality of Green Open Space in Takengon (Case Study: Taman Aman Dimot)

The increasing number of human populations causes the density of development that continues to occur. This is done to ensure that the development carried out no longer damages’ nature. One of them is by creating Green Open Space (RTH) or Green Open Space, especially in big cities. In Takengon City, the government wants to make Takengon City a child-friendly city, a healthy city, and a livable city. The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of public satisfaction with Green Open Space in Taman Aman Dimot. The type of research used in this study is descriptive research with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results of the study, among others, are; (1) Park sociability aims to analyze supporting facilities that support opportunities to socialize with two indicators, namely opportunities to socialize and the environment, (2) comfort is one of the factors for city parks to measure park visitor satisfaction, (3) park visitors, such as the condition of facilities and the number of facilities and cleanliness of the park are the reasons for visitors to be less comfortable, (4) maintenance of park cleanliness is key in the management process park, (5) criteria that become the next category, namely Park Infrastructure, facilities contained in the park such as seating facilities, sports equipment, the condition of facilities and other supporting facilities are very poor, and (6) the criteria for a comfortable park according to visitors in general such as the cleanliness of the park, the amount of vegetation (trees) and complete and well-maintained facilities are the opinions of visitors to give the impression of comfort.

Impact of organic and integrated production systems on yield and seed quality of rainfed crops and on soil properties.

Mineral and vitamin deficiencies together affect a greater number of human populations in the world than does protein malnutrition. Organic farming is reported to improve nutritional quality of food grains while also improving soil health. However, sufficient scientific information on several aspects of organic farming based on long-term studies is lacking particularly under rainfed conditions of India. The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term impact of organic and integrated production systems on crops yield and quality, economic returns and soil properties. The study was conducted with three crops, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.), and greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under three different production systems, control (use of chemical inputs alone), organic and integrated. The results of the 10-year study revealed that, the average production of integrated system was on par with organic management and recorded significantly higher pigeonpea equivalent yield (PEY) (827 kg ha-1) compared to control (chemical inputs) (748 kg ha-1). In general, the yield gap between organic and integrated production systems declined from fourth year for greengram and eighth year for sunflower, during the 10-year experimental period whereas the pigeonpea yield was similar under both production systems from first year. Plots under organic management had significantly lower bulk density (1.18 mg m-3), higher water holding capacity (38.72%) and porosity (53.79%) compared to integrated production system and control (chemical inputs). The soil organic C (SOC) content in the plots under organic production system was 32.6% more than the initial organic carbon of the soil (0.43%), with higher soil N (205.2 kg ha-1). Plots under integrated production system, however, had higher soil P (26.5 kg ha-1) compared with other treatments. The dehydrogenase activity (5.86 μg TPF g-1 soil h-1) and microbial biomass carbon (317.3 μg g-1 soil) content was higher in the plots under organic production system than under other systems. Organically produced pigeonpea and greengram seeds had similar protein content with that of integrated system, and higher K and micronutrient (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) contents than other treatments. The results show the potential of organic production system in improving crop yields, soil properties and produce quality in semiarid rainfed areas.

Pancosmorio (world limit) theory of the sustainability of human migration and settlement in space

It seems to be an accepted assumption that human migration into space is inevitable. However, almost 60 years of scientific studies of the effects of space on Earth life suggest this is not a given. Life on Earth evolved in the context of conditions that are unique to Earth and are not duplicated anywhere else in our solar system. The science indicates that life-sustaining conditions on Earth could be the very things that inhibit our ability to live off-Earth. This paper combines 100 years of scientific development of a theory of ecological thermodynamics with classical mechanics theory and analytical models of self-restoring heat engines to explain how the Sun and Earth have evolved into islands of order in the entropy of space. An explanation is provided regarding how naturally occurring conservative force fields engage a diversity of natural resources in semi-reversible cycles that build a high-exergy ecosphere. The science infers that the ability to establish a human settlement in space without Earth-like self-restoring order, capacity, and organization will result in settlement sustainment challenges. Historical evidence of Earth settlements with disrupted ecosystems point to the following possibilities. Supply chains would disappear, market resources would be depleted, advancement in human pursuits would be disrupted, social and governance systems would falter or collapse, human population numbers would decline, genetic diversity in the human genome would be lost, average human individual biomass would decrease, and human knowledge and understanding would be forgotten. What does it mean to have a location in space outside of Earth be “like Earth?” The results of research are presented as a pancosmorio theory ofhuman sustainability that is developed using the scientific philosophy methodology of abductive reasoning. Four analytical models of space ecosphere sustainability and five hypotheses with proposed tests for falsifiability are provided, including a theorem that suggests a limit to human expansion into space. A new quantitative method of human sustainability is developed from theories of network ecology, providing orthogonal properties of an ecosystem network stability function based upon an ecosystem network production function. Conclusions are made regarding the potential for sustainable development in space using balanced sustainability. Insights are provided regarding human endeavors on the Moon and Mars, as well as the Fermi paradox.

Forecasting the Number of Patient Visits by Arima and Holwinters Method at the Public Health Center

As the number of human populations increases and the economy becomes more advanced, people's awareness of health increases. This can increase the number of patient visits if the community will visit for treatment, therefore it is necessary to pay special attention from the health center to carry out readiness in the fulfillment of facilities and service support equipment, such as services in the outpatient registration place where registration documents must be adjusted to the number of existing patients, if the documents are lacking or have not been made, there can be long queues or accumulation of patients which leads to inadequate service. For this reason, the public health center must carry out careful planning activities, one of which is by conducting forecasting activities in order to overcome these problems.This study compares the best method among the 2 time series methods, then the forecasting results will be compared with the actual data to find which forecasting is the best.The final results showed the MAPE value of the arima method for Direct Patient Visits data was worth 22.55% while the Referral Patient Visits were valued at 47.40% with the Moderate/Feasible category, the Holwinters method for Direct Patient Visits data was worth 7.90% while the Referral Patient Visits were worth 11.90% with the excellent category.can be said that the smallest error value is Holtwinters from Direct Patient Visit data with MAPE 7.90% and from Referral Patient Visit data with MAPE 11.90%. Which is where it is said to be an excellent forecasting category

The Overly Sensitive Nature of Aged Family Inmates as a Socio-Cultural Barrier to Combat Covid-19

Abstract Human history is full of evidence showing a larger number of human and animal populations got affected by infectious diseases, viruses, and bacteria. Like previous life-threatening pandemics, coronavirus appeared to be a deadly virus in 2019 and declared as pandemic in 2020 by WHO. As per Global Reports, senior citizens have been most vulnerable to the corona virus attacks. This paper explores the experiences of family members dealing with elderly at home in the midst of the Covid-19 outbreak and how they managed them keeping in view their mindset on disease and socio-cultural constraints. For this purpose, qualitative research methods were adopted. 20 participants were selected for the in-depth interviews through purposive sampling. Following themes generated as a result of the data analysis: stubborn and rigid behavior of elderly, emotionally complex reactions, socio-cultural barriers, and traditional approach to the disease. Findings depicted the most common social cultural barriers in dealing with the difficult nature of elderly people are family ties, religious norms, respect, and empathy towards elderly people. Further, research findings highlighted major sentiments of older adults comprise attachment towards their grandchildren, feeling of insecurity, feeling of getting stigmatized, considering themselves as a virus spreader and feeling of being left out. It was found that older adults felt stigmatized, lonely, left out and considered SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) as imposed remedial steps. Overall, it was found that at older age people express more anxiety and fear towards loneliness. Findings will help in sensitizing policy makers to design awareness sessions, religious and other home-based social activities for elderly people to combat stress related to loneliness in older age.

Analisis Kestabilan dan Kontrol Optimum pada Model Penyebaran Penyakit Influenza dengan Adanya Populasi Cross-Immune

Influenza is a respiratory tract infection known as flu. Caused by an RNA virus from Orthomyxoviridae family. This thesis aims to analyze the stability of the equilibrium point in the mathematical model of influenza transmission with Cross-Immune population and applying optimal control variables in the form of prevention and treatment. In this mathematical model of influenza transmission with Cross-Immune population, we obtain two equilibriums namely, the non- endemic equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium. Local stability and the existence of endemic equilibrium depend on the basic reproduction number (R0). The spread of influenza does not occur in the population when R0 &lt; 1 and the spread of influenza persist in the population when R0 &gt; 1. Furthermore, the problem of control variables in the mathematical model of influenza transmission is determined through the Pontryagin Maximum Principle method. The numerical simulation results show that treatment efforts are more effective in suppressing the spread of influenza disease than prevention efforts. However, giving control variables in the form of prevention and treatment at the same time is very effective in minimizing the number of human populations expose to and infected with influenza.

The Correlation Between the Number of Heater and Energy Saving on Plastic Injection Molding

The number of human populations is increasing as well as daily needs and consequently increased the number of wastes that being produced including plastic waste. Indonesia itself consumed 17 kg/capita per year. Recycling the plastic waste is one of alternatives way to reduce waste, by melting the plastic waste using six heaters from electrical energy source. This research was conducted to obtain number of heaters that will be used in the injection molding process by considering the time consumed for the temperature of 50⁰ - 210⁰ C. The observation is being done by measuring the temperature and power supplied from 3, 4, 5 and 6 heaters and repeated for 3 times experiment. Based on the measurement data that has been carried out, it is found that the highest average power is the injection with six numbers of heaters consumed 956.80 W. The time measurement required to reach optimal temperature, for 3 number of heaters was taking the longest time which is 2842 Seconds. This condition is in line with the average of electrical power consumed to reach the optimal temperature is the using of the heaters 0.350 kWh. Based on three hypotheses that being done, the result shows that the Ha is accepted and there is significant influence between three models that being made.

PERENCANAAN PLTS OFF GRID DI DESA TOLONUO SELATAN KECAMATAN TOBELO UTARA KABUPATEN HALMAHERA UTARA

Electrical energy continues to increase along with the increasing number of human population and the more modern human lifestyle is one of the causes of energy consumption. The use of several electrical and electronic equipment to support the needs of society in today's modern era. Electrical energy is one of the main human needs in supporting people's daily lives, especially the upper middle class, therefore this need must be fulfilled and its utilization must be used efficiently. The PV mini-grid system requires a very large cost for a village scale from an economic point of view. Apart from the very large initial investment cost of Rp.2. 189.50 0.000,-, in general, if the infrastructure is improved, tourists will use higher electricity consumption, so that the area can improve the economy and village welfare. type of quantitative research. The quantitative aspect of this study is the collection of primary data regarding daily electrical energy needs in South Tolonuo Village using interviews and field observations. The daily energy requirement in South Tolonuo Village is 97 kWh/day or 97,000 Wh/day. To determine the peak power of PLTS, Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) data is required.

Stochastic and Deterministic Dynamic Model of Dengue Transmission Based on Dengue Incidence Data and Climate Factors in Bandung City

Indonesia, a country in the tropics, is an area of distribution and an endemic area of dengue. The death rate caused by dengue is relatively high In Indonesia. Therefore, the health authority must prioritize preventing and controlling dengue disease for a long-term policy. This study proposes a method based on dynamic climate variables in estimating the proportion of infected human and infected mosquito. We focus on the dengue case in Bandung city, one of the big cities in Indonesia, which is classified as endemic dengue. We applied the Poisson regression method involving dynamic climate variables to estimate the average number of infected human population. We then use these estimation results as the basis for approximating the proportion of infected human and mosquito populations using a deterministic and stochastic model approach. Effective reproduction number is also obtained here. The simulation results show that the stochastic model looks better in capturing dengue incidence data than the deterministic model. Therefore, dengue transmission can be reduced by controlling the abundance of mosquito populations, considering climate conditions and the historical number of infected human.

The Development of Hydroponic Nutrient Solutions Control Using Fuzzy and BPNN for Celery Plant

As the increasing number of human populations, most live in urban areas with limited farmlands. Hydroponic is one of the solutions to grow crops in urban areas. Electrical Conductivity (EC) and scale of acidity (pH) in the hydroponic nutrient solution are the important things to be controlled. Controlling EC and pH in hydroponic can increase the quantity and quality of the crop. This research suggested a new method to merge fuzzy and Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) to control nutrient solutions in a Nutrient Film Technique hydroponic, with sensors EC and pH as input. The training data of BPPN are obtained from the implementation of the fuzzy technique. Controlling nutrient solutions can use fuzzy methods, but it has a weakness: use greater power because sensors require continuous detection. By using BPNN method, sensors only detect once to perform the same control action. In this research, the outputs of both methods are the duration of pumps in active conditions to optimize the nutrient solution. Based on experiments, the best BPNN model has eight hidden layers with a learning rate of 0.8. The result accuracies which had been obtained by alkaline solution (pump A) was 90.77 %, 91.93% for acid solution (pump B), and 91.13% for nutrient fertilizer (pumps C and D). The result showed that the use of power for BPNN is less than fuzzy. The average total power used for BPNN method is 68.43% lower than the fuzzy method.

Fractional mathematical modeling of malaria disease with treatment & insecticides

Many fatal diseases spread through vertical transmission while some of them spread through horizontal transmission and others transmit through both modes of transmission. Horizontal transmission illnesses are usually carried by a vector, which might be an animal, a bird, or an insect. Plasmodium parasites that dwell in red blood cells produce malaria, an infectious illness. This parasite is mostly transmitted to humans via mosquitoes. The dynamics of Malaria illness among human persons and vectors are examined in this study. The impact of the vector (mosquito) on disease transmission is also taken into account. The problem is described using nonlinear ODEs that are then generalized using the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative. Some theoretical analyses such as existence and uniqueness and stability via Ulam–Hyres stability analysis and optimal control strategies have been done. The numerical solution has been achieved via a numerical technique by implementing MATLAB software. Results of fractional, as well as classical order, are portrayed through different graphs while some figures are displayed for the global asymptotical stability of the model. From the graphical results, it can be noticed that the control parameters drastically decrease the number of infected human and vector population which will off course minimize the spread of infection among the human population. In addition to that, from the graphical results, it also be noticed that our model is globally asymptomatically stable as the solution converges to its equilibrium. Moreover, the use of bednets and insecticides can reduce the spread of infection dramatically while the impact of medication and treatment on the control of infection is comparatively less.