Number Of Human Populations Research Articles

Modelling the Role of Treatment, Public Health Education, and Chemical Control Strategies on Transmission Dynamics of Schistosomiasis

In this study, a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics and control of schistosomiasis is studied using a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The basic reproduction number ℛ0 for the model is obtained, and its dependence on model parameters is discussed. Analytical results reveal that the disease‐free equilibrium point is globally stable if and only if the basic reproduction number ℛ0 < 1, indicating that the disease would be wiped out of the community, and the endemic equilibrium point is globally stable if ℛ0 > 1 and the disease would persist at the endemic steady state. Numerical simulations reveal that a combination of treatment, public health education, and chemical control intervention strategies significantly increased the number of susceptible human population and susceptible snail population while significantly decreasing the number of infected humans, miracidia, infected snails, and cercariae. The results further indicate that a combination of treatment, public health education, and chemical control intervention strategies can effectively manage the transmission of schistosomiasis in endemic areas.

ANALYSIS OF LANDCOVER CHANGE AND ITS TRAJECTORY IN SUB-SAHARAN WEST AFRICA

The study analysed land cover change and its trajectory in the study area using 300m CCI-land cover data for three epochs (2000, 2005 and 2010) respectively. Five sampling sites were selected and analysed land cover change trajectories. The findings show a continued decline in closed forest and sparse vegetation and increase in cropland; an indication of land degradation. This pattern of land cover change is accelerated by the increasing number of human populations which is estimated to be growing at the rate of 2-3% in Africa by the year 2100. This nature of population growth is expected to increase the size of croplands to support food security, which will exert more pressure on the ecosystem. However, the land cover trajectories presented in the five sampling points does not portray much changes. This can be attributed partly to the temporal extent of the study (15-years) and the spatial resolution of the data. Overall, the land cover change trajectories in the five sampling sites shows that the major changes in the land cover have been caused by human activities and to some extent natural climatic variations especially along the marginal areas, where the size of bare surface have increased. Therefore, there is a need to carry out a comprehensive land cover assessment at local level to ascertain the major local driving forces and biophysical drivers of land cover degradation in the study area

VARIASI BERAT ROLLER TERHADAP PERFORMA PADA SEPEDA MOTOR HONDA SCOOPY FI TAHUN 2016

Along with the rapid development of science and technology at this time, it has an impact on the development of the industrial world, especially in the automotive industry. The increasing number of human population in Indonesia demands the development of the provision of transportation facilities, one of the means of transportation that is widely used by the community is motorbikes. Given the ever-increasing need, motorcycle manufacturers are now competing to produce new motorcycles with various advantages, both in terms of design and technological advantages. Motorcycle manufacturers develop motorcycle components in order to achieve efficiency and good quality. The purpose of this study was to determine how much influence the use of 11 gram, 12 gram and 13 gram roller weight variations on the speed of the 2016 Honda Scoopy FI motorcycle. The test was carried out using a Dynoster tool by changing the roller weight according to the weight to be tested alternately then prepare the. The results of the test show that the roller weight with a weight of 11 grams is the best to use.Keywords: Roller Weight, Power and Torque

Sistem Absensi Karyawan Berbasis Web Dengan Menggunakan Teknologi Radio Frequency Indentification (RFID)

Attendance is a mandatory requirement for employee attendance. There are still many who use the manual system. Of course it is not efficient, so an attendance attendance system is needed that can run to facilitate attendance tasks and activities. Attendance management is one of the systems that is currently very much needed along with the large number of human populations that must be recorded. However, most of the attendance systems currently used are still using conventional methods such as signatures to fill attendance in this way, so there are lots of loopholes for fraud that often occur. By utilizing a tool using a microcontroller. This system uses RFID RC 522 as a tool and programming language for PHP and SQL server for database management. This system uses the blackbox testing method to find out the website designed to function correctly employee attendance information technology with employee ID card documents as a website-based system there are facilities such as employee data management, room data management, attendance data management, and monthly attendance processing using cards. employee identity. It can be concluded that by using this website, the attendance process will be more efficient and can be easily monitored by leaders and the center.

Ecology of the Anthropocene signals hope for consciously managing the planetary ecosystem

Human populations have grown to such an extent that our species has become a dominant force on the planet, prompting geologists to begin applying the term Anthropocene to recognize the present moment. Many approaches seek to explain the past and future of human population growth, in the form of narratives and models. Some of the most influential models have parameters that cannot be precisely known but are estimated by expert opinion. Here we apply a unified model of ecology to provide a macroscale summary of the net effects of many microscale processes, using a minimal set of parameters that can be known. Our models match estimates of historic and prehistoric global human population numbers and provide predictions that correspond to some of the more complicated current models. In addition to fitting the data well they reveal that, amidst enormous complexity in our human and prehuman past, three key ecological discontinuities have occurred in turn: 1) becoming dominant competitors of large predators rather than their prey, 2) becoming mutualists with food species rather than acting as predators upon them, and 3) changing from a regime of uncontrolled population growth to one of controlled fertility instead. All three processes have been interlinked with cultural evolution and all three ushered in developments of the Anthropocene. Understanding the trajectories that have delivered us to this stage can help guide prudent paths into the future.

Testing the inhibitory cascade model in a recent human sample.

The Inhibitory Cascade Model was proposed by Kavanagh and colleagues (Nature, 449, 427-433 [2007]) after their experimental studies on the dental development of murine rodent species. These authors described an activator-inhibitor mechanism that has been employed to predict evolutionary size patterns of mammalian teeth, including hominins. In the present study, we measured the crown area of the three lower permanent molars (M1, M2, and M3) of a large recent modern human sample of male and female individuals from a collection preserved at the Institute of Anthropology of the University of Coimbra (Portugal). The main aim of the present study is to test if the size molar patterns observed in this human sample fits the Inhibitory Cascade Model. For this purpose, we first measured the crown area in those individuals preserving the complete molar series. Measurements were taken in photographs, using a planimeter and following well-tested techniques used in previous works. We then plot the M3 /M1 and M2 /M1 size ratios. Our results show that the premise of the Inhibitory Cascade Model, according to which the average of the crown area of M2 is approximately one-third of the sum of the crown area of the three molars, is fulfilled. However, our results also show that the individual values of a significant number of males and females are out of the 95% confidence interval predicted by the Inhibitory Cascade Model in rodents. As a result, the present analyses suggest that neither the sample of males, nor that of females, nor the pooled sample fits the Inhibitory Cascade Model. It is important to notice that, although this model has been successfully tested in a large number of current human populations, to the best of our knowledge this is the first study in which individual data have been obtained in a recent human population rather than using the average of the sample. Our results evince that, at the individual level, some factors not yet known could interfere with this model masking the modulation of the size on the molar series in modern humans. We suggest that the considerable delay in the onset of M3 formation in modern humans could be related to a weakening of the possible activation/inhibition process for this tooth. Finally, and in support of our conclusions, we have checked that the absolute and relative size of M1 and M2 is not related to the M3 agenesis in our sample. In line with other studies in primates, our results do not support the Inhibitory Cascade Model in a recent human sample. Further research is needed to better understand the genetic basis of this mechanism and its relationship to the phenotype. In this way, we may be able to find out which evolutionary changes may be responsible for the deviations observed in many species, including Homo sapiens.

Analisis kestabilan dan kontrol optimal model matematika penyebaran penyakit Ebola dengan variabel kontrol berupa karantina

Ebola disease is an infectious disease caused by a virus from the genus Ebolavirus and the family Filoviridae. Ebola disease is one of the most deadly diseases for human. The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the stability of the equilibrium point and to apply the optimal control of quarantine on a mathematical model of the spread of ebola. Model without control has two equilibria, non-endemic equilibrium and endemic equilibrium. The existence of endemic equilibrium and local stability depends on the basic reproduction number (R0). The non-endemic equilibrium is asymptotically stable if R0 1 and endemic equilibrium tend to asymptotically stable if R0 1. The problem of optimal control is solved by Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle. From the numerical simulation, the result shows that control is effective enough to minimize the number of infected human population and to minimize the cost of its control.

Transmission dynamics of zika virus in presence of vertical transmission and some preventive measures

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a vector-born human disease which enhances the chance of various types of neurological complications in affected individual. In this work we have studied a mathematical model of ZIKV by incorporating vector, direct (sexual) and vertical transmission paths of the virus. In our model also we have considered different kind of preventive measures like as: protection of susceptible individuals from mosquito bites, isolation of infected individuals from mosquito, protection of susceptible individuals from sexual interaction with infected individuals, and mosquitoes control effort. We have found the analytical expression of basic reproduction number and studied the stability of the disease free equilibrium point. Existence of endemic equilibrium point and its stability are also studied. The proposed model exhibits a backward bifurcation when the virus transmission probability from infected human to mosquito crosses the crucial value. We have fitted the model to real data and estimated the key model parameters and their 95% confidence interval which depict the ZIKV outbreak in French Polynesia in 2013-14. We also have estimated the basic reproduction number using first nine epidemic weeks (EW) data and the estimated value is 2.87 with lower and upper values are 2.47 and 3.32 respectively. The effective reproduction number of the outbreak also has been studied and which decreases gradually from 5.404 to 0.2499 during the period 11th October, 2013 and 28th March, 2014. According to our sensitivity analysis, the basic reproduction number is the most sensitive with controllable parameters, biting rate, mosquito recruitment rate, mosquito death rate and recovery rate from infection. Finally, numerically we have studied the impact of different parameters on the basic reproduction number and on the number of infected human population.

A Study of Overpopulation and Ecological Suicide: How Religion Plays a Role

The damage of overpopulation gives a warning toward ecological issue. The massive number of human population could not be defined as an advantage at all, moreover with the imbalance of development and migration. Every human being are consuming and taking space for living. Lessons from many ecological disasters have been occurred across the globe. Some scholars are addressing religion as one of the source toward the ecological crisis. Meanwhile some other are distinguishing between world religion and indigenous religion and accusing world religion as the problem toward ecological crisis, and indigenous religion is a way closer and attach to the nature. This paper will study the overpopulation of human and it’s impact toward ecological suicide. In addition, religion in this context, will be analyzed whether it has a role, either as trigger, booster (religious justification), or solution. By using literature study and descriptive analysis, this paper is presenting the overview of religions role toward ecological crisis to give insight on how to understanding and practicing religion to make sure the demography bonus doesn’t led to overpopulation and gives bad impact toward ecological suicide.

Analisis Kestabilan Model Matematika Penyebaran Penyakit Schistosomiasis dengan Saturated Incidence Rate

Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by infections of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosomiasis can be transmitted through schistosoma worms that contact human skin. Schistosomiasis is a disease that continues to increase in spread. Saturated incidence rates pay attention to the ability to infect a disease that is limited by an increase in the infected population. This thesis formulates and analyzes a mathematical model of the distribution of schistosomiasis with a saturated incidence rate. Based on the analysis of the model, two equilibrium points are obtained, namely non-endemic equilibrium points (E0) and endemic equilibrium points (E1). Both equilibrium points are conditional asymptotically stable. The nonendemic equilibrium point will be asymptotically stable if rh > dh, rs > ds and R0 < 1, while the endemic equilibrium point will be asymptotically stable if R0 > 1. Sensitivity analysis shows that there are parameters that affect the spread of the disease. Based on numerical simulation results show that when R0 < 1, the number of infected human populations (Hi), the number of infected snail populations (Si), the amount of cercaria density (C) and the amount of miracidia density (M) will tend to decrease until finally extinct. Otherwise at the time R0 > 1, the number of the four populations tends to increase before finally being in a constant state.

Role of zinc-aspirin metal coordination complex in diabetic cataract induced in vitro in goat eye lens

Diabetes is one of the major health problems that affect a large number of human populations. Diabetic cataract is one of the most frequent ocular complications rising secondarily to the diabetes. Aspirin and its various coordination metal complex plays a significant role in reduction of diabetes as well as cataract. In this work it had been tried to find about role of the Zinc-Aspirin complex and its effect on diabetic cataract induced by fructose. The synthesized complex had been synthesized using Zinc chloride and Aspirin. The synthesized complex had shown to reduce the in vitro diabetic cataract induced by the fructose. It could be concluded that zinc-aspirin metal complex may significantly reduce the cataractogenesis caused by the diabetes in in vitro model of cataratogenesis. Keywords: Diabetes, Cataract, in-vitro, Zinc Aspirin metal Complex.

Effective countermeasure for Filovirus infections: focusing monoclonal antibodies as passive prophylaxis shield against Ebola Virus disease.

In 2020 the pandemic of COVID 19 by SARS-COV 2 infected more than 27 million with more than 875,000 deaths. Present day world is more compact with quick mode of transport between far locations, this makes spread of new viral infections at alarming rates. Similarly, Filovirus is a family of extremely dangerous Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus with up to 90% mortality rate. Since first Filovirus was discovered in 1967, many outbreaks were reported from African countries. Increased number of infected human population in other outbreaks in 2014 – 2017 poses a question of our understanding of Filovirus reservoirs. We are beginning to understand the relation between virus and ecological agents and their role in the spread of disease, but it is still a long road ahead. To counteract and containment of Filovirus infection, it is utmost requirement to understand the viral life cycle patterns, agents involved and type of circulating strains in different geographical locations. This information will provide the basis to develop viable therapies to counteract future outbreaks. In these outbreaks’ magnitude of population and geographical area affected creates the urgency to generate effective vaccines and prophylactic agents so that mortalities can be controlled during future outbreaks. Therapies are required for pre-infection acute phase and post-infection. Here, we summarize recent advances in immunotherapy strategies that can be used as passive prophylaxis. We focused on development of recent monoclonal antibodies and cocktails that can be used as neutralizing agents or immunotherapy for Ebola infected patients During the pre-outbreak period it is required to vaccinate susceptible populations that will allow limiting the infection and mortalities. Furthermore, during the acute phase to neutralize virus and limiting disease symptoms, passive prophylaxis mean neutralizing antibodies are required. In the recent past few promising therapies are developed, some of these are on the clinical trial phase. Here we will review these therapies with their advantages in protecting against Filovirus.

GeoTraPredict: A machine learning system of web spatio-temporal traffic flow

Traffic flow prediction is an important component for self-driving. Traffic flow is closely related to population distribution, and the traffic flow is not only related to the absolute number of human population but also to their concerns and interests. Accurate spatio-temporal web traffic flow prediction is critical in many applications, such as bandwidth allocation, anomaly detection, congestion control and admission control. Most existing traffic flow prediction methods use models based on time-series analysis and remain inadequate for many real-world applications. Web traffic flow is found to be strongly associated with the spatio-temporal distribution of the population. Increasingly, it is critical to understand and make decisions based on the relationship between population patterns and web traffic flow patterns. It has been proven that different people have different responses to web events. Due to the complexity of spatial data structures and the huge volume of web traffic flow log data, it is difficult to routinely find the relationship between web events and population distributions without an appropriate processing framework. In this paper, we propose an innovative framework named GeoTrafficPredict to support the accurate spatio-temporal prediction of web traffic flow. GeoTrafficPredict provides a machine learning platform to learn the spatio-temporal pattern of traffic flow and use the pattern to predict the trend in both spatial and temporal dimension. Also, GeoTrafficPredict provide data aggregation portal and cloud-based computation function. GeoTrafficPredict deploys a series of computational images in a cloud computing environment, and the implementation on China’s CSTNET illustrates the performance of our platform.

Current Distribution and Status of Non-Native Freshwater Turtles in the Wild, Republic of Korea

Globally, an increase in the transportation and expansion of the pet market is the most important cause of the invasion of non-native species. Invasion of non-native species disturbs native ecosystems and leads to socio-economic problems. The pet trade involving turtles has been globally recognized as the route through which non-native species enter ecosystems. As a result, the invasion of non-native turtles worldwide is causing problems such as competition, predation, transmission of parasites, and hybridization with native turtles. Every year, both the number of non-native turtles imported as pets in the Republic of Korea and the number of introduced species found in the wild is increasing. However, the current status of non-native turtles in the wild is not well known, posing major challenges to their management. In this study, we aimed to determine the current status of non-native turtles introduced into the wild in Korea. We analyzed the factors associated with the detection and distribution of non-native turtles. In total, 1587 of non-native turtles (three families, six genera, and 13 species including subspecies) were found in 648 sites in Korea: Chelydra serpentina, Mauremys sinensis, Chrysemys picta bellii, Graptemys ouachitensis, G. pseudogeographica pseudogeographica, G. p. kohni, Pseudemys concinna, P. nelsoni, P. peninsularis, P. rubriventris, Trachemys scripta elegans, T. s. scripta, and T. s. troostii. There was relationship between the distribution of non-native turtles and environmental factors such as precipitation and temperature. Moreover, human factors such as number of human populations and size of region were significantly related with the distribution and number of non-native turtles. In conclusion, it is likely that human factors are associated with the influx of invasive turtles to the natural habitat, while the possibility of survival and adaption for the turtles is associated mainly with environmental factors. Our result will be an essential guideline not only for understanding the current status of non-native turtles in Korea, but also for establishing strategies for management and control.

Mathematical evaluation of the role of cross immunity and nonlinear incidence rate on the transmission dynamics of two dengue serotypes

Dengue fever is a common disease which can cause shock, internal bleeding, and death in patients if a second infection is involved. In this paper, a multi-serotype dengue model with nonlinear incidence rate is formulated to study the transmission of two dengue serotypes. The dynamical behaviors of the proposed model depend on the threshold value R_{{0}}^{{n}} known as the reproductive number which depends on the associated reproductive numbers with serotype-1 and serotype-2. The value of R_{{0}}^{{n}} is used to reflect whether the disease dies out or becomes endemic. It is found that the proposed model has a globally stable disease-free equilibrium if R_{{0}}^{{n}}leq 1, which indicates that if public health measures that make (and keep) the threshold to a value less than unity are carried out, the strategy in disease control is effective in the sense that the number of infected human and mosquito populations in the community will be brought to zero irrespective of the initial sizes of sub-populations. When R_{{0}}^{{n}}>1, the endemic equilibria called the co-existence primary and secondary infection equilibria are locally asymptotically stable. The effects of cross immunity and nonlinear incidence rate are explored using data from Thailand to determine the effective strategy in controlling and preventing dengue transmission and reinfection.

Optimization of Bio-oil Production from Empty Palm Fruit Bunches by Pyrolysis using Response Surface Methodology

The need for fuel oil continues to increase in line with the increasing number of human populations and the growth rate of dependence on fuel oil. Bio-oil is a condensed-liquid mixture that results from the thermal derivation of biomass containing hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose. This research developed an optimization of the operation condition of bio-oil from empty palm fruit bunches (OPEFB) using a modified pyrolysis reactor. The temperature and mass of empty palm fruit bunches were the two parameters considered in this study. Optimization was carried out on process parameters using the surface response methodology (RSM) and variance analysis (ANOVA). The significance of the different parameters and the effect of the relationship between parameters on the bio-oil yield is determined using a full factorial central composite design. The optimal operation condition of pyrolysis was found to be 570.71 oC, and the mass of empty palm fruit bunch 420.71 gr. Predictions from the optimum variable of operating conditions produce a bio-oil yield of 5.58%. The actual bio-oil yield on the optimum condition that was be validated is 5.6 %. The chemical composition of bio-oil obtained was evaluated by GCMS to ensure its characterization as a fuel.Keywords: Empty palm fruit bunches, Bio-oil, Pyrolysis, Response Surface Methodology, Optimization

Spatiotemporal dynamics of wild herbivore species richness and occupancy across a savannah rangeland: Implications for conservation

Private lands are critical for maintaining biodiversity beyond protected areas. Across Kenyan rangelands, wild herbivores frequently coexist with people and their livestock. Human population and livestock numbers are projected to increase dramatically over the coming decades. Therefore, a better understanding of wildlife-livestock interactions and their consequences for biodiversity conservation on private lands is needed. We used a Bayesian hierarchical, multi-species and multi-year occupancy model on aerial survey data of 15 wild-herbivore species, spanning 15 years (2001–2016) to investigate a) spatiotemporal trends in species occurrence and richness across a mosaic of properties with different land uses in Laikipia County, central Kenya; and b) the effects of distance to water, vegetation and livestock relative abundance on species occurrence and richness. Although mean herbivore species richness varied little over time, we observed high spatial variation in species occurrence across Laikipia, mainly driven by negative effects of high livestock relative abundance. As expected, ‘wildlife friendly’ properties had higher herbivore species richness than other areas. However, high variability suggests that some pastoral properties support rich herbivore communities. The area occupied by five species with global conservation concerns (reticulated giraffe, Grevy's zebra, Beisa Oryx, Defassa waterbuck and gerenuk) and for which Laikipia County is one of the last refuges was <50% across years. We conclude that ‘wildlife friendly’ properties remain crucial for conservation, although some pastoralist areas offer suitable habitats for wild herbivores. Effective management of stocking rates is critical for maintaining ecosystems able to sustain livestock and wildlife on private lands, ensuring protection for endangered species.

Analisis Kestabilan Penyebaran Penyakit Antraks Pada Populasi Hewan Dengan Pemberian Vaksinasi: Studi Kasus Untuk Infeksi Pada Populasi Manusia

ABSTRACTAnthrax is an infectious disease that caused by the Bacillus anthracis bacteria. The disease attacks animals such as cows in acute and preacute stage. Anthrax is a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to humans through three types of media that are skin, digestive and respiratory tracts. To overcome the high death risk, treatment and vaccination of the period 6 – 12 months are conducted. The aims of this study is developing a mathematical model of anthrax spread in animal populations with vaccination treatment. The model is also consider human populations, such that the SIRSV model (susceptible, Infected, Recovered, susceptible and Vaccine) is used for animal population and SI model (susceptible, Infected) is used for human population. The stability of model is analyzed at the critical points by linearization method. The free-disease unstable critical point and the stable endemic critical point are derived. The simulation shous that the number of infected animal and infected human population is not significantly different and indicates that the vaccination treatment could overcome the spread of anthrax succesfully.Keywords : Anthrax, Critical Point Endemic, Critical Point Non Disease, linearization method, Mathematical Models

Emission and fate of antibiotics in the Dongjiang River Basin, China: Implication for antibiotic resistance risk

Antibiotics used for human and veterinary purposes are released into the environment, resulting in potential adverse effects, including the development and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Here we investigated the dynamic fate of 36 antibiotics in a large river basin Dongjiang in South China, and discussed their potential antibiotic resistance selection risk. Based on the usage, excretion rate, wastewater treatment rate, human population and animal numbers the emissions of 36 frequently detected antibiotics were estimated for the Dongjiang River Basin. The total usage of the 36 antibiotics in the basin was 623.4 tons, which included 37% for human use and the rest for veterinary purposes. After being metabolized and partially treated, the amount of antibiotics excreted and released into the environment decreased to 267.6 tons. By allocating the high-precision antibiotic discharge inventory to 42 sewage plants and 17 livestock farms, an improved GREAT-ER (Geography referenced Regional Exposure Assessment Tool for European Rivers) model for the Dongjiang River Basin, with a well calibration river flow network based on the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), was established to simulate the dynamic fate of 36 antibiotics. The simulation results showed that antibiotics contaminated >50% of the river sections. The modelled concentrations in water were almost within an order of magnitude of the measured concentrations. Antibiotic contamination in the dry season was obviously higher than that in the wet season. The concentrations of the antibiotics were always higher at the discharge zones and lower reaches of the river basin than the other reaches. The antibiotic resistance risk assessment showed that 23 out of the 36 antibiotics (nearly 65%) could pose high risks in the river basin. For those river reaches with high risks, the risk levels could mostly be reduced to low risk levels with a certain distance (15 km) from the pollution source. Therefore, more attention should be paid to those impact zones in term of antibiotic resistance.

Optimal controls analysis of HIV/AIDS transmission model with an aware population

In this paper, a mathematical model that describes the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS with an awareness effect is studied. We analyze the existence and stability of the model equilibriums of HIV/AIDS based on the basic reproduction number. Parameter sensitivity analysis was also conducted to determine the most influential parameters on the spread of this disease. Furthermore, we apply the optimal controls on the HIV model in the form of prevention, campaign, and treatment of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). The optimal control problems are solved using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. Numerical simulation results show that the combination of prevention and campaign effort can effectively minimize the number of human populations infected with HIV/AIDS.