Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the predominant lipid in human milk fat (~98%). The association between TAG and maternal diet is interesting but barely understood. In this study, we analyzed the TAG composition in human milk of mothers consuming seven edible oils during three lactation stages in five cities in China. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to identify 147 species of TAGs. TAGs containing palmitic acid (P-TAG) and oleic acid (O-TAG) were significantly higher, whereas medium- and long-chain TAG was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in colostrum compared to transitional and mature milk. PLS-DA plots indicated the total TAG composition varied in different lactation stages and economic regions. Mothers consuming sunflower oil contained significantly lower (P < 0.05) P-TAG and O-TAG in their milk than the peanut oil group. O-P-L was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in rapeseed and olive oil groups. Significantly lower (P < 0.05) contents of TAGs containing linoleic acid (L-TAG) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA-TAG) were observed in the high oleic acid oil group. All the estimated factors explained 12.20% – 33.40% of the variation in different TAGs. These results contribute to a better nutrition strategy of maternal edible oils to promote breastfeeding.